Water Pollution

Submitted To:-
Miss Nusrat
Submitted By:-
Muhammad Sajjad (907)
BS (hons) 6
th
Semester (2009-13)
Department of Geography,
Govt. Coege !n"vers"ty
#a"saa$a%
Ph# +923346544625
Govt. o!!"#"
$%iv"rsit& 'aisa!a(ad
1
Contents
1. What is Pollution......................................................................................
2. Water Pollution........................................................................................
3. Introduction to H
2
O..................................................................................
4. Basic Types of Water Pollution...............................................................
a) Surface Water Pollution......................................................................
) !round"ater Pollution........................................................................
c) #icroiolo$ical Pollution.....................................................................
d) O%y$en &epletion Pollution................................................................
e) 'utrient Pollution................................................................................
f) Suspended #atter Pollution...................................................................
$) (he)ical Pollution..............................................................................
*. #a+or Types of Pollutants.......................................................................
a) Petroleu) Products.............................................................................
) Pesticides and Hericides...................................................................
c) Hea,y #etals......................................................................................
d) Ha-ardous Wastes..............................................................................
e) .%cess Or$anic #atter........................................................................
f) Sedi)ent...............................................................................................
$) Infectious Or$anis)s..........................................................................
h) Ther)al Pollution................................................................................
/. Sources of Water Pollutants...................................................................
a) Point Source.......................................................................................
) 'on Point Source................................................................................
0. Solutions to Water Pollution...................................................................
0.1. What 1ind of daily footprints do you lea,e2.......................................
0.2. Solutions to Water Pollution 31 .nforce .%istin$ 4a"s.......................
2
0.3. Solutions to Water Pollution 32 5 Stop 'utrient and Pesticide
Pollution 16
0.4. Solutions to Water Pollution 33 5 &ri,e 4ess......................................
0.*. Solutions to Water Pollution 34 5 7se !reen Household and
Personal (are Products..........................................................................................
0./. Solutions to Water Pollution 3* 5 7se 4ess Plastic and &on8t 4itter
19
6. (ase Study :To%ic #ud Spill 4atest Insult to Polluted &anue ;i,er).....
9. 4a"s for Water pollution........................................................................
1<. Water Treat)ent....................................................................................
a) Industrial "ater treat)ent..................................................................
) &enitri=cation.....................................................................................
c) Septic tan1s and se"a$e treat)ent...................................................
d) O-one "aste"ater treat)ent.............................................................
11. 'ational &rin1in$ Water Standards........................................................
12. >ederal "ater 4e$islation.......................................................................
). *hat is Po!!utio%
&o't"on "s a (or% that yo' hear amost every %ay "n the ne(s, at s)hoo an% "n
%ay-to-%ay )onversat"ons. *'r so)"ety has pro%')e% many +"n%s of po't"on, some
are more %angero's than others. S)"ent"sts are )onstanty st'%y"ng ho( the %"fferent
3
types of po't"on affe)t the env"ronment an% ho( "t )an $e )ontroe%. -')h has $een
%one to re%')e an% )ontro po't"on, $'t there "s st" more that nee%s to $e %one
(-onty C. Do."er 200/).
Contam"nat"on of 0arth1s env"ronment ("th mater"as that "nterfere ("th h'man
heath, the 2'a"ty of "fe, or the nat'ra f'n)t"on"ng of e)osystems ("v"ng organ"sms
an% the"r phys")a s'rro'n%"ngs) "s )ae% po't"on (-")rosoft 3 0n)arta 3 0n)y)ope%"a 200/ 4 1993-2005
-")rosoft Corporat"on. 6 r"ghts reserve%).
7he po't"on )o'% $e
6"r &o't"on
8ater &o't"on
9o"se &o't"on
So"% (aste
0- 8aste
So" &o't"on
:a%"at"on &o't"on
2. *at"r Po!!utio%
7he %eman% for fresh (ater r"ses )ont"n'o'sy as the (or%1s pop'at"on gro(s.
#rom 1950 to 1990 ("th%ra(as of fresh (ater from r"vers, a+es, reservo"rs, an% other
so'r)es "n)rease% fo'rfo%. *f the (ater )ons'me% "n the !n"te% States "n 199/, 39
per)ent (as 'se% for "rr"gat"on, 39 per)ent (as 'se% for ee)tr") po(er generat"on, an%
12 per)ent (as 'se% for other 't""t"es, "n%'stry an% m"n"ng 'se% ; per)ent, an% the
rest (as 'se% for agr")'t'ra "vesto)+ an% )ommer)"a p'rposes.
Se(age, "n%'str"a (astes, an% agr")'t'ra )hem")as s')h as fert"".ers an%
pest")"%es are the ma"n )a'ses of (ater po't"on. 7he !.S. 0nv"ronmenta &rote)t"on
6gen)y (0&6) reports that a$o't 3; per)ent of the )o'ntry1s a+es an% est'ar"es, an%
36 per)ent of "ts r"vers, are too po'te% for $as") 'ses s')h as f"sh"ng or s("mm"ng
%'r"ng a or part of the year. <n %eveop"ng nat"ons, more than 9/ per)ent of 'r$an
4
se(age "s %"s)harge% 'ntreate% "nto r"vers an% $ays, )reat"ng a ma=or h'man heath
ha.ar%.
Most types of water pollution only affect the immediate area but sometimes the
pollution can travel hundreds or thousands of miles and then it is called transboundary
pollution.
Cana%a f'shes some 200 $""on "ters of ra( se(age %"re)ty "nto nat'ra
(ater(ays every year, from the St. >a(ren)e :"ver to the Stra"t of ?'an %e #')a an%
the &a)"f") *)ean. 7hat1s ony a fra)t"on of the three tr""on "ters of se(age
Cana%"ans pro%')e ann'ay@a$o't 6 per)ent, "n fa)t@$'t "t1s st" eno'gh to f"
more than 50,000 *ymp")-s".e% s("mm"ng poos ( >arry 8est 2010).
8ater po't"on refers to the %egra%at"on of (ater 2'a"ty. 8ater &o't"on o))'rs
(hen the (ater $e)omes overoa%e% ("th too m')h of one th"ng an% the a2'at")
organ"sms )annot +eep 'p ("th the"r )ean"ng respons"$""t"es. Some organ"sms may
%"e an% others may gro( too fast. 8ater po'tant "n)'%e heavy metas, se%"ments,
)erta"n ra%"oa)t"ve <sotopes, heat, fe)a )o"form $a)ter"a, &hosphor's, 9"trogen,
So%"'m, an% other 'sef' eements as (e as )erta"n photogen") $a)ter"a an% v"r'ses.
What is a pollutant?
