Section 11 Advanced Sampling

Advanced Sampling
Section Objectives

At the conclusion of this topic, the student will be able to perform the following
tasks:

1. Describe the purpose of, configure, and use:
nX vector.
Differential phase.
Zoom channels.
2. Configure the Trigger Event options for speed, time, amplitude, phase, or
contact.
3. Manage sample size to allow for Manual Sampling during regular sampling.
4. Manage non-standard data acquisition.
Advanced Sampling Page 1
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I. nX Vector

A) nX Vector Configuration

In addition to 1X and 2X tracking filters, you can use nX Vector to track a
user configured third component. N can have nonintegral values between
0.100 and 1.0 (in intervals of 0.025) or integral values between 1 and 15.
One nX Vector is configurable for each DAIU. Typical applications of the
nX vector are to track a particular frequency such as 0.5X from a rub, or a
higher order of running speed like 5X from vane passage frequency on a
pump. Differential Phase also uses the nX vector (see below).

Note: In order to acquire nX values below 0.200, a 208 firmware version of
1.02 is required.

You must set n in nX before you begin data acquisition. Configuration of
the nX Vector is done from the main Configuration dialog box.

Figure 1. Configuring the nX Vector
Page 2 ADRE for Windows
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B) Using nX With Plots

The nX Vector can be selected as the main variable in many plot
configurations. The example below shows an nX Trend. If the nX Vector
is an integer order of running speed (5X for example), nX phase angle will
be available for plotting along with amplitude.

Figure 2. nX Trend of 5X Component

Figure 3. Selecting nX Slow Roll Vector Compensation
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C) nX Vector Slow Roll Compensation

You can select Slow Roll compensation on most plots that have nX as a
main variable option. Be sure that you have selected nX Vectors from the
Edit Reference - Slow Roll Vector dialog box (see Section 6, Editing
Reference Data). Keep in mind that nX Slow Roll vector subtraction can be
performed only if the nX vector is an integer order of running speed.

II. Differential Phase

A) Using Differential Phase

Differential Phase allows relative phase measurement of nX vectors when
one of the channels is chosen as a reference. The system subtracts the
absolute nX phase lag angle of the reference from the absolute nX phase lag
angles of all the channels and then displays the difference in tabular list and
current values plots on a sample-by-sample basis. The reference has no
effect on other frequency components of real-time or saved data.

Though the nX Vector must be selected prior to sampling, Differential
Phase can be invoked either before or after sampling. Differential Phase is
configured from the main Configuration dialog box.

Figure 4. Configuring Differential Phase
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B) Differential Phase Configuration

To configure differential phase:

1) Choose DAIU 1 from the DAIU group box. The "n" value of the
nX vector will be displayed in the text boxes of this group, as
specified in nX Vector Configuration.

2) Choose a Reference channel from channels 1 through 8.

3) Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for DAIU 2 and Channels 9 through 16 if you
are using a second DAIU.

4) Click Enable.

5) Press OK to confirm your settings and return to Configuration
dialog box. Or if you prefer, use one of the Go To push buttons
to exit; they will also confirm your differential phase configuration.

! T a b u la r L i s t - D i f f e r e n t i a l P h a s e D i s a b l e d
! T a b u l a r L i s t - D i f fe r e nt ia l P h a s e E n a b l e d
n X V e c t o r
n X V e c t o r
R e f er e n ce Ch a n n el

Figure 5. Differential Phase Example in Tabular List

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Three rules apply to Differential Phase channels:
1. The reference channel must be an active channel. (See Channel
Configuration.)
2. Select only one reference channel from each active DAIU.
3. The transducer for the selected channel cannot be a process
variable transducer.

Note: You can choose a channel that is associated with a Simulated
Keyphasor as a reference even though phase lag angle data from a
Simulated Keyphasor is unreliable. This is true because relative and not
absolute phase lag angles are subtracted from the data.

Use Disable to temporarily disable your Differential Phase setup. By
disabling the setup you can view data without using a reference channel.

III. Zoom Channels

A Using Zoom Channels

When enabled, Zoom Channels configures up to two channels per DAIU for
high resolution (3200 line) spectrums. Zoom Channels must be configured
prior to sampling.

The system takes longer to collect data for Zoom Channels than for
channels receiving data at normal resolutions. Use this formula to determine
the time it will take to collect data:

Time (sec) = 8192 / (FS X 2.56)

where FS is the frequency span. For example, if you set a frequency span of
50 Hz, the DAIU will take more than a minute to collect data in zoom mode.

