Descriptive Paper

1
Descriptive Paper

MODEL SET-1

INSTRUCTIONS :
1. There are FIVE questions in this paper. You have to answer
all the FIVE questions.
2. Do not mention your real name, address or roll number
anywhere in the answers.
3. All the questions are in English only. Answers to the
questions must be written in English.
4. Your handwriting should be legible, i.e. readable by others.
5. Your answer should be clear, brief and to the point. No
supplement/additional paper will be provided to you. So plan
the matter of your answers accordingly.
6. Write the answers of all these questions in the space
provided beneath the questions. Answer must not exceed the
space provided for each question.

1. Write a letter In about 150 words on any one of the
following:
( i ) Write a letter to the Police Authorities giving full
particulars of a lost dog or bicycle. Offer are ward for recovery.
(ii) You are Ravi Sharma of 59, Sea Road. Bandra ,Mumbai.
You see an advertisement in the 'Everyday Times' and decide
to apply for the job of
a Sales Executive. Write a letter to the Personnel Manager,
New World Publications, Worli, Mumbai. applying for the job
with a detailed
bio data of yourself.
(iii) Your friend Manoj Patel who lives in Ahmedabad has
invited you to his marriage, which has been fixed all of a
sudden. Write a letter regretting
your inability to attend giving valid reason (s) for the same.
You are Sumit Ray of 44. Shivaji Lane, Pune 120004.

ANSWER

XYZ
Exam Hall
03.01.2010
ACP
DELHI POLICE
Rohini Circle, Delhi - 85
Subject : Recovery of lost dog
Sir,
With due honour I like to state that from yesterday morning my
pet dog is absconding and after a long search we are unable to
trace it. Yesterday when I went
to District Park, Rohini for morning walk it was with me. But
when I stopped to talk with one of my neighbours I let it loose
to wander nearby. After finishing my talk when I looked for it,
I could not notice it. I raise a loud shout, there was no
response. We call it Jimmy. We continued searching and
shouting for hours, but in vain. Our Jimmy is lost.

Dear Sir, Jimmy was one of my family members. He is our
companion for three years, right from his birth. We treat it as if
it were my child. Bull dog, Jimmy with its velvet black colour
and attracting look charmed us much besides providing us
security. So, the lost of Jimmy in such a mysterious way left in
my mind a
lurking doubt. 1 smell a criminal conspiracy against my family.
Bad element has snatched away my Jimmy. Sir, my earnest
request with you is that you would initiate an enquiry to find
out my Jimmy immediately. I also make a solemn pledge to
reward any person who supplies a clue leading to the
rediscovery of my Jimmy. The prize money will not be less
than Rs 2000. My enhanced faith over Delhi Police and
gratitude towards you will be reward for you. Hope, you will
be active enough to relieve our pain and in no way
underestimate our concern.
Yours faithfully
XYZ

*********

2. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics in
not more than 150 words :
(i) T.V.An Addiction
(ii) The Joys of Trekking
(iii) Modern ManA Slave to Machine

Answer

(i) T.V.An Addiction
In every household there is a perpetual conflict between
parents and their of springs. The bone of contention is nothing
but the idiot box. Now with 100
channel facilities, television is always attracting you and me
with alluring programmes. Our little-ones can see their
favourite cartoons or heroes in the cricket
field in television. We don't play but enjoy match in television.
We don't have any touch with nature, we see it in television. If
you ask a boy "have you seen a star staded sky", the answer
will, yes, on television. Television is a dictator in our drawing
room itself. It entered, not only in our house, but also in our
mind. We
consume today, are introduced to us by the television, what we
think, are governed by television. Our dream for a luxury car
or a well-furnished house are also the contribution of
television. Television takes away our culture and slowly
inducts its typical culture in that place. We know we should
think something else, we
should do something else in our recreation. But helplessly, we
sit before television set and entertain ourselves. As if we are
addicted to television and can't get rid of this adiction. Modern
man has only one companion; it is television, nobody else.

********

2

3. Write an essay on any one of the following topics in
approximately 250-300 words :
(i) Reading Books
(ii) Unemployment Problem
(iii) Dowry Deaths

ANSWER

( i ) Reading Books
Books are the authentic items which fulfils our heart and mind
with a vast store of knowledge and values. Books are read for
various purposes. They freshes the reader's mind and leaves
the brain with a cool sense of sublimity. Books, relinquishes
the reader's mind and urges to form a new dimension thought
and. expression.
The reading of books can be put into two broad categories. The
first is reading for some special purpose such as for
examinations. If you are a student the reading of books will not
be a pleasure but a necessity. In such cases you may have to
read books which otherwise you will not like to read.

What we are actually concerned with, is the second category,
i.e. private reading in spare time. Reading books is one of the
most favourite hobbies. Most of the
people who devote their leisure to reading books, read for
pleasure and for no other purpose. As a matter of fact there
should be no other purpose of reading books in spare time. But
it is doubtful whether all those who read books get any real
pleasure out of what they read.

With many people these days, reading books has become
almost a fashion. Very often you will see people reading books
in buses, at bus-stops, in restaurants and
all sundry places. Many of such readers read simply for the
sake of show. They read a book so that they may tell others
that they have read it. Such readers seldom gain anything from
the book they have read.

With some readers reading is almost a passion. They read
hurriedly and want to finish the book as soon as possible. Most
of the readers like to read detective novels, story books or
something else that is really spicy, romantic, thrilling and full
of suspense. This kind of reading does them more harm than
good. They simply waste their time and energy over the book.
Whatever pleasure they get from the reading of a book is
temporaryit is not real.

In order to derive some real pleasure from a book, it is
necessary that we put our spirit into it and read it whole
heartedly. Secondly, we must choose the right
kind of stuff for reading.

Taste in the choice of books for reading have a taste in the
beginning. But if a reader has good sense, he is bound to go out
of his taste for trash and switch on to better books.

Reading a book under pressure, direct or indirect, can not give
any pleasure to the reader. Some persons read only such books
as are recommended by others.
Such readers, in most of the cases, lose all taste of their own.
They cannot judge a thing on its merit. To them a book is good
simply because someone has recommended it to them.

4. Make a precis of the following passage in English in your
own words, in about one-third, on the special precisheets if
provided.
Marks will also be deducted if your precis is much longer or
shorter than the prescribed length

The prcis sheets should be securely fastened inside the answer
book.

Now remember, ladies and gentlemen, I have not time to
talk the usual old nonsense about tonight. Let us come to
business. What is a perfectly free person?
Evidently a person who can do what he likes, or do nothing at
all if he prefers it. Well, there is no such person; and there
never can be any such person.
Whether we like it or not we must all sleep for one-third of our
life-time; wash and dress and undress; we must spend a couple
of hours eating and drinking; we
must spend nearly as much in getting about from place to
place. For half the day we are slave to necessities which we
cannot shirk, whether we are monarches with a thousand
servants or humble labourers with no servants. These natural
jobs cannot be shirked. But they involve other jobs which can
be shirked. As we must eat we must first provide food; as we
must sleep we must have beds and bedding in horse with
fireplaces and coal; as we must walk through the streets, we.
must have clothes to cover our nakedness. Now, food and
houses and clothes can be produced by human labour. But
when they are produced they can be stolen. If you like honey
you can let bees produce it by their labour, and then steal it
from them. If you are too lazy to get about from place to place
on your own legs you can make a slave of a horse. And what
you do to a horse or a bee you can also do lo a man or a woman
or a child it you can get the upper hand on them by force or
fraud or trickery of any sort, or even by teaching them that it is
their religious duty to sacrifice their freedom to yours.

So beware! if you allow any person, or class of persons,
to get the upper hand of you, they will shift all that part of their
slavery to Nature that can be shifted on to your shoulders; and
you will find yourself working from eight to fourteen hours a
day when, if you had only yourself and your family lo provide
for, you could do It quite comfortably In half the time or less.
The object of all honest governments should be to prevent your
being imposed on in this way. But the object of most actual
governments. 1 regret to say. is exactly the opposite. They
enforce your slavery, keeping the greed of your masters within
certain bounds. When chattel slavery of the Negro sort costs
more than wage slavery, they abolish chattel slavery and make
you free to choose between one employment and another or
one master and another: and this they call a glorious triumph or
freedom. When you complain, they promise that in future you
shall govern the country for yourself. They redeem the promise
by giving you a vote, and having a general election every five
years or so At the election two of their rich friends ask for your

3

vote and you are free to choose which of them you will vole for
to spite the other a choice which leaves you no freer than
you were before, as It does not reduce your hours of labour by
a single minute. But the newspapers assure you that your vote
had decided the election, and that this makes you a free citizen
tn a democratic country. The amazing thing about it is that you
are fool enough to believe them.

Now mark another big difference
between the natural slavery of man lo Nature and the unnatural
slavery of man to man. Nature is kind to her slaves. But the
master is not kind to his slaves, whom he looks upon as mere
animals.