A pollutant is any biological, physical or chemical substance that in an identifiable
excess in known to be harmful to other desirable living organisms
7o%ay the pr"mary (ater po't"on pro$em "n the (or% "s the a)+ of )ean,
%"sease free %r"n+"ng (ater. <n the past, ep"%em")s of (ater$orne %"sease s')h as
)hoera have $een respons"$e for the %eaths of peope "n the !n"te% States.
<t "s the f'n%amenta pr"n)"pe that the 2'a"ty of (ater %eterm"nes "ts potent"a
'ses. 7he ma=or 'ses of (ater to%ay are agr")'t're, "n%'str"a pro)esses, an% %omest")
s'ppy. 8ater for %omest") s'ppy m'st $e free of po'tants "+e "nse)t")"%es,
pest")"%es, pathogens, an% heavy metas. <t sho'% taste goo%, sho'% $e o%oress, an%
sho'% not $e harmf' to p'm$"ng an% ho'seho% app"an)es. 7he 2'a"ty of (ater for
*
"n%'str"a 'se var"es ("%ey %epen%"ng on the pro)ess "nvove%, some pro)ess may
"nvove% %"st"e% (ater, other nee% (ater that "s not h"ghy )orros"ve or that "s free of
part")es that )o'% )og or other("se %amage the e2'"pment.
7he po't"on of r"vers an% streams ("th )hem")a )ontam"nants has $e)ome one
of the most )r"t")a env"ronmenta pro$ems of the )ent'ry. 7he mar"ne f"sher"es
s'pporte% $y o)ean e)osystems are an essent"a so'r)e of prote"n, part")'ary for
peope "n %eveop"ng )o'ntr"es.
8ater po't"on "s a ma=or go$a pro$em (h")h re2'"res ongo"ng eva'at"on an%
rev"s"on of (ater reso'r)e po")y at a eves ("nternat"ona %o(n to "n%"v"%'a
a2'"fers an% (es). <t has $een s'ggeste% that "t "s the ea%"ng (or%("%e )a'se of
%eaths an% %"seases, an% that "t a))o'nts for the %eaths of more than 15,000 peope
%a"y. 6n est"mate% ;00 m""on <n%"ans have no a))ess to a proper to"et, an% 1,000
<n%"an )h"%ren %"e of %"arrhea s")+ness every %ay. Some 90A of Ch"naBs )"t"es s'ffer
from some %egree of (ater po't"on, an% neary /00 m""on peope a)+ a))ess to
safe %r"n+"ng (ater. <n a%%"t"on to the a)'te pro$ems of (ater po't"on "n %eveop"ng
)o'ntr"es, %eveope% )o'ntr"es )ont"n'e to str'gge ("th po't"on pro$ems as (e.
<n the most re)ent nat"ona report on (ater 2'a"ty "n the !n"te% States, 5/ per)ent of
assesse% stream m"es, 5; per)ent of assesse% a+e a)res, an% 32 per)ent of
assesse% $ays an% est'ar"ne s2'are m"es (ere )ass"f"e% as po'te%. 8ater "s
typ")ay referre% to as po'te% (hen "t "s "mpa"re% $y anthropogen") )ontam"nants
an% e"ther %oes not s'pport a h'man 'se, s')h as %r"n+"ng (ater, an%Cor 'n%ergoes a
mar+e% sh"ft "n "ts a$""ty to s'pport "ts )onst"t'ent $"ot") )omm'n"t"es, s')h as f"sh.
9at'ra phenomena s')h as vo)anoes, agae $ooms, storms, an% earth2'a+es aso
)a'se ma=or )hanges "n (ater 2'a"ty an% the e)oog")a stat's of (ater.
/
Polluted River in the United Kingdom
The pollution of ri,ers and strea)s "ith che)ical conta)inants has eco)e one of the )ost
critical en,iron)ental prole)s of the 2<th century. Waterorne che)ical pollution enterin$ ri,ers and
strea)s co)es fro) t"o )a+or sources? point pollution and nonpoint pollution. Point pollution in,ol,es
those pollution sources fro) "hich distinct che)icals can e identi=ed@ such as factories@ re=neries or
outfall pipes. 'onpoint pollution in,ol,es pollution fro) sources that cannot e precisely identi=ed@ such as
runoA fro) a$ricultural or )inin$ operations or seepa$e fro) septic tan1s or se"a$e drain =elds. It is
esti)ated that each year 1< )illion people die "orld"ide fro) drin1in$ conta)inated "ater.
O%ford Scienti=c >il)sBBen Osorne
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 C 1993D2<<4 #icrosoft (orporation.
Det po't"on "n )oasta $ays, est'ar"es, an% (etan%s threatens f"sh sto)+s area%y
%epete% $y overf"sh"ng. <n 19E9, 260,000 $arres of o" (as sp"e% from the o" tan+er
0
0FFon Ga%e. "nto 6as+a1s &r"n)e 8""am So'n%, a pr"st"ne an% r")h f"sh"ng gro'n%.
<n 1999 there (ere E,/39 reporte% sp"s "n an% aro'n% !.S. (aters, "nvov"ng 5.5
$""on "ters (1.2 $""on gaons) of o".
Exxon Valdez !il "pill Cleanup
Wor1ers "ash the shoreline on 4atouche Island@ Elas1a@ after the Exxon Valdez oil tan1er ran
a$round in 1969@ du)pin$ )ore than 36 )illion liters :)ore than 1< )illion $allons) of oil into Prince
Willia) Sound. The resultin$ en,iron)ental da)a$e pro)pted the 7nited States (on$ress to pass federal
safety reFuire)ents for oil tan1ers and ar$es and to assi$n the principal cost of spill cleanup to oil
co)panies.
Photo ;esearchers@ Inc.BGanessa Gic1
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 C 1993D2<<4 #icrosoft (orporation.
3. +%trodu,tio% to -
2
.
8ater, )ommon name app"e% to the "2'"% state of the hy%rogen-oFygen
)ompo'n% H
2
*. 7he an)"ent ph"osophers regar%e% (ater as a $as") eement typ"fy"ng
a "2'"% s'$stan)es. S)"ent"sts %"% not %"s)ar% that v"e( 'nt" the atter haf of the
1Eth )ent'ry. <n 1;E1 the Br"t"sh )hem"st Henry Caven%"sh synthes".e% (ater $y
6
%etonat"ng a m"Ft're of hy%rogen an% a"r. Ho(ever, the res'ts of h"s eFper"ments
(ere not )eary "nterprete% 'nt" t(o years ater, (hen the #ren)h )hem"st 6nto"ne
>a'rent >avo"s"er prove% that (ater (as not an eement $'t a )ompo'n% of oFygen
an% hy%rogen. <n a s)"ent"f") paper presente% "n 1E05, the #ren)h )hem"st ?oseph
>o'"s Gay->'ssa) an% the German nat'ra"st 6eFan%er von H'm$o%t %emonstrate%
=o"nty that (ater )ons"ste% of t(o vo'mes of hy%rogen to one of oFygen, as
eFpresse% $y the present-%ay form'a H
2
*.
