THE TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE
(a) Form
affirmative: V (inf); 3 rd pers. sg. : V+s
ex: I walk
John walks
negative: do not/dont + V (inf); 3 rd pers. sg. : does not/doesnt + V
ex. I dont walk
John does not walk
interrogative: Do + sub. + V (inf) ; 3rd pers. sg. : Does + sub + V (inf)
ex. Do you walk?
Does John walk?
(b) Uses
habitual ations in the present !with ad"erbs suh as: always# every day# every Monday# never# usually et.)
ex. $y grand%other always goes to &pain in winter.
in te%poral and onditional lauses# instead o' the 'uture !i.e. in lauses that begin with when# after# before# as
soon as# while# if et.)
ex. (hen he comes he will 'ind out the truth.
)*nd va veni, "a a'la ade"+rul.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(a) Form
affirmative: to be !a%# are# is) , V + ing
ex. I a% sleeping
-ou are sleeping et.
negative: to be , not + V + ing
ex. I a% not sleeping !I% not sleeping)
-ou are not sleeping !-ou arent sleeping) et.
interrogative: to be , sub + V + ing
ex. .re you sleeping?
(b) Uses
ations in progress at the %o%ent o' speaking or ations that happen o"er a li%ited period o' ti%e
ex. I a% learning /nglish now.
$y brother is studying law.
personal plans 'or 'uture ations
ex. (here are you going during the winter holidays?
EXERCICES:
1) Put the verbs ! bra"#ets !to the sm$%e $rese!t or the $rese!t "o!t!uous te!se:
a) I wont go out now as it !rain) and I !not ha"e) an u%brella.
b) In the e"enings she !play) ards or !wath) 01.
) (hat the at !do)?
!0aste) your pudding.
d) -ou !know) why an apple !'all) down and not up?
e) 0his ar !%ake) a "ery strange noise. -ou !think) it is all right?
') 0he kettle !boil) now. &hall I %ake the tea?
2
&) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) De e te ui3i a4a la %ine?
&e%eni 'oarte %ult u un prieten al %eu.
5) )re6i e spun 6iarele?
)*tu4i de pu3in.
.tuni de e ite4ti 6iarul?
3) 7nde %erge $ary 8n weekend?
9u 4tiu. De obiei st+ aas+ 4i ite4te.

P(ST TENSE SIMPLE
(a) Form:
affirmative : regular "erbs: vb. (infinitive) + ed
: irregular "erbs: the !nd form in the dictionary
ex. walked
went
negative: did not/didnt + vb. (infinitive)
ex. did not walk
didnt go
interrogative: Did + sub. + vb. (infinitive)
ex. Did he walk?
Did she go?
(b) Uses:
to re'er to ations that happened at a s"ecific moment in the past
ex. -esterday I %et ;eorge at the theatre.
to re'er to ations that were habitual in the past
ex. (hen I was a kid I went to the %o"ies e"ery day.
EXERCISE
)o%plete the 'ollowing with the "erbs in the box !<see !5) %eans use <see twie)
go eat see!5) be!5) ring sing speak drink o%e take
=ello# Jane .>>>>>>>>> you >>>>>>>> to that party 'or the hoir last night?
-es# I did. I >>>>>>>>> 0o% with %e.
(hat >>>>>>>>> it like?
?h# "ery @uiet indeed. (e >>>>>>>>>> anything exept o''ee and orange Auie# and we >>>>>> %uh either
exept 'or a 'ew little akes. .nd we >>>>>>>> any songs# e"en though it was a hoir partyB
=ow strangeB >>>>>>>>> you >>>>>>>> 9igel there?
-es# I >>>>>>>> hi% and I wa"ed to hi% but I >>>>>>>> to hi%.
(hy not?
(ell# he and his girl'riend >>>>>>>>>> too 'ar away and Aust then the 'ront door bell >>>>>>> and a polie%an
>>>>>>>> in. 0he people next door said we were %aking too %uh noiseB
P(ST TENSE CONTINUOUS
(a) Form
affirmative: I sg. # III sg. : was , vb. (infinitive) + ing
II sg. # I# II# III pl. : were , vb. (infinitive) + ing
5
ex. I was sleeping
0hey were eating
negative : was not/were not + vb. + ing
ex. =e was not reading
(e werent laughing
interrogative: was/were + sub. + vb. + ing
ex. (ere you rying?
(as he working?
(b) Uses:
to re'er to ations in "rogress at a ertain %o%ent in the past
ex. (hile I was writing letters# %y brother was playing the piano.
EXERCICES
(1) Put the verbs ! bra"#ets !to the sm$%e $ast or $ast "o!t!uous te!se:
a) .s I !ross) the road I !step) on a banana skin and !'all) hea"ily.
I still !lie) on the road when I !see) a lorry approahing.
Cukily the dri"er !see) %e and !stop) the lorry in ti%e.
b) (hen I a%e in they !sit) round the 'ire. $r. Ditt !do) a rossword pu66le# $rs. Ditt !knit)# the others !read).
$rs. Ditt !s%ile) at %e and !say)# <)o%e and sit down.