ANSWER

The Illusion of Freedom
A note of caution has lo be sounded about the new tyranny of
governments. In the name of emancipating the people, they
enforce their own form of slavery which makes you work for
fourteen hours a day when you could provide for yourself and
your family by working half that time. If government Is honest
It will
not impose Itself on you In this way. But then most
governments are not and they are clever In camouflaging their
alms in making your choose between two forms of
employment or two kinds of masters. There is in fact little to
choose between the slavery. Negroes went through and a wage
slave who Is not paid adequately for his labour. Similarly. I he
choice offered In an election every five years between two rich
friends becomes a Choice between two evils. Though you arc
free to choose cither one friend or the other, the choice leaves
you no freer than you were before and it does not reduce your
hours of labour. II Is true that there Is nothing like a perfectly
free person and we arc conditioned by the environment In
which we are. So talk of being a free citizen who has exercised
his vote In democracy is all moonshine. The people have to
work to earn their food, clothing and shelter. The tyranny
arises when freedom is taken away from them by force, fraud
or trickery and it is here that the note of caution assumes
importance.

5. Read the following passage and answer the questions
given below:

Work is more than an Individual activity. It is a social activity
because whether high or low on the wage scale it contributes to
satisfy the wants of mankind. It
is cultural-creating activity, for it believes in a better future :
idleness is reaction, for its ideals are In the past and It is the
image of a death wish.
The ambitious person will develop an instinct for
craftsmanship. He will try lo pick up some particular piece of
life and leave it in better shape. He looks creatively at the
common place, he seeks a new vise, he brings alive something
hidden to others. Anartist or technician or businessman may be
filed with noble Ideas and the fine inspiration, but if his hands
refuse to obey the prompting of his mind, his good intentions
can never be worked into satisfy reality.

The act of creation does not bring into being
something out of nothing. It uncovers selects, reshuffles,
combines and synthesises already existing facts, ideas, faculties
and skills. The musicologist was creative whose persistent
search through monastery after monastery uncovered a lost
Haydn mass. That discovery gave him his opportunity to enrich
the world with something new to it. Similarly, Shakespeare
look themes and words from many now forgotten sources and
wove them into plays that thrill, excite and inform us.
Being creative requires that we put more effort
into building up than into knocking down. It cautions us to
have the blueprints ready for a better building before tearing
down the old one. It demands that we study the job ahead so
that we become qualified to do it well, with competent minds
and skilled hands.

QUESTIONS :
(a) What makes work a social activity?
(b) What distinguishes an ambitious person from others?
(c) What is the writer's concept of the act of creation?
(d) What makes a person qualified for creative activity?
(c) Observe the italicised phrases in the passage and use them
in your own sentences.

[ ANSWER ]
(a) Work is a social activity because whether high or low on
the wage scale it contributes lo satisfying the wants of
mankind.
(b) An ambitious person is distinguished from others by his
instinct for craftsmanship, his effort in giving a better shape to
life and in his creativity.
(c) The act of creation does not bring into being something out
of nothing. It uncovers, selects, reshuffles combines and
synthesises already existing facts, ideas, faculties and skills.
(d) Creative activity demands that we study the job ahead so
that we become qualified lo do it well, with competent minds
and skilled hands.
(e) (a) Develop an instinct for. My friend has lately developed
an instinct for better living.
(b) Bring into being. A really intelligent man would
endeavour to bring into being something ( remarkable that
impresses other.

**************************************************
******************************************

MODEL SET 2

INSTRUCTIONS :
L There are FIVE questions in this paper. You have to answer

4

supplement/additional paper will be provided to you.
So plan the matter of your answers accordingly.
provided beneath the questions. Answer must not
exceed the space provided for each question.

1. Write a letter in about 150 words on any one of the
following :
(i) Write a letter to your father explaining him how the recent
excursion you had gone with your friends benefited you.
(ii) Write a letter to your friend describing your experience
gained during the visit of a haunted house at night.
(iii) You and your friends visited Nainital for a long weekend.
You stayed at a hotel which promised a lot of facilities. But
you came
back very disappointed. Write a letter to the Manager of the
hotel complaining about some problems that you faced while
staying there.
You are Geeta Kapoor of 9/216, Andheri Colony, Lucknow.

ANSWER

(ii) Kasauli

02.01.2012
My dear XYZ,
I am in receipt of your letter. Through this letter I am going to
narrate the whole situation that I had witnessed in a short trip
to Kasauli. I had a blood-curdling experience at Kasauli on
Sunday last. We put in the PWD Rest House. It being the chilly
month of January, there was no other tourist sharing the lodge
with us. I decided to sleep in a separate room. As the clock
struck twelve, I was suddenly awakened by a musical sound. It
came from outside. I looked through the window and saw a
lady playing on the sitar. I was taken aback. I just kept
watching. Soon the female figure changed into a bare skeleton.
I was horrified. I cried and fainted. My parents ran out of the
house. When I recovered consciousness, I narrated the incident.
The Chowkidar or the Rest House confirmed later that the
place was haunted by the spirit of a lady tourist who had once
jumped from the balcony and eveoked her life We shifted lo a
hotel the same day. I can never forget that scene.

Yours

ABC

Ramnagar, West Bengal
2. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics In
(0 Concept of happiness
(ii) Science and agriculture
(iii) Secrets of long life
(iv) T.V. : its uses and abuses
(v) Role of students in free India

1 ANSWER 1
(i) Concept of Happiness
Happiness is a term more or less related to the psycology of a
being "Happiness' and being happy' are relative terms, and they
also mean different things to different people. For example,
there may be some to whom a happy family would be one
having wealth to spend lavishly. On the other hand is the
philosophical argument that true happiness springs from
'within' and does not depend on external well-being. In my
humble opinion, a truly happy man or family will be one which
succeeds in arriving at a balance between the two opposite
views. The first thing that ensures happiness of a man or a
family is material well being. Poverty indeed is a great curse.
However, too much pursuit of material well-being may lead a
man or a family away from real happiness.
Health Is essential for happiness. A family having
sickly members will be unhappy whatever be its material
resources. I know certain very rich families living sadly when a
member suffers from some serious ailment. Moreover persons
having ill-health become irritable and peevish and fail to live
happily. Henry Ford is known to have said once that he was
ready to exchange all his wealth for the sound sleep and full
and happy meals that his workers enjoyed.
At the third place I would put education. Real
education brings knowledge which in its turn leads to wisdom.
And wisdom is. of course, the source of all happiness. True
education gives discipline and decorum among the members of
a family. It teaches adjustment.
Whatever be the degree, of happiness, there will
always be the things In a family to make it sore and sad- -
disease, death and fluctuations of fortune and many more
things. Thus happiness in a family will descend when its
members are wise enough to lace the odds of life bravely. They
should not be ruffled by sorrows. A happy man is one who has
peace of mind.

3.Write an essay on any one of the following topics in
approximately.250-300 words :
(1) Autobiography of an Indian Peasant
(ii) Health Gives Hope and Hope Gives Everything
(iii) An Ideal CK1I Servant
(iv) Possibilities of Migrating to New Planets
(v) Towards A World Without Nuclear Weapons

[ANSWER]

(v) Towards a world without nuclear weapons
On December 8. 1987 a historical step was taken. The INF
Treaty was signed by the U.S. President Ronald Reagan and
the Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. It signified the
beginning, though perhaps a very small one. in the direction of
ridding the world of nuclear weapons. It has energised the
imagination to visualise a world where the threat of nuclear
weapon will no longer be there.
The INF Treaty has a three fold significance.
First, in the post-war chequered history of the inter bloc
confrontation, this is the first time that an entric class of INF
forces comprising two categories of land-based intermediate
and shorter range missiles, stationed in nine European
countries, has to be destroyed. Secondly, the accord is based

5

upon the principle of equal security for all the concerned
parties. It is for this reason that the USSR agreed to eliminate
more INF systems than the U.S. This flexibility in the
quantitative context would be a healthy precedent to be
followed in relation to the 5O per cent cut in the strategic
system to be applied as and when a new agreement Is reached.
Thirdly, the accord recognizes the basic fact that, in the past,
secrecy in the military
build-up of the super powers has always provided stimulus to
cold war. This has now been abandoned in favour of intensive
verification and scrutiny by the inspecting teams set up by each
party.
President Reagan characterised the INF Treaty
"as the first true nuclear arms reduction treaty in history,
calling for the elimination of an entire class of US and Soviet
missiles". President Gorbachev said: The era of nuclear
disarmament has begun". But much remains to be done. The
INF Treaty implies the elimination of a very small proportions
of nuclear weapons. There has to be an attitudinal change In
the nuclear weapons holding countries. Nuclear deterrence
must cease to be the strategy to prevent war. The aim should
be towards removal of all such weapons rather than mere
reduction.
Everyone, none more than the super powers
themselves, knows that a nuclear war cannot be won; that even
an accident Involving such weapons would spell a disaster or
unimaginable dimensions. In such a situation. It seems illogical
and positively Idiotic to continue to hold on to stocks of
nuclear weapons. The six nations - India, Sweden; Mexico,
Greece, Argentina and Tanzania have made several appeals to
the nuclear powers for nuclear disarmament. NAM nations
have also consistently made demands in this direction. India's
Prime Minister, Mr. Rajiv Gandhi, said at the UN called for a
conceptually new approach to disarmament, setting the goal for
complete denuclearisation of the world by 2010 and
establishing a global security system under the aegis of the
UN.
The nuclear haves always call upon the non-
nuclear nations to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty,
commonly known as the NPT. This Is a
flagrantly biased treaty which operates merely to shut the door
to nations seeking entry to the nuclear even while allowing
those already in it to expand their nuclear arsenals. What is
needed is a more equitable arrangement that would make for
complete disarmament. Even the nuclear haves should be made
accountable and made to reduce their arsenal, gradually.