8ater "s the ma=or )onst"t'ent of "v"ng matter. #rom /0 to 90 per)ent of the
(e"ght of "v"ng organ"sms "s (ater. &rotopasm, the $as") mater"a of "v"ng )es,
)ons"sts of a so't"on "n (ater of fats, )ar$ohy%rates, prote"ns, sats, an% s"m"ar
)hem")as. 8ater a)ts as a sovent, transport"ng, )om$"n"ng, an% )hem")ay $rea+"ng
%o(n these s'$stan)es. Boo% "n an"mas an% sap "n pants )ons"st argey of (ater
an% serve to transport foo% an% remove (aste mater"a. 8ater aso pays a +ey roe "n
the meta$o") $rea+%o(n of s')h essent"a moe)'es as prote"ns an% )ar$ohy%rates.
7h"s pro)ess, )ae% hy%roys"s, goes on )ont"n'ay "n "v"ng )es.
:#icrosoft H .ncarta H .ncyclopedia 2<<* C 1993D2<<4 #icrosoft (orporation.)
4. /asi, 0&1"s o2 *at"r Po!!utio%
a) Surface Water Pollution
S'rfa)e (ater po't"on "s the most v"s"$e form of po't"on an% (e )an see "t
foat"ng on o'r (aters "n a+es, streams, an% o)eans.
9
7rash from h'man )ons'mpt"on, s')h as (ater $ottes, past")s an% other (aste
pro%')ts, "s most often ev"%ent on (ater s'rfa)es. 7h"s type of po't"on aso )omes
from o" sp"s an% gaso"ne (aste, (h")h foat on the s'rfa)e an% affe)t the (ater an%
"ts "nha$"tants.
b) Groundwater Pollution
7h"s type of po't"on "s $e)om"ng more an% more reevant $e)a'se "t affe)ts o'r
%r"n+"ng (ater an% the a2'"fers $eo( the so". Gro'n%(ater po't"on "s 's'ay
)a'se% $y h"ghy toF") )hem")as an% pest")"%es from farm"ng that ea+ thro'gh the
gro'n% to )ontam"nate the (es an% a2'"fers $eo( the s'rfa)e.
c) Microbiological Pollution
-")ro$"oog")a po't"on "s the nat'ra form of (ater po't"on that "s )a'se% $y
m")roorgan"sms "n 'n)'re% (ater. -ost of these organ"sms are harmess $'t some
$a)ter"a, v"r'ses, an% proto.oa )an )a'se ser"o's %"seases s')h as )hoera an% typho"%.
7h"s "s a s"gn"f")ant pro$em for peope "n th"r% (or% )o'ntr"es (ho have no )ean
%r"n+"ng (ater an%Cor fa)""t"es to )'re the (ater.
d) Oxygen Depletion Pollution
-")roorgan"sms that thr"ve "n (ater fee% on $"o%egra%a$e s'$stan)es. 8hen
there "s an "nf'F of $"o%egra%a$e mater"a from s')h th"ngs as (aste or eros"on from
farm"ng, the n'm$ers of these m")roorgan"sms "n)rease an% 't"".e the o$ta"na$e
oFygen. 8hen these oFygen eves are %epete%, harmess aero$") m")roorgan"sms %"e
an% anaero$") m")roorgan"sms thr"ve. Some of these organ"sms pro%')e %amag"ng
toF"ns "+e s'f"%e an% ammon"a.
e) Nutrient Pollution
9'tr"ents are 's'ay fo'n% "n (aste(ater an% fert"".ers. 7hese )an )a'se eF)ess
vegetat"on "n the (ater s')h as agae an% (ee%s, 's"ng 'p the oFygen "n the (ater an%
h'rt"ng the s'rro'n%"ng mar"ne "fe an% other organ"sms "n the (ater.
1<
f) Supended Matter Pollution
7h"s type of po't"on o))'rs (hen po'tants enter the (ater an% %o not m"F "n
("th the (ater moe)'es. 7hese s'spen%e% part")es form f"ne s"t on the (ater$e%,
harm"ng the mar"ne "fe $y ta+"ng a(ay the n'tr"ents an% %"st'r$"ng the"r ha$"tat.
g) !"e#ical Pollution
D'e to the nat're of "n%'stry these %ays an% the mass pro%')t"on "n "n%'str"a
pants an% farms, (e have a ot of )hem")a r'n-off that fo(s "nto the near$y r"vers
an% (ater so'r)es. -etas an% sovents fo( o't of fa)tor"es an% "nto the (ater,
po't"ng the (ater an% harm"ng the ("%"fe. &est")"%es from farms are "+e po"son to
the ("%"fe "n the (ater an% +" an% en%anger the a2'at") "fe. <f $"r%s or h'mans eat
these "nfe)te% f"sh the toF"ns are transferre% to 's an% (e s(ao( these %angero's
pest")"%es an% toF"ns, affe)t"ng o'r heath. &etroe'm "s a %"fferent type of )hem")a
po'tant that %ramat")ay affe)ts the a2'at") "fe. 7h"s o" +"s the f"sh an% mar"ne
"fe an% st")+s to the feathers of $"r%s, )a's"ng them to ose the"r a$""ty to fy.
5. Major 0&1"s o2 Po!!uta%ts
a) Petroleu# Product
*" an% )hem")as %er"ve% from o" are 'se% for f'e, '$r")at"on, past")s
man'fa)t'r"ng, an% many other p'rposes. 7hese petroe'm pro%')ts get "nto (ater
ma"ny $y means of a))"%enta sp"s from sh"ps, tan+er tr')+s, p"pe"nes, an% ea+y
'n%ergro'n% storage tan+s. -any petroe'm pro%')ts are po"sono's "f "ngeste% $y
an"mas, an% sp"e% o" %amages the feathers of $"r%s or the f'r of an"mas, often
)a's"ng %eath. <n a%%"t"on, sp"e% o" may $e )ontam"nate% ("th other harmf'
s'$stan)es, s')h as poy)hor"nate% $"phenys (&CBs).
) Peticide and $erbicide
Chem")as 'se% to +" 'n(ante% an"mas an% pants, for "nstan)e on farms or "n
s'$'r$an yar%s, may $e )oe)te% $y ra"n(ater r'noff an% )arr"e% "nto streams,
espe)"ay "f these s'$stan)es are app"e% too av"shy. Some of these )hem")as are
$"o%egra%a$e an% 2'")+y %e)ay "nto harmess or ess harmf' forms, (h"e others are
non $"o%egra%a$e an% rema"n %angero's for a ong t"me.
