CEWB 221

HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 1

LABORATORY
LAB REPORT
EXPERIMENT 3 :
BERNOULLIS THEOREM APPARATUS
Name : Vijayeswary D/O Rangasamy (CE018491)
Grou : !
Grou "em#ers : 1$ %ee &ei 'ing (CE0814(4)
!$ "an 'in %o) (CE0814(()
*$ 'a Cui 'i (CE0814+1)
4$ 'a ,ing &ay (CE08!0!0)
-$ Noor Diyana ./ 0mran (CE08*90()
+$ 'asmin Na1ira) ./ 2ana3ia) ,ama4 .a)rin (CE081188)
5e6/ion : 0*
Da/e o3 E7erimen/ : 08 De6em#er !009
5u#mission Da/e : 1- De6em#er !009
%a# 8ns/ru6/or : "r$8#ra)iem
1
9a#4e o3 Con/en/
No. Contents Page
1. Abstract 1
2. Objective 2
3. Theory 2
4. Equipment / Description of
Eperimenta! Apparatus
4
". #roce$ures "
%. Data an$ Observations "
&. Ana!ysis an$ 'esu!ts %
(. Discussion (
). *onc!usion )
1+. 'eferences )
11. Appen$ices 1+
2
Abstrat:
The eperiment entit!e$ ,-ernou!!i.s Theorem Apparatus. /as con$ucte$ to $etermine the re!ation
of pressure hea$0 ve!ocity hea$ an$ static hea$ an$ compare it /ith -ernou!!i.s Theorem. At first0
/e starte$ the pump after ma1in2 sure that the 3y$rau!ics -ench in!et /as connecte$ to the test set
/ith the set out!et va!ve open. The -ench in!et va!ve /as then opene$ unti! the manometers /ere
fi!!e$ /ith /ater comp!ete!y an$ ma1in2 sure the bubb!es in the manometer /as not trap insi$e.
Then0 the in!et va!ve is c!ose$. The test set out!et va!ve an$ top air chamber /ere a$juste$ usin2
han$ air pump so that /ater !eve!s in a!! tubes of the manometer then cou!$ be observe$ c!ear!y.
1+0 1"0 4 2+ 5#6 /ere the settin2 of the f!o/ rate of the eperiment an$ manometer rea$in2s
/ere recor$e$. The tota! hea$ at any point is a!so in$icate$ on tube no. &.
-ase$ on the observation0 for any f!o/ rate the manometer recor$in2 at tube 7o.( /as !o/er than
the tube 7o.1 $espite the 8enturi $iameter /as the same. This $ifference in$icates the friction !oss
bet/een point 1 an$ point (. -esi$es that0 as the tota! hea$ probe /as s!o/!y movin2 from point 1
to point (0 the tota! hea$ probe rea$in2 at tube 7o.& s!o/!y $ecreases. This a!so in$icates the
friction !oss as the tota! hea$ probe move a!on2 the !en2th of the venture tube. -ase$ on the
recor$e$ $ata0 the theoretica! an$ eperimenta! va!ues of the Tota! 3ea$ /ere compare$. There
/ere s!i2ht $ifference bet/een the eperimenta! an$ the theoretica! va!ues an$ this is $ue to the
errors an$ mista1es occurre$ $urin2 the eperiment.
-ernou!!i.s Theorem states that 9The tota! hea$ of f!o/in2 !iqui$ bet/een t/o points remains
constant provi$e$ there is no !oss $ue to fiction an$ no 2ain $ue to app!ication of outsi$e /or1
bet/een the t/o points:. ;t /as proven true base$ on the eperiment. As the conc!usion0
-ernou!!i.s Theorem sti!! can use to pre$ict the hea$ !oss if most of the errors can be avoi$e$
$urin2 the eperiment.
3
Ob!"t#$":
To $emonstrate the re!ation of pressure hea$0 ve!ocity hea$ an$ static hea$ an$ compare it /ith
-ernou!!i.s Theorem.
T%"&r':
-ernou!!i.s Theorem states 9The tota! hea$ of f!o/in2 !iqui$ bet/een t/o points remains constant
provi$e$ there is no !oss $ue to fiction an$ no 2ain $ue to app!ication of outsi$e /or1 bet/een the
t/o points: .
Tota! hea$ <3T= of a f!o/in2 !iqui$ is ma$e up of E!evation 3ea$ or >tatic 3ea$ <3s=0 #ressure
3ea$ <3p= an$ 8e!ocity 3ea$ <3v=0 mutua!!y convertib!e each into the other.s form.