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Figure 6. Half Spectrum Plot with Zoom Channel Enabled
B) Zoom Channels Configuration

Any channel can be configured as a zoom channel. The Zoom Channels
configuration is accessed through the main Configuration dialog box. To
configure zoom channels:

1) Find the channel you want to configure as a zoom channel using
the scrollbar if necessary.

2) Pick the checkbox of the channel(s) you want to configure as a
zoom channel.

! High Resolution 3200-Line Spectrums
! (2) Zoom Channels / DAIU
! (1) Zoom Channel / Channel Pair
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Figure 7. Zoom Channels Configuration
Zoom channel configuration must conform to these three rules:

1) Only active channels can be zoom channels.

2) Each DAIU can have two channels configured as zoom channels,
so you can have up to four zoom channels if you are using two
DAIUs.

3) Only one of the two channels in a channel pair can be configured
as a zoom channel. So if channel 3 is a zoom channel, channel 4
cannot be.

Caution: When zoom channels are enabled, spectrum plots can only be
displayed for the channels configured as zoom channels. Also,
synchronous waveform plots cannot display direct data for zoom
channels. And, if only one zoom channel is configured with the
first keyphasor association, the second keyphasor association will
not collect any direct waveform data.

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C) Enabling and Disabling Zoom Channels

Use Disable to deactivate all zoom settings without deleting them. With
zoom channels deactivated, the system collects data at the standard
resolution set in Spectrum Sample Rate Configuration. You can reactivate
zoom settings by pressing Enable Zoom.

IV. Trigger Event Sampling

A) Trigger Event Options

Use this dialog box to choose a trigger source and trigger threshold. A
trigger source is the type of event that starts data collection. A trigger
threshold is the level of the trigger source that starts the data collection.
Once a trigger event threshold requirement has been met, data acquisition
will start and will continue according to the sampling scheme set in Sample
Mode configuration. There are five options which can be configured as a
trigger event. Only one trigger event can be configured at a time to
automatically start the data collection process in Store Enable. There is the
option to manually trigger (start) the data collection when you are in the
Store Enable menu.

Figure 8. The Trigger Event Configuration Dialog Box
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The most often used trigger source is Speed. The default setting of Over
100 and Under 60,000 initiates sampling as soon as the rpm of
Keyphasor 1 is between 100 rpm and 60,000 rpm after entering Store
Enable.

Over and Under setpoints of any trigger event can be configured and
saved with a database configuration for later use even if they are not
enabled.

B) Trigger On Speed Configuration

Select Speed as the trigger source and select Over Setpoint, Under
Setpoint, or both. Press the Configure button to bring up the Trigger
On Speed Configuration dialog box. Enter a level as an integer between
100 and 60,000 (rpm) in the Over edit box, the Under edit box, or both.
Sampling will begin when machine speed moves above or below the
enabled setpoints.

Figure 9. Configuration Example for Trigger on Speed

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C) Trigger on Time Configuration

To start collecting data at a preset date and time, select Time as the trigger
source and press the Configure button to bring up the Trigger on Time
Configuration dialog box. Enter the date and time you wish to start data
acquisition in these six edit boxes. The time must be a future event. You
will receive an error message if the start time you select is earlier than the
computer clock time.

Figure 10. Trigger On Time Configuration Example

The settings for Trigger on Time must be within these ranges:

Hour: 0-23
Minute: 0-59
Second: 0-59
Day: 1-31
Month: 1-12
Year: 1980-2037

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D) Trigger On Amplitude Configuration

Use this dialog box to start collecting data when the amplitude of a trigger
moves above or below a set amplitude. Each active channel can have one or
two trigger thresholds or setpoints. Over specifies an amplitude above
which data acquisition will begin and Under specifies an amplitude below
which data acquisition will begin. "Over" and Under" edit boxes are
available for each of the 16 channels. The second group of eight channels is
accessible by using the scrollbar.

Select Amplitude as the trigger source, then select "Under setpoint"
and/or "Over setpoint" check boxes in the Trigger On group. Press the
Configure push button to bring up the Trigger on Amplitude
Configuration dialog box.

Figure 11. Trigger On Amplitude Configuration Example

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To configure trigger on amplitude:

1) Select the type of amplitude from the Amplitude Trigger Source
group: Direct, 1X, 2X, nX, or DC Gap/Process
Variable. The n in nX was specified in nX Vector
Configuration.
2) Check the Trigger checkbox for the channels desired and enter
over and under setpoints in the selected channel edit boxes.

The following rules apply to trigger on amplitude:

a) TorXimitor and Process Variable transducers cannot trigger
on Direct, 1X, 2X, or nX.

b) Acceptable transducer types for DC Gap/Process Variable in
the Amplitude Trigger Source group are displacement,
TorXimitor, or Process Variable.

c) The Under and Over set points must lie within
configured Full Scale Ranges for each channel and variable.