4. Make a precis, of the following passage in English In
your own words, in about one-third, on the special
precisheets provided.
Marks will also be deducted if your prcis is much longer or
shorter than the prescribed length

The precis sheets should be securely fastened inside the answer
book.

We should face facts as they exist. We are multilingual it is
true, arid a very poor country too. The fear of getting
employment or not getting employment springs, our of that
poverty of ours. But once we look courage in both our hands
and began to work, poverty would vanish, and then those
languages which have created a narrow regional spirit instead
of being the curse that 'hey seem to us today, would function as
magnificent vehicles of cxpression for the rich variety of
cultural patterns and modes of living and though that we have
developed. Let us hope that day dawns very soon. A regional
language as the medium of instruction can facilitate the process
of education. It helps the child to learn with ease and interest.
But if It is thrust on an unwilling minority used to another
allied language, ii can vitiate the very process of education, it is
supported to help and would create difficulties of a socio-
political natur.

ANSWER

Our country though poor yet has many languages. If with effort
and dedication we are able to wipe our poverty these languages
will become a great asset. A regional language can help the
child in picking up things easily. It is only when a language is
forced upon the people ,t it checks the very process of
education.
Title :
(i) Education and Regional Language
(ii) Multi-lingual state - a blessing

given below it :
According to some economists swadeshi does not mean
insulating India's economy from the world economy. The basic
idea of swadesi is to have a
calibrated process of opening of the economy so that all
segments arc enabled to compete with the best in the world
after going; through intense internal competition leading to
mergers, acquisitions and eliminations. This is how Japan had
developed its industry and the entire economy.
However, under the present world
situation and the dire necessity of mitigating conditions of
poverty in the country, the Government has to decide as to how
much of free trade is to be allowed in the different segments of
economy in order to achieve the rate of growth planned for the
economy during the period of Ninth Plan.
All over the world people have t
found to be divided on the crucial question of protection and
free trade. A recent study has found that the protectionists in
the world outnumber free traders and are showing further
increase in their number.
The study has been mane for The
Economist by the Augus-Reid Group, a Canadian pollster. It is
based upon an opinion poll carried out among 12741 adults
spread over 22 important countries of the world. The leading
question asked in the poll was as to which of the following two
approaches do you think would be the best way to improve the
economic and employment situation in this country :
Protecting our local industries by restricting
imports, or
(ii) Removing import restrictions to in-
crease our international trade?

6

Replies received to this question showed that
(a) Protectionists world-wide outnumber free traders
47% to 42%
(b) Proportion of people supporting free
trade had declined from 43% in 1997 to 42% in 1998.
The trend for a fall in the number
of free traders and a rise in the number of protectionists has
been called as amazing' in the study because it has shown a
negative result for the stupendous global efforts of the WTO.
the World Bank the IMF and the most powerful G - 7 countries
for the propagation and promotion of free trade and
globalisation in the world.
It is interesting to note that
America. Australia.UK, Canada and Italy, who arc strong
champions offree trade in the world have large majority of
their own people still supporting protection! The study says :
'A clear majority of Americans (56 . to 37%) are protectionists
even today". And o r the past one rear, the number of free
traders in America had defined by 4%. Such decline was much
higher in Italy (21%), Canada (13%) and UK (12%).
QUESTIONS :
(a) What strategy is mainly responsible for the Japan's
industrial and economic development?
(b) What does the last paragraph of the passage imply?
(c) What docs author suggest the Government?
(d) What was the purpose of the study undertaken by Augus
Reid Group?
(e) What, according to the author, is "amazing as per the
report of the study?

ANSWER
(a) The strategy mainly responsible for the Japan's industrial
and economic development was effectively facing internal and
external economic com-
petition.
(b) The last paragraph of the passage implies that most of the
people in the countries who are champions of free trade are in
favour of free trade.
(c) The author suggested the Government to judiciously decide
the extents of protection and free trade.
(d) The purpose of the study undertaken by Augus-Reid Group
was to know the viewpoint of people in free trade vs.
protectionism.
(e) According Lo the author, the increase and decrease in the
numbers of protectionists and free traders respectively was
amazing.

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET -3
INSTRUCTIONS :
6. Write the answers of all these questions in the sp>ace

1.Write a letter in about 150 words on any one of the
following :
(i) Write a letter to your friend giving him an account of a good
film you have recently enjoyed.
(ii) You are Satbir Singh of 106 Vasant Valley, Chennai. Write
a letter to the Editor, 'The Hindu'. Chennai focusing on the
increasing menace of thefts and robberies in your locality /
neighbourhood. Also suggest useful measures to tackle the
problem.
(iii) As you do not want to remain a member of the public
library, write to the librarian to refund your deposit money.

Answer

(i) Road No. 6
Patel Nagar
Patna - 23
Dear XYZ,
Your kind and affectionate letter has gladdened my heart. You
have written that you are burning midnight oil so that you may
be able to achieve some
very good position in the University examination. It seems
from your letter that you are perturbed over some domestic
affairs. Without going into the reasons of turmoil. I send you
an account of recent film, that I have witnessed, and expect that
it will also inspire you in the same manner as It has Inspired
me. The account will give you the necessary diversion from
your worries and also some inspiration to face your difficulties
more courageously. The film that I saw. was 'Aparajita'. the
undefeated for the famous film Director and Producer Satyajit
Roy v/ho was also awarded by the Government of India. In the
film, it is shown that Aparajita (Short Apu) loses his father
when he was a small child. Apu has to pass through many trials
and face many difficulties in his earyl life. But he never loses
courage and returns to his native village with his mother. Apu
joins the village school and passes his senior secondary
examination there. He migrates to a nearby town to join a
college for higher education. He also picks up a Job of a
machine tender in a printing press, while studying, in his spare
lime to earn money and then sending it to his mother. His
studies and job continue at the same time. After some time he
gets the news of his mother's illness. He rushes back to home
and finds it empty as his mother has already expired. He was
extremely grieved at her death. She was his only dear and near
one. Now. there Is none in the village to whom he can look up.

7

So. He returns to the town all alone to study further and carry
on with his job to earn money.
Though Apu feels extreme loneliness and bitterness in
his life, he never gives up his mission in life and works with
great courage- I think we can follow
the foot-paths of Apu and never bow to the difficulties that
come our way. I request you to see this filmwhen it comes to
your town. I am sure this will
brighten your spirits.
With regards for and your parents, I am.
Yours sincerely,
ABC.
Subscription
XYZ
76, Grant Road, Mumbai

2.Write a paragraph on any one o f the following topics in
(i) A magic show
(ii) Independence day
(iii) Consumers can keep prices lender control
(iv) A visit to a museum
(v) The game I like and why ?

I ANSWER |
(i) Consumers can keep prices under control
Price of any commodity, our economics tells us, depends on
the equation of Its demand and supply. In order to make a
greater profit, the traders often
create a shortage in the supply of a commodity by hoarding and
such other means. As the demand remains the same the traders
succeed in raising the
price of their commodity to a much higher level and thus
ensuring enormous profit at the cost of the consumers' plight.
Most governments have passed laws
against such devices adopted by dishonest traders. But. very
often, because of the inefficiency of the administrative
machinery, and because of an unholy
alliance between the administrators and the traders, they simply
fail to implement them. It is, therefore, imperative that the
consumers, who are the ultimate victims of such trade
malpractices, have to come forward themselves to do what they
can to keep the prices in check.
That consumers can play the most
effective role In controlling prices has already been
established. In the U.S.A. Ralph Nader spearheaded a
consumer movement against adulteration of food in the sixties.
The success of Nader's movement demonstrated for the first
time the enormous strength of a united effort of the consumers.
In Gujarat, Mrinal Gore led a similar movement in the
Seventies against rise in the price of sugar. Under her
leadership consumers refused to buy sugar and finally
succeeded in forcing the dealers to bring its price down.
Consumers must be aware of the fact that they
enjoy a distinct advantage over the traders in the matter of
deciding the prices. If they take the cue
from Gore's movement and counter the measures taken by
dishonest traders by refusing to buy at a higher price, they can
easily keep the demand, and therefore, price of any commodity
down to a reasonable level. They should individually decide
not to hoard commodities so that artificial shortages may be
prevented. They can keep an eye on the traders and keep the
government authorities informed of any instance of hoarding
and other dishonest means of the traders
they come across. If they follow the age-old maxim "United we
stand and divided we fall", and act in cohesion they can easily
play a dominant role in the
Sphere of determining prices.
An abnormal rise in prices of commodities la
bound to put consumers in a tight corner any time and
anywhere. Such price rises are in most cases due to a
callousness'' on the part of government and the unscrupulous
greed of the traders. But consumers too are responsible for it if
they do not protest

(i) My Idea of A Happy Life
(ii) Television in India : Potentials. Problems and Prospects
(iii) Is Pollution the Price Man has to Pay?
(iv) What Is Citizenship?
(v) Students and Social Service in Villages

Answer

Introduction : India mainly consists of villages; attention to
rural development required: students can play an important role
here.