11
8hen an"mas )ons'me pants that have $een treate% ("th )erta"n non
$"o%egra%a$e )hem")as, s')h as )hor%ane an% %")horo%"phenytr")horoethane
(DD7), these )hem")as are a$sor$e% "nto the t"ss'es or organs of the an"mas. 8hen
other an"mas fee% on these )ontam"nate% an"mas, the )hem")as are passe% 'p the
foo% )ha"n. 8"th ea)h step 'p the foo% )ha"n, the )on)entrat"on of the po'tant
"n)reases. <n one st'%y, DD7 eves "n ospreys (a fam"y of f"sh-eat"ng $"r%s) (ere
fo'n% to $e 10 to /0 t"mes h"gher than "n the f"sh that they ate, 600 t"mes the eve "n
the pan+ton that the f"sh ate, an% 10 m""on t"mes h"gher than "n the (ater. 6n"mas at
the top of foo% )ha"ns may, as a res't of these )hem")a )on)entrat"ons, s'ffer
)an)ers, repro%')t"ve pro$ems, an% %eath.
-any %r"n+"ng (ater s'pp"es are )ontam"nate% ("th pest")"%es from ("%esprea%
agr")'t'ra 'se. -ore than 15 m""on 6mer")ans %r"n+ (ater )ontam"nate% ("th
pest")"%es, an% the 0nv"ronmenta &rote)t"on 6gen)y (0&6) est"mates that 10 per)ent
of (es )onta"n pest")"%es. 9"trates, a po'tant often %er"ve% from fert"".er r'noff,
)an )a'se methemogo$"nem"a "n "nfants, a potent"ay etha form of anem"a that "s
aso )ae% $'e $a$y syn%rome.
c) $ea%y Metal
Heavy metas s')h as )opper, ea%, mer)'ry, an% seen"'m, get "nto (ater from
many so'r)es, "n)'%"ng "n%'str"es, a'tomo$"e eFha'st, m"nes, an% even nat'ra so".
>"+e pest")"%es, heavy metas $e)ome more )on)entrate% as an"mas fee% on pants
an% are )ons'me% "n t'rn $y other an"mas. 8hen they rea)h h"gh eves "n the $o%y,
heavy metas )an $e "mme%"atey po"sono's, or )an res't "n ong-term heath
pro$ems s"m"ar to those )a'se% $y pest")"%es an% her$")"%es. #or eFampe, )a%m"'m
"n fert"".er %er"ve% from se(age s'%ge )an $e a$sor$e% $y )rops. <f these )rops are
eaten $y h'mans "n s'ff")"ent amo'nts, the meta )an )a'se %"arrhea an%, over t"me,
"ver an% +"%ney %amage. >ea% )an get "nto (ater from ea% p"pes an% so%er "n o%er
(ater systems, )h"%ren eFpose% to ea% "n (ater )an s'ffer menta retar%at"on.
d) $azardou Wate
Ha.ar%o's (astes are )hem")a (astes that are e"ther toF") (po"sono's), rea)t"ve
()apa$e of pro%')"ng eFpos"ve or toF") gases), )orros"ve ()apa$e of )orro%"ng
stee), or "gn"ta$e (famma$e). <f "mpropery treate% or store%, ha.ar%o's (astes )an
po'te (ater s'pp"es. <n 1969 the C'yahoga :"ver "n Cevean%, *h"o, (as so
12
po'te% ("th ha.ar%o's (astes that "t )a'ght f"re an% $'rne%. &CBs, a )ass of
)hem")as on)e ("%ey 'se% "n ee)tr")a e2'"pment s')h as transformers, )an get "nto
the env"ronment thro'gh o" sp"s an% )an rea)h toF") eves as organ"sms eat one
another.
e) Exce Organic Matter
#ert"".ers an% other n'tr"ents 'se% to promote pant gro(th on farms an% "n
gar%ens may f"n% the"r (ay "nto (ater. 6t f"rst, these n'tr"ents en)o'rage the gro(th
of pants an% agae "n (ater. Ho(ever, (hen the pant matter an% agae %"e an% sette
'n%er(ater, m")roorgan"sms %e)ompose them. <n the pro)ess of %e)ompos"t"on, these
m")roorgan"sms )ons'me oFygen that "s %"ssove% "n the (ater. *Fygen eves "n the
(ater may %rop to s')h %angero'sy o( eves that oFygen-%epen%ent an"mas "n the
(ater, s')h as f"sh, %"e. 7h"s pro)ess of %epet"ng oFygen to %ea%y eves "s )ae%
0'troph")at"on.
f) Sedi#ent
Se%"ment, so" part")es )arr"e% to a stream$e%, a+e, or o)ean, )an aso $e a
po'tant "f "t "s present "n arge eno'gh amo'nts. So" eros"on pro%')e% $y the
remova of so"-trapp"ng trees near (ater(ays, or )arr"e% $y ra"n(ater an% foo%(ater
from )ropan%s, str"p m"nes, an% roa%s, )an %amage a stream or a+e $y "ntro%')"ng
too m')h n'tr"ent matter. 7h"s ea%s to e'troph")at"on. Se%"mentat"on )an aso )over
stream$e% grave "n (h")h many f"sh, s')h as samon an% tro't, ay the"r eggs.
$) &nfectiou Organi#
6 1995 st'%y $y the Centers for D"sease Contro an% &revent"on (CDC) est"mate%
that a$o't 900,000 peope get s")+ ann'ay "n the !n"te% States $e)a'se of organ"sms
"n the"r %r"n+"ng (ater, an% aro'n% 900 peope %"e. -any %"sease-)a's"ng organ"sms
that are present "n sma n'm$ers "n most nat'ra (aters are )ons"%ere% po'tants
(hen fo'n% "n %r"n+"ng (ater. S')h paras"tes as G"ar%"a am$"a an% Cryptospor"%"'m
parv'm o))as"onay t'rn 'p "n 'r$an (ater s'pp"es. 7hese paras"tes )an )a'se
"ness, espe)"ay "n peope (ho are very o% or very yo'ng, an% "n peope (ho are
area%y s'ffer"ng from other %"seases. <n 1993 an o't$rea+ of Cryptospor"%"'m "n the
(ater s'ppy of -"(a'+ee, 8"s)ons"n, s")+ene% more than 500,000 peope an% +"e%
more than 100.