) (hile the guests !dane) thie"es !break) into the house and !steal) a lot o' 'ur oat.
d) &he was "ery extra"agant. &he always !buy) hersel' new lothes.
(&) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
a) En ti%p e 8nera s+ repare %a4ina# tele'onul a sunat de *te"a ori.
b) De e %:ai 8ntrerupt? Disuta% e"a 'oarte i%portant u 'ratele t+u.
) )*nd l:a% 8nt*lnit ulti%a dat+ %i:a spus + se g*nde4te s+ e%igre6e 8n )anada.
d) )e au '+ut prietenii t+i 8n "aan3+?
e) 0oat+ lu%ea asulta u aten3ie *nd a 8neput 'urtuna.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
(a) Form
affirmative: regular "erbs: have/ has !III sg.) , vb. + ed
irregular "erbs: have/has + the #rd form of the verb (V#)
ex. I ha"e walked
&he has seen
negative: have not/has not , vb+ed
V#
ex. ha"e not kissed
hasnt drunk
interrogative: have/has + sub. , vb. + ed
V#
ex. =a"e you seen ....?
=as ;eorge arri"ed?
(b) Uses
ations that started in the past but ontinue up to the present !,for# since# always# ever# never et.)
ex. I ha"ent seen Daula 'or two weeks.
It has rained 'or three days.
=a"e you e"er seen suh a beauti'ul painting?
ations that happened at an uns"ecified moment in the past
ex. I ha"e bought a new ar.
3
ations that happened during an unfinished period o' ti%e !,today# this morning# this wee$ et.)
ex. I ha"ent %et Deter today.
EXERCISE
Put the verbs ! bra"#ets !to the $rese!t $er)e"t or the sm$%e $ast te!se:
2.0his is %y house.
=ow long you !li"e) here?
I !li"e) here sine 2FGH.
5. =e !li"e) in Condon 'or two years and then !go) to /dinburgh.
3. &hakespeare !write) a lot o' plays.
I. I !not see) hi% 'or three years. I wonder where he is.
J. =e !not s%oke) 'or two weeks. =e is trying to gi"e it up.
K. )hopin !o%pose) so%e o' his %usi in $aAora.
G. -ou !lok) the door be'ore you le't the house?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
(a) Form
affirmative% have/has + been + vb. + ing
ex. &he has been rying
negative: have/has + not + been + vb. + ing
ex. ha"ent been listening
interrogative: have/has + sub. + been + ing
ex. =a"e you been waiting long?
(b) Uses
to insist on the uninterru"ted continuity o' the ation
ex. I ha"e been waiting 'or two hours.
P(ST PERFECT
(a) Form
affirmative: had , vb. + ed (regular vbs)
the #rd form of irregular vbs
ex. had walked
had slept
negative: had + not , vb. + ed
V#
ex. had not known
interrogative: had + sub, vb. + ed
V#
ex. =ad he reei"ed...?
(b) Uses
to re'er to a past ation that happened be'ore another past ation
ex. (hen I 'ound out the news $ary had already le't.
EXERCISES
1) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
a) )*nd a% sosit aas+# tata please.
b) )ei doi 'ra3i nu se "+6user+ de J ani *nd s:au 8nt*lnit la Daris.
) )*nd au aAuns la aeroport# a"ionul deolase deAa.
I
&) Chose the a$$ro$rate )orms o) the verbs to "om$%ete the %etter be%o*:
Dear $ary#
ha"ent written was being
I a% sorry that I >> didnt write >> to you sine )hrist%as. I >> a% >>
dont write ha"e been
ha"e sent
"ery busy until today. 0hank you "ery %uh 'or the book that you > sent >> %e in
were sending
was was only Aust 'inishing
Dee%ber. It >> has been >> "ery interesting. In 'at# I > only Aust 'inish >> it
is being ha"e only Aust 'inished
was happening ha"e walked
Ly the way# a strange thing > happened >to %e last week. I > was walking > down
has happened walked
%et
?x'ord &treet when suddenly I >>> ha"e %et >>> our old 'riend# $rs. (ikers.
&he>>>
was %eeting
hasnt looked did ha"e last seen
didnt look >> a day older now than she > was >> when I> last saw >>
doesnt look has last see
were expeting
her in 2FKGB Dont 'orget we are expeting >>> you 'or $ihaels party next week.
ha"e expeted
-ours#
FUTURE SIMPLE
(a) Form:
affirmative: will + V&
ex. will be
negative: will not /wont +V&
ex. wont go
interrogative: will + sub. +V&
ex. will you buy
(b) Uses:
(&) to refer to a future action
ex. 9ext year I will be 5H.
(!) to refer to an un"remeditated future action
ex. <I"e le't %y glasses upstairs.
<Ill go and bring the% 'or you.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(a) Form:
(&) to refer to an action that will be in "rogress in the future
J
ex. 0his ti%e to%orrow I will be ha"ing a lass.
EXERCISES:
(() Put the verbs ! bra"#ets !to the "orre"t )orm:
2) I !not wear) glasses when you !see) %e next ti%e# Ill be wearing ontat lenses. -ou probably !not
reogni6e) %e.
5) 1ery soon %y parents !retire).
3) 0he o%ing eletion !be) the %ain topi o' on"ersation 'or the next 'ortnight.