3
T
? # @ 8
2
@ A
B2 22
3
T
? Tota! 3ea$ m
8 ? 8e!ocity m/sec
# ? #ressure 7e/ton/m
2
A ? E!evation m
C ? Acce!eration $ue to 2ravity ? ).(1 m/sec
2
? Density 12/m
3
Thus for point 1 an$ 2
# 1 @ 8 1
2
@ A1 ? # 2 @ 8 2
2
@ A2 @ Ener2y !oss bet/een 142D <1=
B2 22 B2 22

<Tota! 3ea$=
4
Flo
w

1 2
3
4 " % &
(
E!o/
D1 ? 2( mm D2 ?21 mm D3 ? 14mm D4 ? 1%.( mm D" ? 1).% mm
D%? 22.4 D& ? 2".2 mm D( ? 2(
;f the -ernou!!i.s tube is horiFonta! then A
1
? A
2
an$ if !oss bet/een point 1 an$ point 2 is very
sma!!0 thenG
#
1
@ 8
1
2
? #
2
@ 8
2
2
D............................. <2= or
2 22 2 22
#
1
H #
2
? 8
2
2
H 8
1
2
............................................. <3=
2 2 22 22
;f point 1 an$ point t are of $ifferent $iameters then 8
1
an$ 8
2
are $ifferent. This is $emonstrate$
by $ifference in manometer /ater !eve!s bet/een point 1 an$ point 2.
At the time /e can compare tota! hea$ at any point a!on2 the 8enturi tube usin2 tota! hea$ prove
/hose tota! is sho/n on tube 7o.&
3
T
? #
T
@ 8
T
2
@ A
1
? #
1
@ 8
1
2
@ A
1......................................................
<4=
2 22 2 22
At the tip of the tota! hea$ probe A
T
? A
1
an$ 8
T
? +
#
T
? # 1 @ 8 1
2
............................................. <"=
2 2 22
or
# T H #
1
? 8
1
2
? 8e!ocity................................... <%=
2 2 22
Thus0 ve!ocity hea$ can be $emonstrate$ by the $ifference bet/een tota! hea$ <#T/2= an$ pressure
hea$ <#1/ 2=.
"
E()#*+",t - D"sr#*t#&, &. E/*"r#+",ta0 A**arat)s:
This equipment is to $emonstrate the re!ation of pressure hea$0 ve!ocity hea$0 an$ static hea$ an$
compare it /ith -ernou!!i.s Theorem.
The equipment consists ofG
1.1 A 8enturi tube /ith 2(mm an$ 14mm insi$e $iameter 21I in!et an2!e an$ 1+I out!et
an2!e. Eact $iameters are in$icate$ on the 8enturi bo$y. ( pressure tappin2 points a!on2
the /a!! of the tube for connection /ith the manometer.
1.2 Jater manometer ( tubes "++mm /ith top air chamber an$ b!ee$in2 va!ve to vary
pressure by han$ air pump.
1.3 Tota! hea$ probe of stain!ess stee! tube < 1.)mm insi$e $iameter= /hich can be move$
aia!!y a!on2 the 8enturi tube. The tota! hea$ tube is connectin2 by a hose to manometer
tube no. &.
1.4 A rotameter <optiona!= /ith f!o/ rate "K3" 5#6. A contro! va!ve at the out!et of the
8enturi tube is use$ to contro! the f!o/ as /e!! as raise or !o/er pressure <hence f!o/
rate= in the system.
1." A!! equipment are mounte$ on stee! frame a$justab!e !eve! scre/ /ith /hite Acry!ic
bac1in2.

%
Pr&"1)r"s:
Demonstration that tota! hea$ is constant or sma!! $ifference bet/een 2 points if there is a sma!!
friction !oss.
1. The 3y$rau!ics -ench out!et /as connecte$ to the test set /ith the set out!et va!ve open.
2. The pump /as starte$ an$ the -ench out!et va!ve /as opene$ s!o/!y to obtain over f!o/0
then0 the in!et va!ve /as c!ose$. The test set out!et va!ve an$/or the top air chamber /as
a$juste$ by han$ air pump such that the /ater !eve!s in a!! tubes of the manometer cou!$ be
observe$.
3. The tota! hea$ at any point /as in$icate$ on the tube 7o.&.
4. The f!o/ rate an$ the manometer rea$in2s /ere recor$e$.
". The f!o/ rate /as chan2e$ to 1+0 1"0 2+ 5#6. The $ata /as recor$e$.