Development of Thought :
Students a minority but a powerful force which could be used
development process,
Present stress on theoretical side of education should be
relieved by practical work - lead to useful experience,
Benefits of village social work - bring urban-rural India closer:
village atmosphere a welcome respite from urban
setting; instill dignity of labour in students: villagers would
gain in specific areas - medical, civil, social awareness, besides
literacy; social service will divert the students' energy to
healthy activities instead of destructive politics,
India should involve her students in rural work.
"India resides in her villages" is
an old adage now. About 75 per cent of the population of India
lives in villages in a shameful state of poverty, illiteracy,
ignorance and superstition, suffering and disease. Many
villages are still cut off from the adjoining small townships and
do not have the facilities of modern transport and
communication, electricity and running', water. Although the
country has made rapid strides in development and progress, its
villages have not received the attention they deserve. It is a
Harculean task to improve the lot of the villages and villagers
in the country. India today needs a social awakening and
consciousness in the masses which must begin from the
villages. This calls for dedicated social service. The student
community which
symbolises not only the energetic youth of the country, but also
the aims, ideals, aspirations and hopes of tomorrow, is most

8

Ideally suited for emancipating
the Village. It will be a highly productive and gainful
experience for the students as well as the villagers.
Students from a minority but are a
force to reckon with in any society. A proper channelisation of
their energy and lapping of their talents and resources is
conducive to the development, progress and betterment of the
society. Students have played a vital role by way of social
service in countries like Russia and China- Without their active
participation in the tasks of social and economic development,
the desired progress could not have been made In these
countries. Similarly, India needs to harness the wasted energy
of the students to supplement what is being done at
governmental level. What India lacks by way of resources or
trained man power for development schemes of a massive size,
the students can supply very usefully.
Our present education system is
theoretical and bookish in its content. Most of the students
passing out with degrees and certificates from schools, colleges
and universities are ignorant of the world around them. Social
service in the villages will add a practical and realistic
dimension to education. It will make them confront practical
and real life problems and consequently make them mature and
responsible.
Our urban population has alienated
Itself from the rural society and this is not a healthy trend.
Social service by students in the villages would lead to
interpersonal contact between the rural and urban people and
would greatly help the students in knowing their country and
its people better. Students who are the leaders of tomorrow,
will thus get first-hand knowledge of rural India. They will be
acquainted with the problems, the joys and the sorrows of the
rural folk. Besides, social service in the villages will also bring
them closer to the countryside which could be a happy,
although brief, change from the din and turmoil of urban life.
The idea of social services by
students in the villages is gaining momentum and the
government has now made it a part of their curriculum. The
National Service Scheme' (NSS) today is organized on all-
India basis. Young men are working in villages and rendering a
helping hand to village development programmes. However,
social service in the villages by the students needs greater
encouragement to make it more widespread. Thus, it needs to
be made a part of our education system. This would not only
vitalize the youth and students towards a constructive
endeavour, but will also bring about the emergence of a
progressive, developed rural India - indeed a social
renaissance.
Students have a responsibility to
themselves in desiring better professional knowledge, to their
families which support them, and to the society which provides
them with the opportunities to develop themselves.
Disillusionment with the present social conditions, now being
expressed in violent rowdyism and anti-social disruption, could
easily be channellised to constructive work in the form of
effective social service. The role of students is, consequently,
immense in national development. To define them merely as
future leaders it to ignore their present role.

**************************
own words, in about one-third, on the special precisheets
provided. Marks will also be deducted if your prcis is
much longer or shorter than the pre-scribed length.

The precis-sheets should be securely fastened inside the answer
book.

The value of philosophy is, in fact, to be sought largely in its
very uncertainty. The man who has no trace of philosophy goes
through life imprisoned in
the prejudices derived from common sense, from the habitual
beliefs of his own age or his nation, and from convictions
which have grown up in his mind without the cooperation or
consent of his deliberate finite, obvious, common objects
rouse no questions reason. To such a man the world becomes
definite, and unfamiliar possibilities are contemptuously
rejected. As soon as we being to philosophise, on the contrary,
we find that even the most everyday things lead to problem to
which only very Incomplete answers can be given. Philosophy,
though unable to tell us with certainty what the true answers
are to the doubts it raises, is able to suggest many possibilities
which enlarge our thoughts and free them from the tyranny of
custom. Thus, while diminishing our feeling of certainty as to
what things arc. it greatly increases our knowledge as to what
they may be. It removes the stupid dogmatism of those who
have never travelled into the region of liberating doubt, and it
keeps alive our sense of wonder by showing things in an
unfamiliar aspect.
Apart from its utility of
showing unsuspected possibilities, philosophy has a value-
perhaps its chief value-through the greatness of the objects
which it contemplates, and the freedom from narrow and
personal aims resulting from this contemplation. The life of the
ordinary man is; shut up within the circle of his private
interests; family and friends may be included, but the outer
world is not regarded except as it may help or hinder his
personal wishes. In such a life there is something feverish and
narrow, in comparison with which the philosophic life is calm
and free. The private world of personal interests; family and
friends may be included, but the outer world is not regarded
except as it may help or hinder his personal wishes. The private
world of personal interest is a small one and it is lodged In the
midst of a great and powerful world which must, sooner or
later, lay our private world in ruins. Unless we can so enlarge
our interests as to include the whole outer world, we remain
like an army in a beseiged fortress knowing that the enemy will
not let us escape and that ultimate surrender is inevitable. In
such a life, there is no peace, but a constant strife between the
domination of desires and powerlessness of the will to fulfill
them. In one way or another, if our life is to be great and free,
we must' escape this prison and this strife.
One way of escape is by philosophic
contemplation. Philosophic contemplation does not divide the
universe into two hostile camps - friends find foes, helpful and
hostile, good and bad, things agreeable and things repulsive - it
views the whole impartially.

9

All acquisition of knowledge is an enlargement
of the self, but this enlargement is best attained when it is not
directly sought. It is obtained when the desire for knowledge is
along operative, by a study which does not wish in advance
that its objects should have this or that character, but adapts the
self to the characters which it finds in the objects of study. This
enlargement of the self is not obtained if one has a mind
prejudiced by likes and dislikes. The desire to prove that the
universe is exactly as one wishes it to be is a kind of egoism,
and egoism, in philosophic speculation, is the one thing which
must be carefully avoided.

ANSWER

PHYLOSOPHY AND MAN
Philosophical speculation is the one way through which we
may escape from a life conditioned by wrong beliefs and habits
that have grown up due to our
short-sightendess towards the worldly objects. A man, without
such a pursuit leads an inert life held in the grip of narrowness
and miseries. He accepts the things
as directly-sought and develops a false motion regarding their
nature. The more we contemplate about their .nature, the more
we feel calm and free from
their 'hellish grip. Such contemplation brings us out from the
narrow boundaries of selfish interests and aims and extends our
concerns to the entire universe resulting into a pleasant life.
While the wishes of a selfishman are bound to be ruined some
or other day. Such a life may be compared with an army within
the fortress of an enemy who knows his fate. Philosophical
speculation brings one to self realisation where all sorts of
partialities disappear and takes the universe undivided and
uniformed. All kinds of opposites merge into one. Self-
realisation is best attained in the absence of inclination !for
results as any assumption regarding the object will lead one to
wrong conclusion, meaning away from the truth.

*********

given below :
Progress in life depends a good deal on crossing one
threshold alter another. Some time ago a man watched his little
nephew try to write his name. It was hard work, very hard
work. The little boy had arrived at an effort threshold Today,
he writes his name with comparative ease. No new threshold
confronts him. This is the way with all of us. As soon as we
cross one threshold, as soon as we conquer one difficulty, a
new difficulty appears, or should
appear. Some people make the mistake of steering clear of
thresholds. Anything that requires genuine thinking and use of
energy they avoid. They prefer to
stay in a rut where thresholds are not met. Probably, they have
been al their Job a number of years. Things are easy for them.
They make no effort to seek out
new obstacles to overcome. Real progress stops under such
circumstances.

Some middle-aged and elderly people greatly enrich their lives
by continuing to cross thresholds. One man went into an
entirely new business when he was past middle life and made a
success of It. De Morgan didn't start to write novels until he
was past sixty. Psychologists have discovered that man can
continue to learn throughout life. And it is undoubtedly better
to try. and fail than not to try at all. There one can be placed in
the category of the Swiss mountaineer of whom It was said.
"He died climbing." When a new difficulty rises to obstruct
your path, do not complain. Accept the challenge. Determine to
cross this threshold as you have crossed numerous other
thresholds in your past life. In the words of the poet, do not rest
but strive to pass 'from dream to grander dream'-

QUESTIONS :
(a) What does progress in life depend upon ?
(b) How can you accomplish the most difficult of tasks ?
(c) What does 'He died climbing' signify ?
(d) What should we do when a new difficulty obstructs our
path ?
(e) What does De Morgan's life teach ?

[answer]
Though lexical meaning of threshold Is peace of wood or stone
forming the bottom of a doorway: entrance of a house, etc; but
in the passage it means difficulty. So progress in life depends
upon overcoming one difficulty after another. 0>J The little
boy works hard to write his name. And
in this way he gels success. Therefore, persis - tent hard work
is the price of success.
(c) 'He died climbing' signifies that the mountaineer died
In his efforts '.o reach the peak So. 'he strove hard till the last
moment of life' explains it clearly
.Mountaineer's example was cited to clarify the
statement. 'And it Is. undoubtedly, better to try, and fail than
not to try at all.'
(d) Threshold should not be removed', rather we should
face the difficulty boldly. This is what is
said throughout the length and breadth of the passage.
(e) De Morgan continued to learn upto the age of sixty and
then started writing novels. Psychologists found that he could
continue his learning
process throughout his life. This proves that he had
vigour. If one has vigour he never becomes old. Through
Morgan's example, the author hints at this truth.