I) 0his ti%e next %onth the snow !%elt) and skiing !be) o"er.
J) <I"e le't %y u%brella at Johns.
<I !go) and !bring) it bak.
(+) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) Da+ "oi a"ea ti%p "oi iti artea.
5) $*ine pe "re%ea aeasta "oi *nta la pian.
3) Dre4edintele "a deshide expo6i3ia "inerea ur%+toare.
I) Da+ "a aAunge 8nainte de 6ee# "a "edea s'*r4itul piesei.
J) 9i%i nu "a shi%ba prietenia noastr+.

FUTURE PERFECT
(a) Form:
affirmative% will + have + V#
ex. will ha"e 'inished
negative% will + not + have + V#
ex. wont ha"e read
interrogative% will + sub. + have + V#
ex. (ill they ha"e arri"edM?
(b) Uses:
to refer to a future action that ha""ens before another future action
ex. Ly the ti%e you arri"e ho%e I will ha"e 'inished reading the book.
+E ,OIN, TO
(a) Uses:
informal way of e'"ressing future time
ex. 0he weather is going to be worse.
to e'"ress a "resent intention about a future action
ex. I% going to buy a new ar.
to refer to a future action that has its cause in the "resent
ex. Its going to rain. Cook at the loudsB
EXERCISES:
(() Put the verbs ! bra"#ets !to the "orre"t )uture )orm:
2) I !buy) a new oat. 0he weather report says it !be) "ery old.
5) )o%e bak in an hour. I !do) %y paking by then and well be able to ha"e a talk.
3) -ou !sell) that beauti'ul house?
I) Ly the end o' %y tour I !gi"e) exatly the sa%e leture J3 ti%es.
K) ?ne you !get) used to our %ethods# you !'ind) the Aob a lot easier.
K
(+) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) Inten3ione6i s+ r+%*i aas+ ?
5) D*n+ s+pt+%*na "iitoare "o% 'i ter%inat u 6ugr+"itul.
3) )*nd ai de g*nd s+:3i iei per%isul de onduere ?
I) 9u:4i "a g+si un alt ser"iiu da+ nu se str+duie4te %ai %ult.
J) )e "ei 'ae 8n "aan3a de )r+iun?
RE-ISION (I)
1) F%% ! the b%a!#s *th the a$$ro$rate )orms o) the verbs:
a) I !know) hi% 'or a "ery long ti%e.
b) I expet he !go) to &yria as soon as he !get) a "isa.
) =e !"isit) his 'riend yesterday and !'ind out) that she !be) abroad 'or three %onths.
d) Ly the ti%e you get bak I !'inish) ooking.
e) N(hy she !run) away?O
NLeause she !know) it is ti%e 'or bed and !not want) to goO.
') -esterday I !buy) a new wath as %y old one !be stolen).
g) I !lose) %y keys. I annot re%e%ber where I last !see) the%.
h) $y %other !o%e) to stay with us next weekend.
i) 0hey Aust !deide) that they !undertake) the Aob.
A) I !not lea"e) Daris sine we !"isit) Cou"re three years ago.
k) (e !%eet) to%orrow a'ter you !'inish) your work.
&) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
a) 9inge de trei 6ile.
b) ?ri de *te ori %erge 8n ora4# heltuie4te 'oarte %ul3i bani. 9:a% %ai unosut pe ni%eni a4a de negliAent u
banii.
) 7lti%a dat+ *nd l:a% 8nt*lnit# se g*ndea s+:4i u%pere o +%il+ 4i s+ plee 8n $aro.
d) .% "rut s+:i "orbes ieri dar alerga 8n dire3ia opus+ 4i n:a% putut s+:l opres.
e) /ste pri%a dat+ *nd 6bor u a"ionul.
') D*n+ la s'*r4itul anului "a 'i *4tigat toate o%peti3iile 4i "a 'i de"enit hiar %ai elebru de*t este.
g) Da+ 84i "a l+sa barb+# nii prietenii ei %ai apropria3i nu:l "or reunoa4te.
h) &e uit+ la tele"i6or de %ai %ulte ore.


MO.(L -ER+S
Mo/a% verbs: can# could# may# might# shall# should# will# must# have to, need
,e!era% ru%e: modal verb + V !the in'initi"e) :::::P to re'er to the present or 'uture
modal verb + have + V# ::::P to re'er to the past

ex. -ou shouldnt eat so %uh.
-ou shouldnt ha"e eaten so %uh yesterday.
C(N0 COUL.
Uses:
G
!2) "hysical or mental ability
ex. 0hey an li't that box.
&he an play the piano.
?bs: could will so%eti%es be replaed by was able to when one re'ers to the past
ex. =e was 'inally able to pass his exa%.
!5) "ermission !in'or%al /nglish)
ex. )an I take your ar?
!3) logical im"ossibility
ex. $ary has re'used to lend %e %oney.
&he ant be so sel'ishB
John ouldnt ha"e broken the window beause he wasnt at ho%e at the ti%e.

M(10 MI,HT
Uses:
!2) "ermission !'or%al /nglish)
ex. $ay I take a piee o' 'ruit# please?