Data a,1 Obs"r$at#&,s:
T)
b"
N
&2
D#a
+"t"
r
3++
4
C-S"
t#&,
3+24
5&0
)+"
3+3
4
T#+" 3s4 6 3+3-s4 5"0&#t'
3+-s4
5"0&#t' H"a1 H5
3+4
T&ta0 H"a1
HT 3+4
Stat# H"a1
HS 3+4
17 18 2
7
17 18 27 17 18 27 17 18 27 1
7
1
8
2
7
1
7
1
8
27
12 2( %.1"(
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.1
&(
+.4
)+
+.(
2)
1.%1"
1+
K3
+.+
12
+.+
3"
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
3+
.3
33
.4
3%
.%
22 21 3.4%4
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.3
1%
+.(
&2
1.4
&3
".+)+
1+
K3
+.+
3)
+.1
11
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2)
.(
31
.(
34
.1
32 14 1."3)
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.&
11
1.)
%2
3.3
1"
+.+2% +.1
)%
+."
%+
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2%
.1
1)
.+
).
+
92 1%.( 2.21&
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.4
)3
1.3
%2
2.3
+1
+.+12 +.+
)"
+.2
&+
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2%
.+
21
.1
1%
.4
82 1).% 3.+1&
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.3
%3
1.+
+1
1.%
)1
%.&1%
1+
K3
+.+
"1
+.1
4%
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2&
.)
2%
.(
2"
.3
:2 22.4 3.)41
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.2
&(
+.&
%%
1.2
)"
3.)3)
1+
K3
+.+
3+
+.+
("
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2(
.%
2(
."
2(
."
;2 2".2 4.)((
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.2
1)
+.%
+"
1.+
23
2.444
1+
K3
+.+
1)
+.+
"3
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
<2 2( %.1"(
1+
K4
+.++
4
3%.
"&
13.
2"
&.
(4
1.+)4
1+
K4
3.+1)
1+
K4
".1+2
1+
K4
+.1
&(
+.4
)+
.
(2
)
1.%1"
1+
K3
+.+
12
+.+
3"
3+
."
34
.%
3)
.&
2)
.+
3+
.+
31
.%
&
Obs"r$at#&,s:
;n the actua! test0 there /as a sma!! friction !oss an$ the fo!!o/in2 observation /as ma$eG
1. At any f!o/ rate0 manometer recor$in2 at tube 7o.( /as !o/er than tube 7o.1 $espite
8enturi tube $iameter /as the same. The friction !oss bet/een point 1 an$ point ( is
represente$ by this $ifference.
2. As the tota! hea$ probe /as s!o/!y movin2 from point 7o.1 an$ point 7o.(0 the tota! hea$
probe rea$in2 at tube 7o.& s!o/!y $ecrease$. This a!so $emonstrates the friction !oss as the
tota! hea$ probe move a!on2 the !en2th of the 8enturi tube.
A,a0's#s a,1 R"s)0ts:
Sa+*0" Ca0)0at#&,s:
Je ta1e the eamp!e of Tube 7o. 1 as our samp!e ca!cu!ations0
Diameter ? 21mm ?+.+2(m
Area of cross section0 A ? LrM
? L <+.+2(/2=
? 6.158 X10
-4
m
2
8o!ume ? 45 ? +.++4 mN
Eor 1+5#6 rea$in2s0
Time1+ ? 2%.13 s
E!o/ rate0 O
1+5#6
? 8
t
? +.++4
3%."&
? 1.094 X 10
-4
m/s
O1+5#6 ? 1.+)4 P 1+
K4
mN/s
A ? %.1"( P1+
K4
m
2
8e!ocity0 8
1+5#6
? O
A
? 1.+)4 P 1+
K4
mN/s
%.1"( P1+
K4
m
2
? 0.178 m/s
(
8
1+5#6
? +.1&( m/s
2 ?).(1 m/s
2
8e!ocity 3ea$0 3v
1+5#6
? 8
2
22
? +.1&(
2
2<).(1=
? 1.615 X 10
-3
m
Sample Calclat!on "o# $%e No. 1
Eor 1+5#6 rea$in20 Theo. Tota! 3ea$ ? 1.1%" P1+
K3
@ 3+.3
? 30.301m
Eor 1"5#6 rea$in20 Theo. Tota! 3ea$ ? +.+12@ 33.4
? 33.412m
Eor 2+5#6 rea$in20 Theo. Tota! 3ea$ ? +.+3" @ 3%.%
? 36.635m
D#s)ss#&,:
T)b" N&2 T&ta0 H"a1 H
T
3b' a0)0at#&,4
3+4
T&ta0 H"a1 H
T
3.r&+ t)b" ,&2 ;4
3+4
17 18 27 17 18 27
12 3+.3+1 33.412 3%.%3" 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
22 2).(+" 31.(3) 34.211 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
32 2%.12% 1).1)% )."%+ 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
92 2%.+12 21.1)" 1%.%&+ 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
82 2&.)+& 2%.("1 2".44% 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
:2 2(.%+4 2(."3+ 2(."(" 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
;2 3+."+2 34.%1) 3).&"3 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
<2 2).++2 3+.+12 31.%3" 3+."++ 34.%++ 3).&++
)
This eperiment /as con$ucte$ to $etermine the re!ation of pressure hea$0 ve!ocity hea$ an$ static
hea$ an$ compare it /ith -ernou!!i.s Theorem. -ernou!!i.s Theorem states that 9The tota! hea$ of
f!o/in2 !iqui$ bet/een t/o points remains constant provi$e$ there is no !oss $ue to fiction an$ no
2ain $ue to app!ication of outsi$e /or1 bet/een the t/o points:. ;t is un$erstoo$ that there are no
ener2y !osses or a$$itiona! bet/een the t/o points thus the tota! hea$ remain constant in a f!ui$
system.