13
h) '"er#al Pollution
8ater "s often %ra(n from r"vers, a+es, or the o)ean for 'se as a )ooant "n
fa)tor"es an% po(er pants. 7he (ater "s 's'ay ret'rne% to the so'r)e (armer than
(hen "t (as ta+en. 0ven sma temperat're )hanges "n a $o%y of (ater )an %r"ve a(ay
the f"sh an% other spe)"es that (ere or"g"nay present, an% attra)t other spe)"es "n
pa)e of them. 7herma po't"on )an a))eerate $"oog")a pro)esses "n pants an%
an"mas or %epete oFygen eves "n (ater. 7he res't may $e f"sh an% other ("%"fe
%eaths near the %"s)harge so'r)e. 7herma po't"on )an aso $e )a'se% $y the remova
of trees an% vegetat"on that sha%e an% )oo streams.
6. Sour,"s o2 *at"r Po!!uta%ts
&o't"on enter"ng r"vers an% streams )an $e )ass"f"e% a))or%"ng to the nat're of
"ts so'r)es. <t )o'% $e
a) Point Source
&o"nt so'r)e po't"on (&S) )omes %"re)ty from a +no(n so'r)e "+e an "n%'str"a or
se(age o'tfa p"pe. &o"nt so'r)es are typ")ay asso)"ate% ("th man'fa)t'r"ng pro)esses.
Ho(ever, po"nt so'r)es aso "n)'%e %"s)harges from (ater treatment pants an% arge
an"ma fee%"ng operat"ons.
b) Non Point Source
9onpo"nt so'r)e po't"on (9&S) )an $e %ef"ne% as po't"on that )omes from many
m"s)eaneo's or %"ff'se so'r)es rather than from an "%ent"f"a$e, spe)"f") po"nt. 9onpo"nt
so'r)e po't"on )an or"g"nate from 'r$an env"ronments s')h as yar%s "n ne"gh$orhoo%s
or from agr")'t'ra pro%')t"on areas s')h as )rop f"e%s. Chem")as, (aste pro%')ts an%
so" that are )arr"e% $y ra"n "nto streams or r"vers $e)ome a part of 9&S. Common
eFampes are fert"".ers, her$")"%es, pest")"%es, sp"e% motor o" an% (astes from pets,
("%"fe an% "vesto)+. *ther s"gn"f")ant so'r)es of 9&S "n)'%e
>"tter
D"sposa of (astes "n )at)h $as"ns
Ha.ar%o's (aste "mpropery store% or %"s)ar%e%
<mpropery operat"ng sept") systems
0ros"on from )onstr')t"on s"tes, farms or home s"tes
6)"% %epos"t"on "n)'%"ng a)"% ra"n an% fog
14
&o't"on from roa%(ays an% roa% sat"ng a)t"v"t"es
>ea+"ng se(er "nes
D"s)harge of se(age an% gar$age from sh"ps an% $oats
<mproper 'se of fert"".ers an% pest")"%es
Ceansers an% other )ompo'n%s 'se% on sh"ps "n the 'r$an or agr")'t're env"ronment
an% $oats to prevent $arna)es an% agae from a))'m'at"ng
6n"ma fee%"ng operat"ons
8ater po'tants res't from many h'man a)t"v"t"es. &o'tants from "n%'str"a
so'r)es may po'r o't from the o'tfa p"pes of fa)tor"es or may ea+ from p"pe"nes
an% 'n%ergro'n% storage tan+s. &o'te% (ater may fo( from m"nes (here the (ater
has ea)he% thro'gh m"nera-r")h ro)+s or has $een )ontam"nate% $y the )hem")as
'se% "n pro)ess"ng the ores. C"t"es an% other res"%ent"a )omm'n"t"es )ontr"$'te
mosty se(age, ("th tra)es of ho'seho% )hem")as m"Fe% "n. Somet"mes "n%'str"es
%"s)harge po'tants "nto )"ty se(ers, "n)reas"ng the var"ety of po'tants "n m'n")"pa
areas. &o'tants from s')h agr")'t'ra so'r)es as farms, past'res, fee%ots, an%
ran)hes )ontr"$'te an"ma (astes, agr")'t'ra )hem")as, an% se%"ment from eros"on.
7he o)eans, vast as they are, are not "nv'nera$e to po't"on. &o'tants rea)h
the sea from a%=a)ent shore"nes, from sh"ps, an% from offshore o" patforms. Se(age
an% foo% (aste %"s)ar%e% from sh"ps on the open sea %o "tte harm, $'t past")s
thro(n over$oar% )an +" $"r%s or mar"ne an"mas $y entang"ng them, )ho+"ng them,
or $o)+"ng the"r %"gest"ve tra)ts "f s(ao(e%.
8ater po't"on )an aso $e )a'se% $y other types of po't"on. #or eFampe,
s'f'r %"oF"%e from a po(er pant1s )h"mney $eg"ns as a"r po't"on. 7he po'te% a"r
m"Fes ("th atmospher") mo"st're to pro%')e a"r$orne s'f'r") a)"%, (h")h fas to the
earth as a)"% ra"n. <n t'rn, the a)"% ra"n )an $e )arr"e% "nto a stream or a+e, $e)om"ng
a form of (ater po't"on that )an harm or even e"m"nate ("%"fe. S"m"ary, the
gar$age "n a an%f" )an )reate (ater po't"on "f ra"n(ater per)oat"ng thro'gh the
gar$age a$sor$s toF"ns $efore "t s"n+s "nto the so" an% )ontam"nates the 'n%ery"ng
gro'n%(ater ((ater that "s nat'ray store% 'n%ergro'n% "n $e%s of grave an% san%,
)ae% a2'"fers).
1*
Pollution# $rom %ir to &ater
.)issions fro) the urnin$ of fossil fuels@ especially o%ides of sulfur@ nitro$en@ or caron@ co)ine
"ith "ater ,apor in the air to for) acids. These acids fall to earth as acid rain@ acid sno"@ and acid
deposition. >lo"in$ "ater carries these acids into strea)s and la1es@ "here they can da)a$e delicate la1e
ecosyste)s.
C #icrosoft (orporation. Ell ;i$hts ;eser,ed.
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 2005 C 1993D2<<4 #icrosoft (orporation.
at"#ori"s o2 *at"r Po!!uta%ts
Po!!uta%t
at"#or&
34am1!"s o2 Sour,"s
5"ad or#a%i,
matt"r
:a( se(age, agr")'t're (aste, 'r$an gar$age
Patho#"%s H'man an% an"ma eF)rement an% 'r"ne
.r#a%i,
,h"mi,a!s
6gr")'t're 'se of pest")"%es an% her$")"%es
1/
Nutri"%ts &hosphor's an% n"trogen from agr")'t're an% 'r$an an% 'se
-"av& m"ta!s
6gr")'t're, 'r$an, an% "n%'str"a 'se of mer)'ry, ea%,
seen"'m, )a%m"'m an% so on
6,ids
S'f'r") a)"% from )oa an% some meta m"nesI "n%'str"a
pro)esses that %"spose of a)"%s "mpropery
S"dim"%t
:'noff from )onstr')t"on s"tes, agr")'t're r'noff, an% nat'ra
eros"on
-"at
8arm to hot (ater from po(er pants an% other "n%'str"a
fa)""t"es
7adio a,tivit&
Contam"nat"on $y n')ear po(er "n%'stry, m""tary an% nat'ra
so'r)es
So'r)eI
7. So!utio%s to *at"r Po!!utio%
7he +ey so't"ons to (ater po't"on )ome %o(n to "n%"v"%'a respons"$""ty
$e)a'se (e a have a %"re)t "mpa)t on the env"ronment. #rom the to"et (e f'sh to
the gar$age (e thro( a(ay, (e stamp o'r footpr"nts "nto o'r env"ronment on a %a"y
$as"s.