!5) "ossibility
ex. =e %ay o%e to%orrow.
&:ar putea s+ "in+ %*ine.
I %ight ha"e lost %y keys.
&:ar putea s+:%i 'i pierdut heile.
E2er"ses:
(() (// the !e"essar3 mo/a%s to the )o%%o*!' verbs:
2) .ept his o''er now. =e !hange) his %ind later.
5) I !tell) hi% your address beause I didnt know it %ysel' at the ti%e.
3) -oud better tell hi% again. =e !%isunderstand) what you said.
I) I !use) your pen# please?
K) John !say) suh a thingB =e is too %uh o' a gentle%an.
(+) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) )e bine + nu i s:a 8nt*%plat ni%i. Qi:ar 'i putut rupe g*tul.
5) C:ai "+6ut pe ;reg ast+6i?
9u. &:ar putea s+ 'ie la birou.
3) 9u se poate s+ se 'i r+t+it. ."eau o hart+ la ei.
I) &:ar putea s+ se 'i r+6g*ndit.
J) Dot plea au%?
K) Qtie s+ bat+ la %a4in+ 'oarte bine.
SHOUL.
Uses:
2) advisability !to re'er to so%ething that isRis not reo%%ended)
ex. -ou should drink %ore %ilk.
-ou shouldnt ha"e lied to the%.
5) logical e'"ectation
ex. 0hey should be here by now.
E2er"ses
1) (// the r'ht mo/a% to the verbs ! bra"#ets:
a) Its your 'ault# 0o%. -ou !ask) 'or an esti%ate be'ore letting the workers start painting your house.
b) $y ar wont start. &o%ething !go) wrong with the engine.
S
) =e 'ailed the exa% but he !pass) it. =e an only bla%e hi%sel'. =e !work) %uh harder during the ter%.
d) (hy didnt you wait 'or %e yesterday?
I waited 'i"e %inutes.
-ou !wait) a little longer.
e) 0he %eeting !be) o"er by now.
') (hy are you so late? -on !be) here two hours agoB
&) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
a) 9:ar 'i trebuit s+:i 8%pru%u3i %a4ina.
b) &:ar putea s+ ning+ %*ine.
) 9u se poate s+ 'i 'ost a4a de neatent.
d) .r trebui s+ dor%i %ai %ult.
e) 9ik n:ar 'i trebuit s+ se r+6g*ndeas+ 8n ulti%ul %o%ent.
') &:ar putea s+ 'i gre4it nu%+rul de tele'on.

MUST
Uses:
!2) obligation !o%ing 'ro% the speaker)
ex. 0he teaher: John# you %ust o%e to shool e"ery day.
(!) logical e'"ectation
ex. =e %ust be "ery tired. !0rebuie + e 'oarte obosit)
0hey %ust ha"e lost their patiene.
(#) must not ( interdiction
ex. -ou %ust not 'eed that atB
H(-E TO
Uses:
!2) obligation !beause o' external iru%stanes)
ex. I ha"e to walk to %y o''ie this week. 0he buses are on strike.
E2er"ses:
(() (// the !e"essar3 mo/a%s to the )o%%o*!' verbs:
2) I an ne"er re%e%ber peoples phone nu%bers. I always !look) the% up.
5) I 'ound that e"erything I said on the phone had been reported to the polie.
-our phone !be) tapped.
3) -ou !not touh) that button. 0he whole house %ight explode.
I) I si%ply !tell) hi% what happened.
J) 0he unexpeted death o' his wi'e !be) a great shok to hi%.
K) ?n &aturday %orning I !not get up) at G olok.
(+) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) 0rebuie s+ 'u%e6i %ai pu3in.
5) /ste inter6is+ intrarea 8n aeast+ a%er+.
3) 0rebuie + sunt 'oarte buuro4i.
I) 0rebuie s+ beau eai pentru + %i s:a ter%inat a'eaua.
J) Drobabil + prietena ta s:a sup+rat 'oarte tare.

NEE.
Uses:
F
2) an be used as a %odal "erb or as on ordinary "erb
ex. 9eed I tell you what to do?
Do I need to tell you what to do?
5) neednt have + V#: to re'er to a past ation that was not neessary but was per'or%ed
didnt need to + V&: to re'er to a past ation that was not neessary and was not per'or%ed
ex. -ou neednt ha"e brought an u%brella. It ne"er rains in this ountry. !but you did bring an u%brella)
(e didnt need to buy %ilk beause we had plenty at ho%e. !and we didnt buy it)
E2er"ses:
(() F%% ! the b%a!#s us!' the a$$ro$rate mo/a% verb:
2) -ou !run) ho%e 'or %y glasses. I ha"e a spare pair in %y bag.
5) (e !buy) tikets beause we all had a %onthly pass.
3) 0he %ystery !be sol"ed) in the 'uture.
I) =e !be) at ho%e right now.
I phoned two %inutes ago and nobody answered.
J) -ou !bring) %e so %any 'lowersB
K) (e !write) the essays. 0he teaher didnt e"en ask to see the%.
(+) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) &:ar putea s+ nu 'i 8n3eles e i:ai spus.
5) 9:ar 'i trebuit s+ plei '+r+ s+ le spui.