-ase$ on the resu!ts of the eperiment0 tube 7o.30 /hich has the !o/est cross section area has the
hi2hest ve!ocity compare$ to the other tubes. This is because the ve!ocity of the f!ui$ /i!! increase
as the cross section area of the tube $ecreases. Thus0 the ve!ocity hea$ is inverse!y proportiona! to
the $iameter of the 8enturi tube. On the other han$0 for any f!o/ rate from 1+5#6 to 2+5#60 the
manometer recor$in2 at tube 7o.( is !o/er than tube 7o.1 even thou2h the $iameter of the 8enturi
tube /as the same throu2h out the eperiment. This is basica!!y cause$ by the friction !oss bet/een
point 1 an$ point (. -esi$es that0 both the static hea$ an$ ve!ocity hea$ va!ues /ere increasin2 as
the f!o/ rate increase from 1+ 5#6 to 2+ 5#6 ecept for the tube 7o.3 an$ 7o.4. This is cause$
by !oss of hea$ $ue to the minor !osses of the 2ra$ua!!y contraction an$ 2ra$ua!!y en!ar2ement of
the 8enturi tube.
The eperiment is consi$ere$ successfu! because the theoretica! va!ues an$ the eperimenta!
va!ues of the tota! hea$ /ere near!y same. The accurate resu!ts /ere not obtaine$. This cou!$ be
$ue to the errors an$ the mista1es occurre$ $urin2 the eperiment /as con$ucte$. One the errors
cou!$ be improper !eve!!in2 of the hy$rau!ic bench. A!! the equipment must be in a !eve!!e$
con$ition0 especia!!y the hy$rau!ic bench0 /hich can !ea$ to the chan2e in e!evation <A= an$ /i!!
!ea$ to the chan2e in the tota! hea$. Jhen the !eve!!in2 of the hy$rau!ic bench /as s!i2ht!y a!tere$0
it /ou!$ have cause$ the inaccurate tota! hea$. -esi$es that0 para!!a errors cou!$ be one of the
errors /hich occurre$ in the eperiment. This /ou!$ have happene$ /hen the manometer rea$in2s
/ere ta1en. The eye of the observer mi2ht have not para!!e! /ith the correct rea$in2 on the
manometer an$ this /ou!$ have resu!t in inaccurate resu!ts.
Other than that human error cou!$ be one of errors occurre$ in the eperiment. Jhen recor$in2 the
time of the require$ f!o/ rate0 it /as $ifficu!t for us to stop the stop/atch sharp!y as the vo!ume of
/ater reache$ 35. This mi2ht have cause$ us to obtain s!i2ht!y $ifferent rea$in2 of the time
compare$ /ith the accurate rea$in2. -esi$es that0 sma!! !ea1a2e in the equipment mi2ht a!so have
1+
cause$ errors in obtainin2 the accurate resu!ts. Trappe$ air bubb!es in the 8enturi tube a!so cou!$
be one of the reasons of errors in the eperiment. Other than that0 it /as a bit har$ to obtain the
accurate resu!ts $ue to the sma!! partic!es of $irt in the venture tubes /hich /ou!$ have resu!te$ in
more friction !oss an$ this has cause$ some errors in the resu!ts of the eperiment. The accuracy of
the resu!ts can be increase$ in the future if the eperiment is carrie$ out carefu!!y /ithout any
errors an$ mista1es. Anyho/0 this eperiment /as con$ucte$ successfu!!y.