()*) W"at +ind of daily footprint do you lea%e, -re t"ey large
and deep or #all and lig"t,
8h"e m""ons of peope ta+e a%vantage of )ommon )onven"en)es s')h as $'y"ng
past")s or %r"v"ng )ars, o'r env"ronment "s so(y $e"ng %egra%e%. #or eFampe, the
10
0nv"ronmenta &rote)t"on 6gen)y (0&6) has %es"gnate% 50 per)ent of o'r r"vers an%
a+es as 'nsafe for s("mm"ng an% f"sh"ng.
().) Solution to Water Pollution /* Enforce Exiting 0aw
*'r f"rst so't"on to (ater po't"on, therefore, "s pretty s"mpe J te yo'r
po"t")"ans to enfor)e eF"st"ng a(s. 8hen a po"t")"an to'ts h"s ne( ant"-po't"on $"
that he )a"ms (" )ean 'p the env"ronment, "t means "tte "f they )ont"n'e to ao(
eF"st"ng a(s to go 'nenfor)e%. 7e yo'r po"t")"ans (hat yo' th"n+. 0n)o'rage them
to enfor)e eF"st"ng a(s s')h as the Cean 8ater 6)t. Beyon% enfor)"ng a(s, there
are some pra)t")a steps that (e )an ta+e as "n%"v"%'as to "m"t the po't"on "n o'r
ne"gh$orhoo%s an% )"t"es.
()1) Solution to Water Pollution /. 2 Stop Nutrient and
Peticide Pollution
<f yo' are p'tt"ng KnormaL fert"".er, pest")"%es, an% other )hem")as on yo'r a(n
or "n yo'r gar%ens, yo' are )ontr"$'t"ng to the po't"on pro$em. 8h"e yo' may f"n%
these pro%')ts hepf', m')h of the"r vo'me "s $e"ng (ashe% off yo'r a(n an% "nto
the nearest (ater(ay. 7hey aso ten% to %egra%e the 2'a"ty of yo'r so", )a's"ng more
an% more re"an)e on the )hem")as over t"me.
()3) Solution to Water Pollution /1 2 Dri%e 0e
9"trogen %epos"t"on from a"r po't"on "s a $"g part of the n'tr"ent po't"on
pro$em. Ho( m')h (e %r"ve, ho( arge a veh")e (e have, an% many other fa)tors
)ontr"$'te to ho( m')h po't"on (e are p'tt"ng o't "n%"v"%'ay. Be )ons)"o's of the
em"ss"ons that yo'r )ar spe(s o't an% +eep yo'r )ar (e ma"nta"ne%. 7h"n+ a$o't
ean"ng to(ar%s a hy$r"% or ee)tr") )ar "f yo' %r"ve a ot of m"es every %ay. !se
p'$") transportat"on more often. *'r government pays a ot of money to p't these
p'$") systems "n pa)e. Dr"v"ng ess "s someth"ng (e )an a %o $etter at, an% a of
the reat"vey sma %"fferen)es ea)h person ma+es (" a%% 'p (hen s'mme% a)ross
m""ons of %r"vers.
16
()4) Solution to Water Pollution /3 2 5e Green $oue"old
and Peronal !are Product
6s )ons'mers an% )"t".ens (e have an o$"gat"on to +no( (hat effe)t o'r
)ons'mer $y-pro%')ts are hav"ng on the panet. -any of the )hem")as fo'n% "n o'r
foo%, ho'seho% )eaners, persona )are pro%')ts, an% me%")at"ons are a $e"ng
%'mpe% $a)+ "nto the (ater(ays. 7hese )hem")as are 9*7 a%e2'atey f"tere%
thro'gh m'n")"pa (ater treatment fa)""t"es. 7h's, "f (e are not %r"n+"ng f"tere%
(ater, (e are )ons'm"ng many of these )hem")as (as (e as other %angero's
)ontam"nants) on a %a"y $as"s.
()6) Solution to Water Pollution /4 2 5e 0e Platic and
Don7t 0itter
6t the rate (e1re go"ng, the gro("ng "mpa)t of past") po't"on on o'r o)eans ("
$e one of the $"g %"saster stor"es of th"s )ent'ry. 7ry to f"g're o't (ays yo' )an 'se
ess past"), espe)"ay past") storage $ags. 7h"s type of past") "s easy for ("%"fe to
s(ao( an% event'ay )a'ses %eath. &ast") fa)tor"es aso %e"ver m')h of the
po't"on that "s not $"o-%egra%a$e. Simply say no to bottled water! I know it is
convenient to drink bottled water, but the environmental impact of bottled water
plastic is huge!
Over 1.5 billion tons of plastic water bottles end up in U.S. landfills
each year. It takes over 300 years for plastic to degrade.
8. as" Stud& (0o4i, Mud S1i!! 9at"st +%su!t to Po!!ut"d 5a%u(" 7iv"r)
7he re)ent reservo"r fa"'re that foo%e% severa to(ns "n H'ngary ("th toF") re%
m'% "s the atest env"ronmenta "ns't to 0'ropeBs Dan'$e :"ver. B't "t "s not the f"rst,
nor the (orst, %"saster of "ts +"n%, eFperts say. 6n% 'ness steps are ta+en to safeg'ar%
s"m"ar "n%'str"a pants an% m"n"ng fa)""t"es aro'n% the (or%, these +"n%s of
a))"%ents (" )ont"n'e to happen, they (arn. *n *)to$er 5, a so-)ae% ta""ng %am
that he% (aste pro%')ts, "n)'%"ng arsen") an% mer)'ry, from the 6=+a" 7"mfo%gyar
a'm"n'm-pro)ess"ng pant "n the to(n of 6=+a, H'ngary, )oapse%. 7h"s reease% an
19
est"mate% 1E5 m""on gaons (69; m""on "ters) of h"ghy a+a"ne re% m'% "nto the
-ar)a :"ver an% near$y to(ns, +""ng at east e"ght peope. 7he toF") foo% rea)he%
the Dan'$e :"ver@0'rope1s se)on%-argest r"ver@ast 7h'rs%ay, spar+"ng fears of
%o(nstream )ontam"nat"on.