3) 9:ar 'i 'ost ne"oie s+ g+tes at*ta. ?riu%# %usa'irii n:au r+%as la %as+.
I) 0rebuie s+ dor%i %ai %ult.
J) &:ar putea s+ ning+ %*ine.
(C) Com$%ete the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es us!' the a$$ro$rate mo/a%:
2) 0he weather is "ery hangeable and it !rain)# so take an u%brella.
5) <0he windows broken; so%ebody !throw) a brik through it.
<9ot neessarily# he !use) a ha%%er.
3) $o6art !play) the piano expertly when he was only 'i"e.
I) I' you were in trouble you !tell) we. I would ha"e arri"ed i%%ediately.
J) John !take) that rainoat with hi% T it was a lo"ely day.
K) I !hand in) this report today. Its urgent.
(.) Tra!s%ate !to E!'%sh:
2) &:ar putea s+:i 'i tri%is o srisoare.
5) .r 'i trebuit s+ shi%be roata.
3) Drobabil + s:au %utat la 3ar+. 9u i:a% "+6ut de %ai bine de doi ani.
I) 9:a% putut tradue textul pe lo dar red +# da+ 8%i "ei da un di3ionar# 8l "oi putea tradue.
J) .r 'i trebuit s+ "*nd+ asa anul treut. .u% pre3urile sunt %ult %ai %ii.
(E) Re*rte ea"h se!te!"e so that t /oes !ot "o!ta! the *or/ or *or/s u!/er%!e/ a!/ so that the
mea!!' sta3s the same4 Other "ha!'es ma3 be !e"essar34
a. It would ha"e been a good idea to take your u%brella.
...................................................................................................................................
b. Its ertain to rain to%orrow.
...................................................................................................................................
. I know youre tired# but thats no reason to be so irritable.
...................................................................................................................................
d. 0he hotel was as o%'ortable as possible.
2H
...................................................................................................................................
e. Its possible that .nn is out.
...................................................................................................................................
'. -ou are @uite wrong to eat so %uh hoolate.
...................................................................................................................................
g. I% sure that isnt the road to )anterbury.
...................................................................................................................................
h. )onnies %other was wrong to let the hildren wath so %uh tele"ision.
...................................................................................................................................
IF CL(USES (CON.ITION(LS)
I) C%ause Ma! C%ause
present si%ple 'utureR present si%ple
past tense (ould , in'initi"e
past per'et (ould , ha"e , 13

E24:
I' I win the pri6e# I will all you.
I' I won the pri6e# I would all you. !Da+ a4 *4tiga pre%iul# te:a4 suna.)
I' I had won the pri6e# I would ha"e alled you. !Da+ a4 'i *4tigat pre%iul# te:a4 'i sunat.)
E2er"ses:
14 Com$%ete the )o%%o*!' "o!/to!a%s:
2. I' she !ha"e) %ore ti%e# she would read the book.
5. 0hey will "isit the town i' M.
3. I' the 'il% !not be) so boring# I wouldnt ha"e le't be'ore it ended.
I. I' %y brother li"ed in town# he !lend) %e his ar.
J. I would ha"e told you the truth i'M
K. (hat would you do i'M?
G. I' we %et hi%# we !ask) hi% about his book.
S. 0hey wouldnt ha"e returned i'M
&4 Com$%ete the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es:
2. 0he ake would ha"e been burnt i' >>>>>>>>>>>> .
5. -ou will get into trouble i' >>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
3. -ou dress would look better i' >>>>>>>>>>>>> .
I. &he would not ha"e %arried hi% i' >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
J. Dont gi"e hi% anything unless >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
K. I' I had ti%e# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
G. I' it hadnt been raining >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
S. I %ight ha"e learnt %ore /nglish i' >>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
F. 0he teaher would not be angry with you i' >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
2H. -ou will lose your %oney i' >>>>>>>>>>>>>> .

54 Mat"h the "o%um!s to ma#e "orre"t conditional se!te!"es4
2. I' the weather is good# >>>>>>>>>>>> a. I would need to take the bus.
22
5. I' %y oworkers were 'riendlier# >>>>>>>>>>> b. Ill go to the beah this weekend.
3. I' I had known you would be there# >>>>>>>>> . I would enAoy %y work %ore.
I. I' I% late 'or work# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> d. I ha"e to stay at the o''ie until I 'inish.
J. I' I didnt ha"e a ar# >>>>>>>>>>>>>> e. I would ha"e gotten a Aob by now.
K. I' I had graduated last year# >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> '. I would ha"e gone to the party.
OTHER C(SES 6HEN ( CON.ITION(L IS USU(LL1 RE7UIRE.:
6ISH , <past tense !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "resent)
, <past pre'et !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "ast)
/x: I wish $ary were here now. !.4 "rea a $ary s+ 'ie au% aii.)
I wish I had %et hi% last year# when I so %uh needed an expert like hi%. !.4 "rea s+:l 'i 8nt*lnit anul
treutM)
(S IF , <past tense !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "resent)
, <past pre'et !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "ast)
/x: =e beha"es as i' he owned this plae. !&e poart+ de par+ ar 'i proprietarul...)