**************************************************
*******************************************

Model Practice Set - 4

INSTRUCTIONS :
1. There ate FIVE questions in this paper. You have to answer

10


following:
(i) Write a letter to your younger brother advising him how he
should prepare for the forthcoming school examination.
(ii) Write a petition to the Post-Master General for the
establishment of a Post-Office in your locality.
(iii)You are planning to visit Darjeeling this summer with your
family. Write a letter to a travel agency in darjeeling requesting
them to book you a room in a five-star hotel. Give other details
of your journey and the facilities you require there. Sign
yourself as Mohan of C/5 Railway Colony, Assam.

Answer

Examination Hall

Date.......................
My dear X,.
I have just received your letter and hasten to reply it. 1
am much pleased to know that in the Selection Test of your
school, you have fared very well by securing high first division
and second position in your school. It is very heartening to
learn that in Mathematics, you got 100 percent marks and in
Accountancy and English over eighty five percent. Only in
Economics and Commerce theory papers, you did not score
equally high70 percent in Economics and 73 percent in
Commerce theory. There ore certain rules which have to be
observed in order to do very well in the examination. First of
all .please don t take the Board Examination lightly which is
only about three and a half months away. You should make the
best use of your time. The golden rule of ' Early to bed and
Early to rise', must be observed. It is always good to study
curly in the morning when mind is fresh and also alter night's
rest, body is active and ready to work hard. You should study
any subject at that time which needs more attention. Please
pay special attention to statistical graphs in Economics. Do not
sleep during the day I think this period of time can be
best used to revise Mathematics and English.
Your future aim depends upon the marks you
obtain in the Final Examination of the Central Hoard. If you
secure good marks and division, you arc sure to get admission
in very good college, specializing Commerce,
like Sri Ram College of Commerce or Vanketashwara
College. Do not waste your time in gossips or political
discussions which can wait for the time-being. These things
you can do in your free time after the Senior
Secondary Examination.
With love to you and respects to
father and mother.
Yours affectionately.

2. Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics in
(i) Examination day
(ii) The habit of saving
(iii) My favourite book
(iv) Preservation of wild life in India
(v) The place of English in our educational system

1 ANSWER |
(i) Examination Day
Examination clay decides the future of a student's life. It is a
vitally important day for him, On this day his whole year's
labour and effort bears fruit. But these days are few and far
between. The examination is meant to test the knowledge of
the student what he has learnt during the year. But this system
of examination is faulty as the student's fate will be decided
within a short span of three hours. Therefore, the student has to
prepare in such a way that he should be able to give answers
from his memory in a small period of time. God has made our
brain with a wonderful mechanism which is able to store and
then to reproduce knowledge that he has been acquiring during
the whole year. No computer can compete with the human
brain in memory.
But the question arises how a student
should retain his learnings in mind. There is a definite system
to do so. First of all, a student is expected to read dilligently
and try to understand what he is studying. It is not wise to cram
the subject without proper understanding. Such type of reading
must be avoided. Once the basic matter is understood, a few
repeated revisions will remain impressed on the mind. In olden
days, the saints or the gurus advised their pupils to go on
repealing the holy scriptures even without understanding. They
had a belief that repeated reading was superior to
understanding. But this is wrong to say so. It should be always
understood first and only then, to be repeated to gain better
effect on the mind. Try best way for preparation of the
examination is to complete the whole course of study a few
months before the actual date of examination. Then there will
be sufficient lime left for the student to utilize that time in
revision and repetition of the related course learnt. This process
of revision and repetition should be continued till the date of
examination. And it should be done as many times as possible.
In this way. The student will find very easy to learn the whole
course of study before the examination. In this manner, he will
also gain self-confidence and he will be sure to perform
remarkably well in the examination. It will be in the interest of
the student to go through the previous examination papers of
previous ten years.
In this manner, there will be no fright of
examination for the student because his brain, the
store-house of knowledge, is ready to shunt out the required
knowledge to answer the questions asked in the question paper.

11


(i) Are We Progressing?
(ii) Advertising: Uses and Abuses
(tit) Man's landing on the Moon
(iv) Morality and Politics don't go together
(v) Is the Modern Student Pampered?

Answer

(i) Are We Progressing?
The terms 'evolution', 'growth*, 'development' and 'progress'
appear to be synonymous. Consequently, they tend to be used
interchangeably. But progress is a term which encompasses
both qualitative and quantitative aspects of social development
or growth. While 'social change' is a value-free term, the term
progress' means a definite positive growth. The development of
nuclear weapons may or may not be considered progress. But
increase in food production, it will not be doubted, is an
important aspect of progress. Similarly, there are several
indicators of progress which are universally accepted as such.
The world has seen a tremendous growth in
several spheres. Agricultural production, industrial production,
communication, medicine, education, etc. have seen
unprecedented growth. We can safely assume that
the future is not as bleak as it once appeared to he. We are not
scared by a vision of hungry hordes overwhelming world food
resources. It is true that many people, especially in the
developing countries are hungry, illiterate arid prone to
diseases. But efforts to alter the situation are having a
noticeable effect. Growth in these spheres cannot be doubted
and the development is un- reservedly accepted as indicative of
progress.
But the other side of the coin has to be
considered too because it is also a part of reality. Tremendous
population growth accompanied by a disparity in the
distribution of benefits is amply evident. There is an undoubted
concentration of medical and educational facilities in cities.
The under-privileged have remained so or have even
deteriorated in their status. This concentration of wealth is not
an aspect of progress.
At a global level, the rapacity and irrational
rivalry among men is evident in the arms race. It is staled that
the world spends approximately one million dollars every
minute on arms. The money spent on a Single fighter plane can
educate 40,000 people. Exploitation by multi-national
corporations is obvious in the Third World which receives the
rejects of the developed world. Fertilisers and drugs with
harmful side-effects, of which the Companies are aware, are
sold in the Third World. This lack of conscience and depravity
is surely not a sign of progress.
Thus, social change has been in certain facets
of life, along a positive direction, and in others, in a definitely
negative direction. It is true that the quality of life' has
improved materially. We are now talking about
colour televisions in the cities of India. No one. however
pessimistic, can deny that the last few decades have seen a
great progress in industrial and technological spheres. But it
is also true that it has been a peripheral progress. The actual
core of the problem remains. It is by the impact on poverty that
progress should be judged. Alterations In the lives of a
minority do not account for progress. Colour T.V. and Asiads
cannot help the masses. Arms race and corporate growth help a
minute percentage. Thus, the material progress which has been
made has been vitiated by the static nature of poverty,
illiteracy, disease and suffering.
Man boasts of the progress that has been made
in gaining knowledge and widening the mental horizons. True,
the man of today knows much more than his ancestors. Science
has certainly revealed much and made possible several material
comforts. The growing' scientific spirit has removed from
man's mind superstition and debilitating fear of many things.
Man has landed on the moon: he has devised complex
instruments to help him in further investigation into the
universe; he has probed mysteries and come up with
praiseworthy solutions. But man's knowledge has not
progressed equally on all fronts. Knowledge has been put to
use for material good alone; little has been achieved in the
sphere of spiritual growth. I human values have degenerated
and man's inventions do not taken into account the destruction
they are liable to cause- to natural surroundings as well as to
the spirit of man himself.
The question. "Are we progressing", is thus
difficult to answer with a clear "Yes", or "No". Man has not
made unalloyed progress. Progress in one direction has been
accompanied by retrogression or stunted growth in other
spheres.

provided. Marks will also be deducted if your precis is
much longer or shorter than the prescribed
length.

book.

Magic is a word which many people use without knowing
definitely what they mean by it. 'It worked like magic they say.
Most of us do not take magic seriously, but to a great number
of people all over the world it is a very serious matter. Even
amongst educated people there are some who believe in magic
more than they would like to admit. They carry about with
them objects which they think would bring them good fortune,
or they believe in certain days or things as lucky'. When a
professor at an American university asked how many students
carried any object supposed to have magic-working powers,
nearly half of the class admitted that they did. Belief in magic
docs not easily die out. and therefore amongst primitive people
It is very much alive. It is important for all who have to work
among such people to understand their ideas about magic. In
order to get a better idea of what magic is, let us
imagine ourselves watching a native witch doctor making
magic in one of the South Pacific Islands. He is trying to bring
about the death of another man. First, he secretly watches the
person he Is planning to kill, getting to know his habits. When