H'ngary &r"me -"n"ster G"+tor *r$an )ae% the sp" the )o'ntryBs $"ggest
e)oog")a %"saster. *ne of the $"ggest threats fa)"ng the Dan'$e to%ay "s h'man
aterat"ons to the r"ver ma%e for nav"gat"on p'rposes, a))or%"ng to a 2005 0'ropean
Comm"ss"on report. &ro=e)ts to %eepen, %am, or stra"ghten the r"ver an% remove
M$ottene)+sM to vesse passage are )hang"ng the r"verBs tra%"t"ona foo%pa"n
an%s)ape an% (ater fo( "nto %etas, as (e as %estroy"ng (etan%s an% other
prote)te% ha$"tats, a))or%"ng to the env"ronmenta nonprof"t 88#. 7here are
)'rrenty pro=e)ts 'n%er(ay to restore the Dan'$eBs foo%pa"ns, an% a re)ent pan $y
the <nternat"ona Comm"ss"on for the &rote)t"on of the Dan'$e :"ver (<C&D:) a"ms to
hat the "ega %'mp"ng of ha.ar%o's mater"as "nto the r"ver.
9. 9a:s 2or *at"r 1o!!utio%
7here are many a(s that prote)t the (or%1s o)eans, r"vers an% a+es
from 'nne)essary (ater po't"on. 0a)h )ont"nent an% )o'ntry may %"ffer "n (h")h a(s
they enfor)e $'t they a"m to have the same overa pos"t"ve "nf'en)e.
<n 0'rope, there have $een a n'm$er a(s enfor)e% to prote)t the s'rro'n%"ng
o)ean from mar"ne %'mp"ng.
<n 19E9, the %'mp"ng of "n%'str"a (aste (as term"nate% "n a )o'ntr"es "n 9orth-
8estern 0'rope, apart from the !N. D'mp"ng (as term"nate% "n the !N "n 1993.
<n 1990, the %'mp"ng of se(age s'%ge (as term"nate% "n a )o'ntr"es "n 9orth-
8estern 0'rope, apart from the !N. D'mp"ng (as term"nate% "n the !N "n 199E.
2<
G'"%e"nes have $een %eveope% an% are )'rrenty $e"ng rev"e(e% regar%"ng the
%'mp"ng of po'te% mater"as.
D'mp"ng of n')ear (aste "n 0'ropean (aters has $een term"nate% s"n)e 19E6.
7here are a n'm$er of %"re)t"ves g"ven "n the 0'ropean !n"on
0nv"ronmenta >eg"sat"onI
7he propose% (ater frame(or+ %"re)t"ve a"ms to a)h"eve a n'm$er of o$=e)t"ves
regar%"ng heath an% env"ronmenta "ss'esI
o 0nfor)e s'ff")"ent %r"n+"ng (ater prov"s"ons.
o 0nfor)e s'ff")"ent prov"s"ons "f (ater for other e)onom") re2'"rements.
o &rote)t"on of the env"ronment from (ater po't"on.
o &rov"%e aev"at"on of the a%verse "mpa)ts of foo%s an% %ro'ghts.
o 7he %"re)t"ve a"ms to a)h"eve a goo% stat's for gro'n% (aters an% s'rfa)e
(aters "n 0'rope $y the year 2010.
7he 'r$an (aste (ater %"re)t"ve a"ms to prote)t s'rfa)e "nan% (aters an% )oasta
(aters from po't"on $y reg'at"ng the )oe)t"on an% treatment of 'r$an (aste (ater.
7he n"trate from agr")'t'ra so'r)es %"re)t"ve a"ms to prote)t (aters aga"nst po't"on
)a'se% $y n"trates, espe)"ay n"trates from agr")'t'ra so'r)es s')h as fert""sers. 7h"s
(" ena$e mar"ne an% fresh(aters to $e prote)te% from e'troph")at"on.
7he %r"n+"ng (ater %"re)t"ve a"ms to esta$"sh str")t stan%ar%s regar%"ng the 2'a"ty of
%r"n+"ng (ater. 7he %"re)t"ve prov"%es parameters an% anays"s metho%s, these
stan%ar%s m'st $e met to ens're safe %r"n+"ng (ater.
7he s'rfa)e (ater for %r"n+"ng (ater a$stra)t"on %"re)t"ve an% meas'rement an%
samp"ng of s'rfa)e (aters %"re)t"ve an% "nformat"on eF)hange %e)"s"on are "ntegrate%
to form a frame(or+ that %eas ("th (ater prote)t"on of a (aters, not ='st those 'se%
$y h'mans.
7he f"sh (ater %"re)t"ve an% she (ater %"re)t"ve a"ms to prote)t (aters from
po't"on that are pr"mar"y 'se% for f"sh"ng.
21
7he gro'n%(ater %"re)t"ve a"ms to prote)t gro'n%(ater from %angero's po'tants $y
)ontro"ng the %"re)t an% "n%"re)t %"s)harges of )erta"n s'$stan)es "nto the
gro'n%(ater.
7he $ath"ng (ater %"re)t"ve a"ms to +eep goo% stan%ar%s "n the 2'a"ty of $ath"ng
(ater "n fresh(ater an% )oasta (ater areas.
)0. *at"r 0r"atm"%t
8ater treatment )o'% $e
a) &ndutrial water treat#ent
Before ra( se(age )an $e safey reease% $a)+ "nto the env"ronment, "t nee%s
to $e treate% )orre)ty "n a (ater treatment pant. <n a (ater treatment pant,
se(age goes thro'gh a n'm$er of )ham$ers an% )hem")a pro)esses to re%')e the
amo'nt an% toF")"ty of the (aste.
7he se(age f"rst goes thro'gh a pr"mary phase. 7h"s "s (here some of the
s'spen%e%, so"% part")es an% "norgan") mater"a "s remove% $y the 'se of f"ters.
7he se)on%ary phase of the treatment "nvoves the re%')t"on of organ"), th"s "s
%one ("th the 'se of $"oog")a f"ters an% pro)esses that nat'ray %egra%e the
organ") (aste mater"a.
7he f"na stage of treatment "s the tert"ary phase, th"s stage m'st $e %one
$efore the (ater )an $e re'se%. 6most a so"% part")es are remove% from the
(ater an% )hem")a a%%"t"ves are s'pp"e% to get r"% of any eft-over "mp'r"t"es.
b) Denitri8cation
Den"tr"f")at"on "s an e)oog")a approa)h that )an $e 'se% to prevent the
ea)h"ng of n"trates "n so", th"s "n t'rn stops any gro'n% (ater from $e"ng
)ontam"nate% ("th n'tr"ents.