=e beha"ed as i' he had owned that plae. !&e purta de par+ ar 'i 'ost proprietarul...)
IF ONL1 , <past tense !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "resent)
, <past pre'et !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "ast)
/x: I' only I had %ore 'ree ti%eB !9u%ai de:a4 a"ea %ai %ult ti%p liberB)
I' only he hadnt 'orgotten to bring a %apB !9u%ai de n:ar 'i uitat s+ adu+ o hart+B)
IT8S TIME9, <past tense !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "resent)
, <past pre'et !to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "ast)
/x: Its ti%e we le't.
It was about ti%e they had %ade up their %inds.
6OUL. R(THER , in'initi"e !sa%e subAet in both sentenes)
, <past tense !di''erent subAets; to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "resent)
, <past pre'et !di''erent subAets; to re'er to a hy"othetical situation in the "ast)
/x: Id rather translate the whole text. !.4 pre'era s+ tradu...)
Id rather you translated the whole text. !.4 pre'era a tu s+ traduiM)
Id rather they had translated the whole text yesterday. !.4 pre'era a ei s+ 'i tradusM)
E2er"ses:
14 Su$$%3 a sutab%e te!se o) the verbs ! bra"#ets:
2. I wish I !know) his na%e.
5. Its ti%e we all !go) ho%e.
3. Id rather you !lea"e) now.
I. Dont you wish you !o%e) earlier?
25
J. =e ats as i' he !know) /nglish per'etly.
K. I' only he !not drink) so %uh last nightB
G. =e said he wished he !ne"er see) %e.
S. I 'eel as i' %y head !be) on 'ire.
F. Its about ti%e you !get) the tea ready.
2H. I' only he !tell) %e the whole storyB
22. Id rather they !buy) the house now.
25. I wish I !not break) the "ase.
&4 F!sh ea"h o) the se!te!"es ! su"h a *a3 that t mea!s the same as the o!e *rtte! be)ore t:
2. 0hey didnt ath the plane. 0hats why they didnt arri"e yet.
I' >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
5. Its %y opinion that you should ut down on s%oking.
I' I >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
3. $y brother doesnt like %o"ies so he ne"er goes to the ine%a.
I' %y brother>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
I. =e le't the town without telling %e.
I' only >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
J. I% sorry I dont know the answer.
I wish >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
K. Lut 'or his presene o' %ind there %ight ha"e been a serious aident.
I' it >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
G. -ou wont get a loan i' you ant pro"e that you are trustworthy.
7nless >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
S. I would ha"e liked John to stay at ho%e last night.
Id rather John >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
54 Rea/ the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es a!/ ma#e a%% the !e"essar3 "orre"to!s:
2. =e ats as i' he knows /nglish per'etly.
5. I' he had worked harder as a student he wouldnt be une%ployed now.
3. I would help you i' I had heard about your trouble.
I. I wish I know what is wrong with %y ar.
J. Id rather you dont tell the% about our hange o' plans.
:4 Com$%ete ea"h se!te!"e so that t mea!s the same as the se!te!"e above t:
a. (ithout this %ediine# the patient would ha"e got worse.
I' she >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
b. I% sure it wasnt the %eat that %ade you ill.
It ouldnt >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
. .lthough she is old# $rs. Cogan rides her biyle long distanes.
In spite >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
d. Its a pity I ate those last two rea% akesB
I wish >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
e. I started Aogging two years ago.
Its two years >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
'. Dlease lea"e the lassroo% i%%ediately a'ter the bell rings.
.s soon as >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
g. Dlease dont tell the dotor that I ha"e been eating hoolates.
Id rather >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
h. I' Aogging is new to you# you %ay 'ind it tiring at 'irst.
23
I' you are not >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
i. I think youd better not take too %uh exerise.
I' I were >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
REPORTE. SPEECH
ST(TEMENTS
(hen the reporting "erb is in the present or 'uture tense# no tense hange is neessary.
e.g. NI a% "ery tiredO.
&he o'ten says she is "ery tired.
(hen the reporting "erb is ! the $ast# the 'ollowing hanges our:
: $rese!t sm$%e beo%es $ast te!se sm$%e
: $rese!t "o!t!uous beo%es $ast te!se "o!t!uous
: $rese!t $er)e"t beo%es $ast $er)e"t
: )uture beo%es )uture ! the $ast
e.g. NI dont like /nglishO
=e said he didnt like /nglish.
NI% wathing the 'il%# I annot help youO
&he said she was wathing the 'il% and ould not help %e.
NI ha"ent seen %y brother 'or a long ti%eO
=e said he hadnt seen his brother 'or a long ti%e.
NIll all you to%orrowO.
&he said she would all %e the next day.
?0=/U )=.9;/& in reported speeh when the reporting "erb is in the past:
: !o* beo%es the!
: here beo%es there
: to/a3 beo%es that /a3
: 3ester/a3 beo%es the /a3 be)ore
: tomorro* beo%es the !e2t /a3
: !e2t *ee# beo%es the !e2t;)o%%o*!' *ee# et.
IMPER(TI-ES
I%perati"es beo%e in'initi"es in reported speeh.
e.g. N&top ryingBO
=e told %e to stop rying.