C&,0)s#&,:
-ernou!!i.s Theorem states that 9The tota! hea$ of f!o/in2 !iqui$ bet/een t/o points remains
constant provi$e$ there is no !oss $ue to fiction an$ no 2ain $ue to app!ication of outsi$e /or1
bet/een the t/o points:. -ernou!!i.s theorem accounts for the chan2es in e!evation hea$0 pressure
hea$0 an$ ve!ocity hea$ bet/een t/o points in a f!ui$ f!o/ system. ;t is assume$ that there are no
ener2y !osses or a$$itiona! bet/een the t/o points so the tota! hea$ remain constant. Erom the
eperiment0 /e can see that the Tota! 3ea$ from the tube 7o. & <1+5#6= is 3+."++m /hereas the
theoretica! Tota! 3ea$ is 3+.3+1m. The $ifference bet/een t/o va!ues is $ue to ener2y !oss $ue to
friction. -esi$es that0 /e have foun$ out that /hen there is s!o/ f!o/ in a f!ui$0 the pressure in the
tube /i!! increase an$ /hen there an increase the f!o/ in a f!ui$0 the pressure in the tube /i!!
$ecrease. -ase$ on the eperiment0 /e 1no/ that the inf!uence of friction !oss on the Tota! 3ea$
va!ues /hen the f!o/ rate is chan2in2. The $iameter of 8enturi tube is inverse!y proportiona! to the
ve!ocity hea$Q this is proven by the tube 7o.30 /hich has the !o/est $iameter but its ve!ocity is
hi2her than others. Other than that0 the $iameter of tube is a!so $irect!y proportiona! to the static
hea$. -oth the static hea$ an$ ve!ocity hea$ va!ues are increasin2 as the f!o/ rate increase from 1+
5#6 to 2+ 5#6 ecept for the tube 7o.3 an$ 7o.4. This is cause$ by !oss of hea$ $ue to the
minor !osses of the 2ra$ua!!y contraction an$ 2ra$ua!!y en!ar2ement of the 8enturi tube. Thus0 the
initia! objective of the eperiment /as met an$ the eperiment /as $one successfu!!y.
&e"e#ence
1= 5ab 6anua! for 3y$ro!o2y 4 3y$rau!ic En2ineerin2 ; 5aboratory0 4
th
e$ition by 6iss
AetyiF/ana Aa!a!u$$in.
2= 3y$ro!o2y 4 3y$rau!ic En2ineerin2 ; 7otes by #rof.Dr.;r.5ariyah 6oh$.>i$e1
3= App!ie$ E!ui$ 6echanics by 'obert 5.6ott
A**",1#"s:
11
-ernou!!i.s Theorem states 9The tota! hea$ of f!o/in2 !iqui$ bet/een t/o points remains
constant provi$e$ there is no !oss $ue to fiction an$ no 2ain $ue to app!ication of outsi$e
/or1 bet/een the t/o points:
Tota! hea$ <3T= of a f!o/in2 !iqui$ is ma$e up of E!evation 3ea$ or >tatic 3ea$ <3s=0
#ressure 3ea$ <3p= an$ 8e!ocity 3ea$ <3v=0 mutua!!y convertib!e each into the other.s
form.
3
T
? # @ 8
2
@ A
B2 22
3
T
? Tota! 3ea$ m
8 ? 8e!ocity m/sec
# ? #ressure 7e/ton/m
2
A ? E!evation m
C ? Acce!eration $ue to 2ravity ? ).(1 m/sec
2
? Density 12/m
3
Thus for point 1 an$ 2
# 1 @ 8 1
2
@ A1 ? # 2 @ 8 2
2
@ A2 @ Ener2y !oss bet/een 142D <1=
B2 22 B2 22

<Tota! 3ea$=
D1 ? 2( mm D2 ?21 mm D3 ? 14mm D4 ? 1%.( mm D" ? 1).% mm
D%? 22.4 D& ? 2".2 mm D( ? 2(
;f the -ernou!!i.s tube is horiFonta! then A
1
? A
2
an$ if !oss bet/een point 1 an$ point 2 is very
sma!!0 thenG
12
Flo
w

1 2
3
4 " % &
(
E!o/
#
1
@ 8
1
2
? #
2
@ 8
2
2
D............................. <2=
2 22 2 22
#
1
H #
2
? 8
2
2
H 8
1
2
............................................. <3=
2 2 22 22
3
T
? #
T
@ 8
T
2
@ A
1
? #
1
@ 8
1
2
@ A
1......................................................
<4=
2 22 2 22
#
T
? # 1 @ 8 1
2
............................................. <"=
2 2 22
or
# T H #
1
? 8
1
2
? 8e!ocity................................... <%=
2 2 22
Thus0 ve!ocity hea$ can be $emonstrate$ by the $ifference bet/een tota! hea$ <#T/2= an$ pressure
hea$ <#1/ 2=.
13