12

that person is away from his hut. the witch-doctor quietly
enters there, and finds out some object belonging to his victim,
such as a hair from his head. He puts the hair into a tube made
of a section of a bamboo, and in order to keep it warm he
places it under his arm pit, Having returned to his own hut. he
makes a fire of sticks. The sticks are selected because the sap
in them blackens when they are cut. Just as blood from a
wound darkness as it
thickens. The witch-doctor then lays the bamboo with the hair
In it on the free and says: 'Eagle and Hawk, ye
both, here is your-prey. Seize with sharp claws. Rend his body,
and tear it in pieces'. Again and again he repeats the spell,
while his assistant turns the packet on the fire. All this time, the
witch-doctor acts as it he were the victim of his own magic,
twisting as if in terrible pain and uttering groans and loud
shouts. Lie cries for help and pleads for sympathy. At last he
collapses, pretends to draw his last breath, and lies down as if
dead. All this Is meant to convince the primitive onlookers that
the magic is producing its effects.
As this illustration shows, a man
working evil magic may try to get hold of something connected
with his victim - hair, bits of his nails, or even dust from his
footprints, because to possess such things is believed to give
the magician power over the person he wishes to injure.
Secondly, we note that here, as in practically all cases of magic
making, the operator has a definite aim and object, something
good or bad which
he is bent upon bringing to pass. He may be called in to cure a
man or to kill him, but his magic is always for a precise
purpose. Thus magic is often used to change the weather. If
rain does not fall at proper season, the crops may fail. So the
rainmakers beat drums or perform other ceremonies to bring
rain. Primitive people know very well that they must cultivate
their gardens or fields if the crops are to prosper. But they
believe that magical ceremonies are also necessary. Since no
one dares to leave out these ceremonies, these people never
have any proof that they are useless, and they prefer to be on
the safe side. If ram happens to fall alter rain-magic has been
made, then it seems that the magic has been effective: and as
the rain-making goes on for months, if necessary, there is
usually rain
sooner or later. The victim of evil magic does sometimes die.
because he is so completely scared. People generally are
content to see the results. They hardly ever bother to look into
the real cause of whatever happens. Thus, we need not be
surprised that those who believe in magic arc not easily
convinced that it is useless

ANSWER |
Title : MAGIC AND ITS MEANING

'Magic', though the meaning of the word not precisely known
to many people is a very serious matter for a large number of
people all over the world. Even some educated people believe
in magic and carry certain objects to bring them luck or
consider certain days or things as 'lucky'. To get a better idea of
magic prevalence among primitive people especially for those
who have to work among such people, one should observe a
native witch doctor making magic to bring about the death of
another man. The hair of the person is placed in a bamboo tube
and the tube is then placed on the fire and an evil spell is
chanted to bring about the death of the person. The unusual and
abnormal actions of the witch convinces the primitive
onlookers of the workings of the magical spell. In order to
bring about evil on a person the witch always tries to get hold
of something personal of the person who is to be injured. Often
magic is used to change the weather like to bring about rain,
for which drums arc sounded and other ceremonies performed.
The authority of these ceremonies are never proved as these
ceremonies are inevitably performed. If rain happens to fall
after the ceremonies which are carried on for months, the rain-
makers feel convinced of the workings of the magic; the real
cause is never analysed and so the believers of magic can never
be convinced of its uselessness.

given below it:

Management is a set of processes that can keep a
complicated system of people and technology running
smoothly. The most important aspects of management include
planning, budgeting, organising, staffing, controlling and
problem-solving. Leadership is a set of processes that creates
organisations in the first place or adapts them to significantly
changing circumstances. Leadership defines what the future
should look like, aligns people with that vision, and inspires
them to make it happen despite the obstacles. This distinction
is absolutely crucial for our purposes here. Successful
transformation is 70 to 90 per cent leadership and only 10 to 30
per cent management. Yet for historical reasons, many
organisations today don't have much leadership. And almost
everyone thinks about the problem here as one of managing
change. For most of this century, as we created thousands and
thousands of large organisations for the first lime in human
history, we didn't have enough good managers to keep all those
bureaucracies functioning. So many companies and universities
developed management programs and hundreds and thousands
of people were encouraged to learn management on the job.
And they did. But, people were taught little about leadership.
To some degree, management was emphasised because it's
easier to teach than leadership. But even more so, management
was the main item on the Twentieth - Century agenda because
that's what was needed for every enterpreneur or business
builder who was a leader, we needed hundred of managers to
turn their ever growing enterprises.
Unfortunatly for us today, this emphasis on
management has often been institutionalised in corporate
cultures that discourage employees from learning how to lead.
Ironically, past success is usually the key ingredient in
producing this out come. The syndrome, as 1 have observed it
on many occasions, goes like this
success creates some degree of marked dominance, which in
turn produces much growth. After a while keeping the ever
larger organisation under control becomes the primary
challenge. So attention turns inward, and managerial
competencies are nurtured. With a strong emphasis on
management but not leadership, bureaucracy and an inward
focus take over. Bui with continued success, the result mostly

13

of market dominance the problem often goes unhealthy
arrogance begins to evolve. All of these characteristics than
make any transformation effort much more difficult.
Arrogant managers can over valuate their
current performance and competitive position; listen poorly,
and learn slowly. Inwardly focused employees can have
difficulty seeing the very forces that present threats
and opportunities. Bureaucratic cultures can smother those who
want to respond to shifting conditions. And
the lack of leadership leaves no force Inside these organisations
to break-out the morass.

QUESTIONS :
(a) Why. according to the author, a distinction between
management and leadership is crucial?
(b) Why did companies and universities develop programmes
to prepare managers in such a large number?
(c) What arc the characteristic of bureaucratic culture?
(d) Mow has the author defined management ?
(e) What is the historical reason for many organisations not
having leadership?

Answer

(a) Here leaders are presented as the agents of change. Leaders
are needed to bring changes or transforming the organisations.
(b) The author tells us that thousands and thousands of large
organisations have been created which in turn has created need
for a large number of managers. This is why universities and
companies have developed programmes to prepare managers in
such a large number.
(c) According to the passage the characteristics of bureaucratic
culture are : bureaucrates listen poorly and learn slowly,
bureaucratic competencies are nurtured, prevalence of
unhealthy arrogance and they cannot see the forces that present
threats and opportunities.
(d) Management is a set of processes that can keep a
complicated system of people and technology running
smoothly. The most important aspects of management include
planning, budgeting, organising, stalling, controlling and
problem solving.
(e) Leadership is a set of processes that creates organisations in
the first place or adapts them to significantly changing
circumstances. But organisations need managers to manage the
organisations.

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET -5

INSTRUCTIONS :
1. There arc FIVE questions in this paper. You have to answer

following :

(i) Write a letter to the chairman. Railway Board complaining
of the deterioration of the services and amenities, and the
inefficiency which prevails.
(ii) Write a letter to the Principal of your institution, asking for
improvement in the working of your library giving instances of
disordcrlincss there, non availability of books.
(iii) A new advertising firm (Media Shot Ltd.. 21, Maharaja
Road. Mysore) needs an office space In the Central Market.
Write a letter to the Manager, offering part of your office area
on rent. You arc Mohan Swarup, the Office
Manager, Planwell Company Tarapore Towers, M.G. Road,
Mysore. Give details of the office space, as also the terms and
conditions for letting out the same.

(i) Answer

Examination Hall

Date............
To
The Chairman
Railway Board,
New Delhi
Sir.
With a deep sense of sorrow, 1 am constrained towards write
this to draw your kind attention to the deterioration of the
services and amenities on our Railways and the inefficiency
which has overtaken the system. Lured by the wide publicity
being given to the various tourist resorts, I decided to visit
Kanya Kumari along with my wife and two teenaged
daughters. 1 had bought four class. I. lower berths reserved in
the KK Express leaving New Delhi on the 18
th
August. 1999.
When we reached (he Railway Station on the morning of 18th
August, we were shocked to know that our names were not in
the Reservation Charts. I am afraid the anxiety and tension
created in our minds by this type of 'situation cannot be
adequately described by words. No amount of pleading with
the Railway officials could solve our problems. Ultimately 1
was forced to pay a sum of twenty rupees to the officials on
reservation duly through the good offices of a Railway porter
and only then were the seats released for us.
Our misfortunes did not end here. At the
time of return journey also we had to face the same difficulty.

14

But since we had become wiser from our New Delhi
experiences, this lime we straightaway caught hold of the man
in the red-shirt Instead of the gentleman with white collar. We
were, no doubt poorer by a few rupees, but this saved, us a lot
of mental agony. A sad commentary on the integrity and
efficiency of our Railway officials indeed.
Through, few months have passed I have
concluded this Bharat Darshan' but let me tell you sir. that
instead of feeling refreshed and recreated, got exhausted and
disgusted and this disgust and disappointment explains this not
so charitable letter that I am writing to you as the first thing on
my return. I am doing so in the hope that my sad experience
will move you to take some immediate actions to improve the
conditions on our national railways. It is a very well known
fact that reserved scats are often occupied. by local traffic or
students, who make the life of the long distance passengers
miserable. The conditions of the carriages/compartments leaves
much to be desired. Fixtures and fittings are often defective
Bulbs are generally fused. Water in W.C. is invariably in short
supply. There is so much over-crowding even in reserved
compartments that it becomes impossible to reach the lavatory.
At times locals or ticketlcss passengers take positions in the
lavatory because there is no other space. The Railway officials,
vendors of food staff and other items try to fleece the
passengers on one pretext or the other. There is hardly any
security worth the name on our railways.
I shall feel grateful if you kindly set up
a committee of non-officials to look into the problems of the
travelling public and take some concrete steps to ensure that
the hardships and humiliation being faced by the law-abiding
citizens are remedied to some extent.