2I
NDont go there.O
&he told %e not to go there.
7UESTIONS
.ll hanges that apply to state%ents also apply to @uestions. In addition to these# the word order o' reported
@uestions is the sa%e as that o' si%ple state%ents; there is no in"ersion as in a si%ple @uestion.
e.g. N(hat is the %atter?O
=e asked %e what the %atter was.
NDo you speak ;er%an?O
&he asked %e i' I spoke ;er%an.
NDid Daul gi"e you the book?O
=e asked %e i' Daul had gi"en %e the book.
E2er"ses:
14 Put the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es !to re$orte/ s$ee"h0 !tro/u"!' them *th a verb ! the $ast te!se:
2. I% sorry I% late.
5. I a% "ery stupid.
3. &he is @uite har%ing but hasnt %uh sense.
I. =e an o%e in when I ha"e 'inished %y work.
J. 0he lok will ne"er work again i' you try to %end it.
K. I lost %y te%per yesterday %orning.
G. Ill o%e as soon as I an.
S. I"e sold all those you ga"e %e yesterday.
F. I was "ery ill yesterday.
2H. =e learnt all this nonsense a long ti%e ago.
22. I ha"e been here be'ore.
25. &he has done her ho%ework well.
23. (e are li"ing in another house now.
2I. I ha"e been shopping all the %orning.
2J. I ha"e not told you anything yet.
2K. -ou %ay see the photographs i' you like.
2G. &he has written %e a long letter.
2S. I a% gi"ing a party this week to all %y 'riends.
&4 Put the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es !to re$orte/ s$ee"h *th the !tro/u"!' verb ! the $ast te!se4 -ar3 the
!tro/u"!' verb: he asked, enquired, wondered, wanted to know, et"4
2. (here are you going? !=e asked %e ...)
5. =ow will you do that? !0hey wanted to know ... )
3. (ho will o%e to the pitures with %e?
I. (hen was your dress 'inished?
J. (hy are you so sad?
K. (hat is the %atter?
G. (hih book are you taking?
S. (here should we %eet tonight?
F. (ho showed you %y work?
2H. =ow ould you be so unkind?
2J
22. (hen did they tell you that?
25. (hy has she not eaten anything?
23. (hat a% I to do?
2I. (hat is the ti%e?
54 Put the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es !to re$orte/ s$ee"h *th the !tro/u"!' verb ! the $ast te!se4 -ar3 the
!tro/u"!' verb4
2. .re you enAoying yoursel'?
5. Did you see the Ving yesterday?
3. Does she always wear a hat?
I. =a"e you seen %y new hat?
J. Do I look all right?
K. .re the grapes sour?
G. Is it ti%e to go?
S. (ill the taxi be here at eight olok?
P(SSI-E -OICE
Dassi"e onstrution: the appropriate 'or% o' the "erb , the past partiiple !the past partiiple W "b. , ed 'or
regular "erbs; 3
rd
'or% o' the "erb 'or irregular "erbs)
e.g. &o%eone has stolen %y books.
$y books ha"e been stolen.
0hey ga"e %y sister an orange.
$y sister was gi"en an orange.
.n orange was gi"en to %y sister.
(e %ust look into this %atter.
0his %atter %ust be looked into.
0hey le't the wounded behind.
0he wounded were le't behind.
E2er"ses:
14 Com$%ete the )o%%o*!' $assve vo"e se!te!"es ! the te!ses su''este/:
2. 0his piture !a%*a3s a/mre). T Dresent
5. =is leg !hurt) "ery badly in an aident. T Dast
3. 0his exerise !/o) "ery are'ully. T Dresent )ontinuous
I. 0he box !!ot o$e!) 'or the last hundred years. T Dresent Der'et
J. 0he 0ower o' Condon !)ormer%3 use) as a prison. T Dast
K. 0wo o' %y dinner plates !brea#). T Dresent Der'et
G. . big battle !)'ht) here 5HH years ago. T Dast
S. -ou !!vte) to lunh to%orrow. T Dresent )ontinuous
F. 0his play !)or'et) in a 'ew years ti%e. T Xuture
2H. 0he bridge !bu%t) last year. T Dast
22. $y brother !!ever beat) at tennis. T Dresent Der'et
25. /nglish !s$ea#) all o"er the world. T Dresent
2K
&4 Put the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es !to the $assve vo"e *th a $erso!a% sub<e"t:
2. 0hey ga"e m3 %tt%e sster a tiket# too.
5. Deople will show the vstors the new buildings.
3. &o%eone has already paid the e%e"tr"a! 'or his work.
I. 0hey pro%ise us higher wages.
J. &o%ebody will tell 3ou what ti%e the train lea"es.
K. &o%eone ordered the $rso!ers to stand up.
54 Re*rte ea"h se!te!"e so that t /oes !ot "o!ta! the *or/s u!/er%!e/ a!/ so that t "o!ta!s a $assve
)orm:
a. &o%eone le't the phone o'' the hook all night.
...................................................................................................................................
b. 0he go"ern%ent has announed that petrol pries will rise to%orrow.
...................................................................................................................................
. . burglar broke into house last week.