#ert"".ers )onta"n n"trogen, an% are often app"e% to )rops $y farmers to hep
pant gro(th an% "n)rease the y"e%.
22
Ba)ter"a "n the so" )onvert the n"trogen "n the fert"".er to n"trates, ma+"ng "t
eas"er for the pants to a$sor$.
<mmo$"".at"on "s a pro)ess (here the n"trates $e)ome part of the so" organ")
matter.
8hen oFygen eves are o(, another form of $a)ter"a then t'rns the n"trates
"nto gases s')h as n"trogen, n"tro's oF"%e an% n"trogen %"oF"%e.
7he )onvers"on of these n"trates "nto gas "s )ae% %en"tr"f")at"on. 7h"s prevents
n"trates from ea)h"ng "nto the so" an% )ontam"nat"ng gro'n%(ater.
c) Septic tan+ and ewage treat#ent
Sept") tan+s treat se(age at the pa)e (here "t "s o)ate%, rather than
transport"ng the (aste thro'gh a treatment pant or se(age system. Sept") tan+s
are 's'ay 'se% to treat se(age from an "n%"v"%'a $'"%"ng.
!ntreate% se(age from a property fo(s "nto the sept") tan+ an% the
so"%s are separate% from the "2'"%.
So"% mater"a "s separate% %epen%"ng on the"r %ens"ty. Heav"er
part")es sette at the $ottom of the tan+ (hereas "ghter part")es, s')h
as soap s)'m, (" form a ayer at the top of the tan+.
B"oog")a pro)esses are 'se% to hep %egra%e the so"% mater"as.
7he "2'"% then fo(s o't of the tan+ "nto a an% %ra"nage system an%
the rema"n"ng so"%s are f"tere% o't.
d) Ozone watewater treat#ent
*.one (aste(ater treatment "s a metho% that "s "n)reas"ng "n pop'ar"ty. 6n
o.one generator "s 'se% to $rea+ %o(n po'tants "n the (ater so'r)e. 7he
generators )onvert oFygen "nto o.one $y 's"ng 'trav"oet ra%"at"on or $y an
ee)tr") %"s)harge f"e%.
*.one "s a very rea)t"ve gas that )an oF"%".e $a)ter"a, mo'%s, organ")
mater"a an% other po'tants fo'n% "n (ater.
23
!s"ng o.one to treat (aste(ater has many $enef"tsI
N"s $a)ter"a effe)t"vey.
*F"%".es s'$stan)es s')h as "ron an% s'ph'r so that they )an $e f"tere%
o't of the so't"on.
7here are no nasty o%o'rs or res"%'es pro%')e% from the treatment.
*.one )onverts $a)+ "nto oFygen 2'")+y, an% eaves no tra)e on)e "t has
$een 'se%.
7he %"sa%vantages of 's"ng o.one as a treatment for (aste(ater areI
7he treatment re2'"res energy "n the form of ee)tr")"ty, th"s )an )ost
money an% )annot (or+ (hen the po(er "s ost.
7he treatment )annot remove %"ssove% m"neras an% sats.
*.one treatment )an somet"mes pro%')e $y-pro%')ts s')h as $romate that
)an harm h'man heath "f they are not )ontroe%.
24
)). Natio%a! 5ri%;i%# *at"r Sta%dards
2*
Natio%a! 5ri%;i%# *at"r Sta%dards
o%tami%a%t Ma4imum o%tami%a%t 9"v"!
(m#<!)
+%or#a%i,
6rsen") 0.05
Ca%m"'m 0.0)
ea% 0.0)5
mer)'ry 0.002
seen"'m 0.0)
.r#a%i, h"mi,a!s
P"sti,id"s
0n%r"n 0.0002
>"n%ane 0.004
-ethoFy)hor 0.)
-"r(i,id"s
2,5-D 0.)
2,5,S-7& 0.0)
S"veF 0.0)
=.s
Ben.ene 0.005
Car$on 7etra)hor"%e 0.005
7r")horoethyene 0.005
G"ny )hor"%e 0.002
Mi,ro(io!o#i,a! .r#a%isms
#e)a Co"form Ba)ter"a ) ,"!!<)00 m!
Sour,">
)2. '"d"ra! :at"r 9"#is!atio%
'"d"ra! :at"r 9"#is!atio%
?"ar 9a:
)899 :ef'se 6)t
)956 #e%era (ater an% po't"on )ontro a)t
)958 #"sh an% ("%"fe )oor%"nat"on a)t
2/
)969 nat"ona env"ronmenta po")y a)t
)970 (ater 2'a"ty "mprovement a)t
)972 #e%era (ater po't"on )ontro a)t (Cean (ater a)t)
)974 fe%era safe %r"n+"ng (ater a)t
)980 )omprehens"ve env"ronmenta response, )ompensat"on, an% "a$""ty a)t
)984
Ha.ar%o's an% so"% (aste amen%ments to the reso'r)e )onservat"on an% re)overy
a)t
)987 (ater 2'a"ty a)t
So'r)eI
References
(2005). Mi,roso2t @ 3%,arta Mi,roso2t @ 3%,arta @ 3%,&,!o1"dia 2005 A )993B2004
Mi,roso2t or1oratio%C Mi,roso2t or1oratio%.
/ot;i%C 5. /. a%d 3. 6. D"!!"r (2009). 3%viro%m"%ta! S,i"%,"s (3arth as a !ivi%# 1!a%"t).
$%it"d Di%#domC Eoh% *i!"& a%d so%s.
'o&C 7. -.C S. 5. 9"%%o4C "t a!. (200)). F6ss"ssi%# th" "22",tiv"%"ss o2 r"#u!ator& ,o%tro!s
o% 2arm 1o!!utio% usi%# ,h"mi,a! a%d (io!o#i,a! i%di,"s o2 :at"r Gua!it& a%d 1o!!utio%
statisti,s.F *at"r 7"s"ar,h 35()2)> 3004B30)2.
9iuC S.C S. 9ouC "t a!. (20))). F*at"r Gua!it& ass"ssm"%t (& 1o!!utio%Bi%d"4 m"thod i% th"
,oasta! :at"rs o2 -"("i Provi%," i% :"st"r% /ohai S"aC hi%a.F Mari%" Po!!utio%
/u!!"ti% 62()0)> 2220B2229.
=ou!#aro1ou!osC 6.C D. '&tia%osC "t a!. ()987). Forr"!atio% o2 som" or#a%i, 1o!!utio%
2a,tors i% :at"r s&st"ms i% North"r% Gr"",".F *at"r 7"s"ar,h 2)(3)> 253B256.
20
26