Yours faithfully,

XYZ

2.Write a paragraph on any one of the following topics in
(i) An ideal citizen
(ii) Strikes
(ill) The teacher you like best
(iv) Smoking is injurious to health
(v) A street hawker

ANSWER
(ii) Strikes
Now a days people go on strikes for the redressal of their
grievances-genuine or otherwise. One of the reasons is that the
authorities concerned do not pay any heed to the
representations made by the affected persons even though their
demands are genuine, and drive them to go on strike. When the
strike begins, the authorities, instead of negotiating for
settlement with the strikers, try to put it down with a heavy
hand, but when they find it uncontrollable they yield and agree
to the demands. Such an attitude results in making people
believe that nothing can be gained unless they go on strike and
that any demand can be got conceded if only they go on strike.
But neither the authorities nor the employees or whoever the
affected party may be. ever realize that it is the public who
suffer the most in the long run. The right course for the
affected party is to educate the people about the Justness of
their demands, get their support and make all efforts to arrive
at a settlement with the authorities concerned. It is only when
all efforts fail, a strike has to be resorted to.

(i) India of my Dreams
(ii) "All that Glitters Is not Gold"
(iii) Discipline
(iv) Thoughts on Democracy
(v) Law and Social Reform in India

1 ANSWER
(ii) "All that Glitters is not Gold-
Brass may be polished up and made to look like gold in all its
outer qualities. Children and others may be deceived by the
appearance of cheap metals made to resemble gold or other
precious metals in colour and brilliance: most people, however,
can distinguish gold from base metal. Even very clever people
may. however, be deceived by glass and other substances
polished up and made to resemble precious stones. I could not,
even if my life depended on it,
tell an imitation pearl from a real one.
The fact that men are often deceived by false
appearances has given rise to the having that "all that glitters is
not gold". Appearances are deceptive: bright and pleasant
looking things may not be as good as they look. Appearances
are external: What really matters is the inner self. Everything
must be closely examined before it is accepted as genuine. Life
is full of cheap substitutes.
In some very old ponds and tanks a kind of"
moss grows in plenty. The moss covers the surface of the water
so completely that it makes the pond look like a green field.
When the surrounding ground is covered with green grass, it
happens sometimes that men and animals unwittingly walk into
the pond thinking it to be a part of the firm earth they walk
upon. Marsy lands are similarly very deceptive. On the surface
they look firm enough but step on them and down you go into
sticky mud. They present an external aspect which is not a true
indication of their real nature.
Sometimes ago a large elephant in South India
went mad. He played havoc in fields and villages,
destroyed walls and houses and killed men. Many attempts
were made to trap him. Pits were dug and covered with slicks
and leaves so that the elephant, mistaking them for firm
ground, might walk on them and fall into the pits. Once he did
fall into one of them but managed to get out of it again. Since
then,it is said, the elephant became very cautious. He carried a
stout branch of a tree In his trunk and prodded the ground with
it every now and then to make sure that he was not walking
into another pit. Never again, until he was shot dead, did he fall
into a pit. One bitter lesson had taught him that appearances are
not true indications of what lies beneath.
One of the characteristics of the modern age
is its distrust of authority. Most men now desire do

15

examine and verify things for themselves instead of accepting
them on the world of others. Many an idea and institution that
was formerly considered good and permanent is no longer
regarded so. We question everything, and teach others to
question. All this is result, undoubtedly, of the fact that men
have repeatedly found that appearances are deceptive. It docs
not mean, of course, that all men are highly rational and look at
things and men with a scientifically critical eye. But there is a
general lack of faith among men.
The reasons for this attitude of distruct and
irreverence are not far to seek. For one thing, man
cannot trust this fellowmen. As Shakespeare said many years
ago, "a man may smile and smile and be a villain." A
thoroughly wicked man may have a very pleasant and innocent
looking face. A wolf may appear in sheep's clothing. There is
dishonesty and selfishness even among men in the highest
stations of life. When a man's personal interest are in danger he
changes his aspect, the softest paws are found to hide the
sharpest claws. Of how many men whom we have met can we
say that they are reliable to the uttermost? No, neither things
nor men are what they seem.
Turning form men to life itself, how often do
we find that the pleasures and pursuit of this world give us no
lasting happiness. The search for wealth and power, and even
the desire for limitless knowledge, are often followed by a
sense of emptiness and disillusionment, and we are tempted to
cry "All is vanity"! Ends and purposes that seem fair and
attractive when far off are found to be put poor, empty shows
when attained. We cannot trust appearance.
Nevertheless, life would be impossible if we
did not trust anything or anybody at all. Life demands faith and
trust in all its walks. We have to trust our fellowmen to some
extent at least. We have to believe that somehow good will be
the result of men's actions if all men lost their faith in the world
and turned ascetics, human life on this globe would soon
become extinct. All that glitter is not gold: let us not be too
ready to take things or person at their face value; but let us
recognise that real "gold" can be found if only we seek for it.

provided. Marks will also be deducted if your prcis is
much longer or shorter than the prescribed length.

The precis-sheets should be securely fastened Inside the
answer book.

Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they
themselves stand in the sun and endure the scorching heat, they
produce the fruit by which others profit. The character of good
men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable body
if no use is made of it for the benefit of mankind? Scandal
wood, the more it is rubbed, the more scent does it yield.
Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces, the
more juice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do
not lose their qualities even in losing their life. What matters it
whether men praise them or not. What difference does it make
whether they die at this moment or whether their lives are
prolonged? Happen what may, those who tread in the right path
will not set foot in any other. Life itself is unprofitable to a
man who
does not live for others. To live for the mere sake of living
one's life is to live the life of dogs and cows. Those who lay
down their lived for the sake of others will assuredly dwell
forever in a world of bliss.

1 ANSWER
Title : Life of Good Men

Good men, like trees, live for others. They do not lose their
qualities even though they have to lose their lives. They always
follow the right path. They do not live for the sake of living.
They make sacrifice of their life for others to enjoy eternal
bliss in heaven.

given below it :

Commerce is the distribution and exchange of all the surplus
goods produced in the fields, mines, seas, forests and factories
of the world. Commerce deals only with surplus, that is, goods
which are not required by actual producers for their needs.
Goods that are consumed by the people who produce them do
not become part of the commercial network. Producers,
therefore, aim to make for more than they actually require for
themselves so that the surplus
can be sold. The money obtained from the sale can be used to
purchase goods which they need but cannot produce
themselves.
However, to produce the surplus alone is not enough.
There then arises the question of how to gel it to the ultimate
consumer. In order for producers and consumers to make
contact as quickly as possible while the goods are still in
perfect condition for sale, a network of communications is
involved between producers, distributors and buyers.
Somewhere between the producer and the consumer the large
amounts resulting from mass production must be broken down
into family or small individual business units for consumption.
This whole process, that is, importing/exporting and
retailing/wholesaling/ware-housing, must be so smooth and
efficient that the end price to .
the individual consumer remains competitive.
Even before goods arc produced, however, it is
essential to ensure the proper financial backing for an
enterprise. Also the necessary machinery and capital assets
(suitable premises, office, furniture, equipment and so on) must
be acquired as well as expert and skilled labour. These capital
assets and personnel will be brought together through the
communications network at the place where production is to
take place. The assets will be insured against loss or damage on
the way so that the enterprise will not founder because of some
unfortunate even or accident. When the manufacturer is ready
to sell his goods he may use the service of an advertising
agency or a marketing organisation to advise him of the best
times and places for selling his goods and for bringing them to
the notice of the public. The branches of commerce involved in

16

all these functions are banking and finance, communications,
transport, insurance and advertising.
Commerce, like all other human activities, is not static
but dynamic. It Is always growing, changing
and developing. New Ideas, methods and materials can
revolutionise commerce overnight; the development of the
computer and modern communications did this. What is
efficient and reasonable today, may be outmoded and
expensive tomorrow, because of new techniques that scientific
and business research have produced?

QUESTIONS :
(a) Why is commerce concerned only with surplus goods?
(b) How does the producer get his products to the ultimate
consumer?
(c) Say in your own words what is meant by the statement:
The. large amounts resulting from mass production must be
broken down into family or small individual business units."
(d) What docs a producer need to obtain when setting up a
manufacturing enterprise?
(e) Say in your own words what you think is meant by the
state: "Commerce, like all other human activities, is not static
but dynamic"

I ANSWER |
(a) Commerce deals only with the surplus goods because these
are not required by actual producers for their own needs.
(b) A network of communication is involved between
producers, distributors and buyers before then products
ultimately reach the consumers.
(c) By this statement it is clear that the mass production of
goods is ultimately consumed by the large number of
consumers but these are supplied through the family or small
individual business units.
(d) It is essential to ensure the proper financial backing for an
enterprise and also the necessary machinery and capital assets,
office, furniture as well as expert and skilled labour.
(e) By this statement, the writer wants to emphasis the growing
changing and developing nature of commerce. Like all other
human activity, new ideas, methods and materials can
revolutionise commerce overnight as has been done by
computers and modern communications.

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL
SET -6

INSTRUCTIONS :

1.write a letter in about 150 words on any one of the
following:

Writer a letter to the Editor of a newspaper about the
Insanitary condition of the street and bad state of roads.
Or
Write a letter to the Superintendent of Police of your town
reporting the theft of a cycle.