...................................................................................................................................
d. Deople asked %e the way three ti%es.
...................................................................................................................................
e. 0he 'ruit:pikers pik the apples early in the %orning.
...................................................................................................................................
'. Its ti%e the authorities did so%ething about this proble%.
...................................................................................................................................
g. Cots o' people had parked their ars on the pa"e%ent.
...................................................................................................................................
h. 0he go"ern%ent agreed with the report and so they hanged the law.
...................................................................................................................................
i. -ou ha"e to 'ill in an appliation 'ro%.
...................................................................................................................................
A. 0hey dont know what happened to the ship.
...................................................................................................................................
:4 Re*rte ea"h se!te!"e so that the mea!!' sta3s the same:
a. 0hey ha"e deided to anel the %ath.
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
b. (e thought it was neessary to send a telegra%
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
. (e ha"e agreed to %eet again in a 'ortnight.
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
d. 0here is a ru%our that the ouple are to seek a di"ore.
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
e. 0here is on'ir%ation o' $r. Jaksons resignation.
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
'. (e belie"e that the ship has sunk.
It >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
RE-ISION (II)
14 Com$%ete ea"h se!te!"e be'!!!' as sho*!0 so that t mea!s the same as the se!te!"e above t4
a. 0he 'il% diretor %ade the ator do the sene again.
2G
0he ators >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
b. <Dont 'orget to ollet the theatre tikets# Deter# his 'riend said.
Deters 'riend re%inded >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
. I dont want hi% to stay out so late.
Id rather he >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
d. I think the play should ha"e started by now.
I think its >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
e. <I% sorry I ruined the per'or%ane# said the ator to the diretor.
0he ator apologised >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
'. ?nly a talented author ould ha"e written a play like that.
0hat play >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
g. 0here is not %uh likelihood o' suh a thing happening again.
I dont >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
h. $y painting still needs 'ra%ing.
I ha"ent >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
i. =ow long is her new 'il%?
=ow long does >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
A. =e is appearing in a %usial 'or the 'irst ti%e.
0his is 'irst ti%e )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
&4 The *or/ ! "a$ta%s at the e!/ o) ea"h o) the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es "a! be use/ to )orm a *or/ that )ts
sutab%3 ! the b%a!# s$a"e4 F%% ea"h b%a!# ! ths *a34
a. (hen I tried to learn )hinese# I 'ound it >>>>>>>>>>>> . !D?&&ILC/)
b. During %y last holiday in Xrane I used %y Xrenh "ery >>>>>>>>>>> . !&7))/&&)
. .s a result o' being >>>>>>>>>>>>>> # I bought the wrong tiket. !79D/U&0.9D)
d. I asked the >>>>>>>>> 'or the bill# but she didnt understand %e. !(.I0)
e. Xailing the exa% was a great >>>>>>>>>>>>> . !DI&.DD?I90)
'. $y teaher told %e %y spelling was 'ar too >>>>>>>>>>>> . !.))7U.0/)
g. 0he arri"al o' %y &wedish 'riend was @uite >>>>>>>>>>>> . !/YD/)0)
h. Jean is rather untidy and her work is >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> . !?U;.9I&/)
i. I 'ind I an learn with a lot o' >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> . !U/D/.0)
A. I% a'raid this paragraph is >>>>>>>>>>>>>> ; rewrite it please. !;U.$$.U)
54 Com$%ete ea"h se!te!"e so that t mea!s the same as the se!te!"e above t4
a. (heres the theatre?
)ould you >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?
b. =ow 'ar is the bus stop?
(ould you %ind >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?
. I dont want to go to Condon.
Id rather >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
d. 0urn le't at the 'irst turning.
0ake >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
e. Xew people like li"ing here.
9ot >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
'. -ou ant swi% anywhere here.
0here is >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
g. )an you desribe 9orwih?
(hat is >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> ?
h. It would be nie to li"e in Ceeds.
Id >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> .
2S
:4 The *or/ ! "a$ta%s at the e!/ o) ea"h the )o%%o*!' se!te!"es "a! be use/ to )orm a *or/ that sutab%3
! the b%a!# s$a"e4 F%% ea"h b%a!# ! ths *a34
a. (e ga"e up eating sugar beause it is >>>>>>>>>>>>>> . !=/.C0=)
b. =e deided to buy a new >>>>>>>>>>>> book and learn new reipes. !)??V)
. (e threw the wine away as it was >>>>>>>>>>>>> . !DUI9V)
d. &he o%plained to the nurse >>>>>>>>> about her bak. !/9D)
e. .lthough he 'ell hea"ily# he was >>>>>>>>>>>> . !I9J7U/)
'. (hen I said I would stop s%oking# he stared at %e in >>>>>>>>>>>> . !L/CI/1/)
g. 0he pain in her 'oot ga"e her another >>>>>>>>>>> night. !&C//D)
h. (e sent the steak bak as it was >>>>>>>> ; al%ost raw in 'at. !D?)
i. 0he dotor said there was no >>>>>>>>>>> o' %y getting worse. !CIV/C-)
A. =e %ade a rapid >>>>>>>>>>>>> 'ro% his attak o' <'lu. !U/)?1/U)
2F