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E) Trigger On Phase Configuration

Use this dialog box to start collecting data when the phase lag angle moves
outside the Over and Under setpoints. Each active channel can use
either or both phase lag angle setpoints. Over specifies a phase above
which data acquisition will begin and Under specifies a phase below
which data acquisition will begin. "Over" and "Under" values are available
for each of the 16 channels. The second group of eight channels is
accessible by using the scrollbar.

Figure 12. Trigger On Phase Configuration Example
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To configure trigger on phase:

1) Select Phase as the trigger source.

2) Check either or both of the Over Setpoint and Under Setpoint
checkboxes.

3) Press the Configure push button to bring up the Trigger On
Phase Configuration dialog box. Choose 1X, 2X, or nX
from the Trigger Source group. Note: Specify the "n" in nX Vector
configuration; n must be an integer multiple of running speed to
have an absolute phase angle.

4) Check the Trigger checkbox for one or more channels and
specify a range in degrees for each selected channel. Sampling will
begin when the phase angle for a particular channel goes outside its
range. Minimum and maximum values for setpoint edit boxes are
0 and 359.

A channel may not be available if the channel associated with the checkbox
is not active (see Channel Configuration), or the channel associated with
the checkbox was one you assigned a Simulated Keyphasor during Channel
Configuration (an external Keyphasor is required for absolute phase
measurements).

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F) Trigger On Contact Configuration

Figure 13. Trigger On Contact Configuration
Use this dialog box to use remote relays connected to the DAIU to start
collecting data. Each DAIU has a terminal block with four connections that
can be connected to a remote relay: Earth Gnd, Lo Volt, Return, and Hi
Volt. The Lo Volt handles 5V to 30V. The Hi Volt handles 90V to 240V.

WARNING: Do not put high voltage in the low voltage circuit.

To use a remote relay to signal data collection:

1) Select Contact as the trigger source, then press the Configure
command button to bring up the Trigger On Contact
Configuration dialog box.

2) Select Normally Closed if you want data acquisition to start
when the relay is open, or:

Select Normally Open if you want data acquisition to start when the
relay is closed.

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V. Sample Management

A) Manual Samples

Although you have a buffer of 2560 vector samples (256 waveform
samples) to work with, it is good practice to have extra samples available
for manual sampling if needed. You never know when a sudden upset
might occur which you will want to document. If you are sampling at
regular delta time intervals, a few manual samples may be needed to ensure
such an intermittent event gets captured.

Note: Versions of ADRE for Windows before 4.60 have a maximum of
1280 vector samples (128 waveform samples) to work with instead of 2560.
Make sure you know which version you are using before assuming your
limit. Click Help from the main menu bar, then About Adre to
double check which version you are using.

Though each manual sample uses only one vector sample for each
waveform sample, the number of samples you set aside should still be based
on a 10:1 ratio of vector to waveform samples:

Manual Samples (Vectors) = Number of Waveform Samples x 10

Example:
You want to set aside 30 manual samples for direct waveforms and
spectrums.

Solution:
Manual Samples = 30 Waveform Samples x 10
= 300 Vector Samples
2560 - 300 = 2260

Set Sample Mode parameters to use no more than 2260 Vector Samples
during normal programmed (delta time/delta rpm) data acquisition.

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Note: Normally you will not need to use more than 400 samples or so for a
typical data acquisition exercise (see Data Acquisition Configuration
in Section 5). If Sample Mode parameters are set conservatively to
acquire data with a reasonable sample density (approximately 400
samples for a startup or shutdown), there will be plenty of unused
samples available for manual samples if needed.

B) Vector / Waveform Sample Ratio

Manual samples will skew the normal 10:1 ratio of vector samples to
waveform samples to a smaller ratio. When this happens, care must be
taken to make sure there are enough samples remaining to capture the data
you need. Though the DAIU Control Panel displays the number of samples
both used and remaining, the actual number of usable vector samples
remaining may be significantly less than the displayed value because
sampling will stop when all waveform samples have been used. See
example below. If you have turned on Continuous Data Collection in the
Preferences, the data will be saved to disk when a sample limit is reached
and then ADRE! for Windows will recommence acquiring data. However,
the computer is not acquiring data while it is saving the run to disk so you
will have a hole in your data base and the data run will be split between
different databases.
Two good rules of thumb to remember when using Manual Samples are:
1) Usable Vector Samples Remaining = Waveform Samples
Remaining x 10
2) Set Sample Mode Parameters Conservatively to start with!!
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Figure 14. Sample Limits Dialog Box Showing Depleted Waveform Samples and
End of Sampling
C) Sample Mode Adjustments During Data Acquisition

Sometimes you may need to make adjustments to your sample mode
parameters during sampling to conserve remaining samples. You can make
the following changes from the DAIU Control Panel:

Delta Time

1) Enable/Disable
2) Adjust Delta Time interval

Delta RPM

1) Enable/Disable
2) Turn On or Off Increasing or Decreasing
3) Adjust Delta RPM interval

Keep in mind that sampling will be paused while you are making these
changes.
! !! ! DONT LET THIS HAPPEN TO YOU!!
! !! ! Set Sample Mode Parameters CONSERVATIVELY
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VI. Non-Standard Data Acquisition

A) Steady State Trending + Trip / Coastdown Coverage

The following example is one possible scenario where you may employ
both Delta RPM and Delta Time simultaneously.

Example:
Lets say you need to automatically collect trend data overnight (7:00
PM to 7:00 AM) on a 12,000 rpm compressor. You want to
automatically capture a coastdown if the machine train is somehow
tripped any time during the night. Assume no manual samples.

Solution:
In Sample Mode:
- Enable Delta Time and Delta RPM
- 600 Sample records dedicated to potential shutdown
- 1960 Sample records dedicated to steady state trend

Delta RPM =(12,000rpm-100rpm) / 600 =19.8 rpm

Monitoring Time = 12 hours x 60 minutes/hour = 720 minutes

Delta Time = 720 minutes / 1960 records = 0.37 minutes/record =
23 seconds

Be conservative:
- Set Delta RPM 25 rpm Decreasing only
- Set Delta Time 30 seconds

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B) Speed Oscillations

For startups on machine trains where speed fluctuations are common, it is
easy to use up all 2560 samples prematurely because of the total Delta Rpm
that takes place. There are several different strategies to use to avoid using
up your samples this way:

1) Set Delta Rpm for Increasing only.
- or -
2) Set a large Delta Rpm interval and use both Increasing and
Decreasing.
- or -
3) Set Delta Rpm for Increasing only with a conservative Delta
Rpm interval. Set Delta Time with a conservative (long) interval
so that occasional data will be taken during hold points.

C) Fast Startups/Shutdowns

The most frequent sampling problems when taking data during rapid
machine speed changes are tracking filter response time and spectrum
sampling speed. A slow tracking filter may miss the full extent of amplitude
and phase changes if the changes occur quickly. A high resolution spectrum
may not have enough time at a particular speed to accurately sample a
spectrum. Sampling speed can usually be improved, but the tradeoff is
poorer resolution. Still, a poorer resolution spectrum is better than no
spectrum at all. To speed up tracking filter response time and spectrum
sampling:

1) Use the 120 rpm bandwidth filter (set in Channel Configuration).
This is a much faster tracking filter than 12 rpm bandwidth.
2) Use Delta RPM only. Delta RPM sampling is potentially much
faster than even the smallest Delta Time interval (0.1 seconds).
3) Do not use Zoom Channels.
4) Set Spectral Lines to 200 or even 100 to speed up spectrum
sampling.
5) Increase the Spectrum Frequency Span setting.

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D) Repeating Data Collection
You can configure ADRE to continue collecting data even after a database
fills up. From the File menu, select Preferences to bring up the
Preferences dialog box.

Figure 15. Preferences dialog box
Select the Repeating Data Collection checkbox to configure the system to
continue collecting data after the first database fills up and is saved to disk.

If you select the Reset Trigger checkbox, after a database is filled and
saved to disk, the system will reset the data acquisition trigger. If the
machine conditions meet the triggered criteria that you set, data collection
will resume automatically. If the machine conditions do not meet the
triggered criteria, ADRE will wait until data acquisition is triggered before
collecting any more data.

For example, if you configured your system to trigger when the machine
goes above 350 rpm, to sample with delta time every second, and you
selected Repeating Data Collection and Reset Trigger, the system will
begin collecting data when the machine increases above 350 rpm. The
database will then take a vector sample every second until the database is
full with 2560 vectors. At this point, ADRE will automatically save the
database and prepare to continue collecting data. Because you selected
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Reset Trigger, the system will see if the machine is still operating above
350 rpm. If the machine is above 350 rpm, data acquisition will be
triggered and ADRE will fill another database and save it. This process will
repeat over and over until the free space on the hard disk drops below 28.2
MB or the machine is below 350 rpm at the moment the system resets the
trigger.

Note: If you select Repeating Data Collection but do not check Reset
Trigger, once data acquisition is triggered the first time, it will
continuously collect and save databases (according to the sampling mode
parameters) until you manually stop it or until the free space on the hard
drive drops below 28.2 MB. This will occur even if the machine no longer
meets the triggered criteria.

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