(i) Answer

B-72Tilak Nagar
Delhi
13lh May. 2.........
The Editor,
The Hindustan Times,
New Delhi. .
Sir.
1 request you to publish the following lines in your esteemed
newspaper under the columns "Letters to the Editor".
That our colony Is a miniature hell over this earth.It has not
been repaired for the last three years. It is full of pitfalls.
During the rainy season, the water accumulates and stagnates.
The mosquitoes breed there and spread malaria.
That the sweepers and the water carriers do not work properly.
The drains give out foul smell. There is no dustbin in our
street. The people throw the rubbish in the streets and hereby
add to unhealthiness. Some people keep their cows and
buffaloes in the street and do not remove the dung. Such a bad
stale of the road is sometime the cause of road accidents. The
authorities therefore should take necessary action.
Thanking you in advance.
Your faithfully,
Ashok Kumar .'

2. Write a paragraph of about 150 words on any one of the
following topics :
(i) Honest means of livelihood
(ii) The dogs bark but the caravan goes on
(iii) There is no alternative to hard work
(iv) if winter comes can spring be far behind

Answer
(iii) There is no alternative to hard work : It is said that hard
work is a key to success. Success visits those who are diligent
and industrious. If we shirk work, we shall never grow rich.
We shall be never happy, we shall lead a miserable life. A
constant life of poverty will be our lot. If be haves a gentleman
to be up and doing. If we are lazy and lethargic, our luck will
sleep. We are the architect of our own fate. And it is hard work

17

and continuous labour which will outshine our luck. It will
amass wealth for us. We will have a hoard of this treasure. If
we are born with a silver spoon in our month, it will not
inculcate the habit of toil in us. Rather it will cause idleness.
Hard work has build empires after empires. So, we must very
clearly understand that there is no way to fortune and riches
except
through hard labour.

approximately 250 words :
(i) India and her neighbours.
(ii) On keeping a diary
(iii) Expansion is life, contraction is death
(iv) The role of media in our society,
(v) Cult of violence and its challenges

ANSWER |
(i)India and her neighbours : Pakistan, Afghanistan, China.
Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar.Sri Lanka are our
neighbouring countries. India has no doubt some differences
and disputes with some of her neighbouring countries (like
Pakistan, China. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka etc.) but she prefers
to settle these problems peacefully through mutual talks. She
does not want to settle her disputes through third party
interference. She wants South Asian region free from the
dominance of big powers. For mutual cooperation and
economic development of this area an association named
SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
has been formed. Bangladesh. Bhutan. India. Maldives, Nepal.
Pakistan and Sri lanka are its members.

Indo-Pakistan Relations : India was partitioned in 1947. This
led to the birth of Pakistan. India and Pakistan have many
things in common history, culture, tradition and the struggle
against the same foreign rule. But the partition left a lot of
bitterness behind and the relations between the two countries
remained strained. In spite of her best efforts. India has not
been able to establish cordial and friendly relation with
Pakistan.

India and Bangladesh : The eastern and the western wings of
Pakistan were separated by about1.600 km. They were united
solely by the bond of religion. 'the rulers of Pakistan
suppressed the people of the eastern wing and denied them any
say in the affairs of the government. They reduced East Bengal
to the position of a colony of West Pakistan and exploited her.
Under the leadership of Sheikh Mujlb ur- Rehman and his
party {Awami League), the people of East Bengal demanded
restoration of democracy and an end to their exploitation by
West Pakistan. First
president of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman was arrested
and the Pakistani army let loose a reign of terror against the
people of East Bengal. As a result, about 10 million people of
East Bengal escaped to India. It created a great human problem
for India. In the meantime, the leaders of East Bengal declared
East Bengal as a sovereign, independent nation (Bangladesh)
and organised an army (Mukti Vahini) to free their country
from the Pakistani army. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan,
having failed to suppres the Mukti Vahini declared war on
India. This war came to an end within 14 days after the defeat
of Pakistan. The Pakistani army surrendered on December 17.
1971.
The The eastern wing of Pakistan became an independent state
under the name of Bangladesh. India was the first country to
recognise the people of Republic of Bangladesh.

India and China : India and China have had contacts for a
very long lime. For centuries, the two
neighbours had lived on friendly terms. Buddhism made a
very important contribution in developing cultural relations
between the two countries. A number of Indian Buddhist
scholars went to China. Many Chinese travellers, such as
Fahien. Hieun Tsang. I-Tsing. etc., came to India in search of
knowledge. From the ancient times to until only a few years
ago, the relations between the two countries were friendly and
cordial. India became free in 1947. India always supported the
liberation movement of China. China became free from the
western influence in 1949. India recognised the People's
Republic of China and strongly advocated its admission to the
U.N.O. China accepted the Panchsheel or the Five Principles of
Peaceful coexistence in 1954 when the Chinese Premier Chou-
en-Lai visited India

India and Nepal; The kingdom of Nepal is situated in the lap
of the Himalayas. The frontiers of OUT country
and Nepal meet In the north of Uttar Pradesh and southern
slopes of the Himalayas. Nepal is bound to India by ties of
common history, geography, culture and religion. India fully
acknowledges the sovereignty and independence of Nepal and
follows u policy of non interference in her Internal affairs.
India's relations with Nepal are based on mutual respect. India
has cooperated in the economic development of Nepal by
giving material and technical assistance.

India and Bhutan : Bhutan is also a very small kingdom in the
lap of the Himalayas. India has followed a policy of friendship
and cooperation, based on mutual respect, with Bhutan. India
entered into a new treaty with Bhutan soon after independence
and assumed responsibility regarding its external relations,
defence and communications. India supported Bhutan's
membership in the U.N.O in 1970.

India and Myanmar : India has development friendly and
cooperative relations with Myanmar (Burma] since
independence! Goon after Myanmar's independence, India
helped her to secure the Commonwealth economic and military
aid. India has followed the policy of non-interference in
Myanmar's internal affairs. India has provided effective
assistance to Myanmar whenever requested.

India and Sri Lanka : India has friendly relations with Sri
Lanka since ancient times. During the reign of Ashoka, his son
(Mahendra) and daughter (Sangha Mitra) visited Lanka. As a
result. Buddhism spread there and most of the people of Sri
Lanka became the followers of Buddism. Thousand of
Buddhists from Lanka come to India on pilgrimage. Our
relations with Sri lanka are cordial and we follow the policy of

18

mutual help and cooperation. Both the countries' believe in the
policy of non-alignment and peaceful coexistence. India has
developed good trade, relations with Sri Lanka. The two
countries have cooperated with each other both within the
U.N.O and within the non-aligned group. -

4. Make a precis of the following passage In English in your
own words. In about one- third, on the special prccishccts
if provided. Marks will also be deducted if your precis is
book.

Remember that the aim of your discipline should be to produce
a self-governing being: not to produce a being to be governed
by others. In feudal times, when one of the chief evils the
citizen had to fear was the anger of his superiors, it was well
that during childhood, parental vengeance should be a chief
means of government. But now that the good or evil which he
experiences is mainly that which in the order of things results
from his own conduct, he should from his first years begin to
learn, experimentally, the good or evil consequences which
naturally follow this or that conduct. Aim, therefore, to
diminish the parental government, as fast as you can substitute
for it in your child's
mind that self-government arising from a foresight of results.
During infancy, a considerable amount of absolutism is
necessary. A three-year-old urchin playing with an open razor,
cannot be allowed to learn by this discipline of consequences,
for the consequences may be too serious. But as intelligence
increases, the number of peremptory interferences may be. and
should be, diminished with a view to gradually ending them as
maturity is approached. All transitions are dangerous: and the
most dangerous is the transition from the restraint of the family
circle to the non-restraint of the world. Hence the importance
of pursuing the policy we advocate which, by cultivating a
boy's faculty of self restraint, by continually increasing the
degree in which, he is left to his self-restraint, and by so
bringing him step-by-step to a state of unaided self-restraint,
obliterates the ordinary sudden and hazardous change from
externally-governed youth to internally-governed maturity. Let
the history of your domestic rule typify, in little, the history of
our political rule at the outset, autocratic control where control
is really needful; by and by. an incipient constitutionalism in
which the liberty of the subject gains some express recognition;
successive extensions of this liberty of the subject gradually
ending in parental abdication.' (about 330 words)

Answer

Develop a self-governing being
Discipline shapes child's tomorrow, but its aim should be to
develop a self-governing human, not to be governed by others.
In feudal period, the citizen had the fear of the anger of his
superiors. It creates hindrance In natural mental development.
Today child should be allowed to learn from his own conduct.
He should learn experimentally. Self-government arises from a
foresight of results. But a three-year-old ur chin shouldn't be
allowed to play with an open razor and learn by the serious
consequences. As intelligence increases, the number of
peremptory interferences should be diminished as maturity is
approached. A self restraint child survives the advocacy of
outside world.
An Internally governed maturity creates sound development.

given below :

The advances of the scientific age have not been
fortuitous. They are the logical outcome of fearless thought,
practised now unfortunately by only a few and even by the few
only in limited fields. Imagine, however, the possibilities
inherent in the application to the social and political questions
of the day of the same style of thought pursued with the same
energy and cooperation that went to the production of the atom
bomb. Almost without exception, the major problems facing
governments and peoples today arc technical ones - full
production and employment, social security, housing, race-
relations, food supplies, agricultural policy, health, war.
distribution. The solution of these problems is impossible
except by the methods of science.
This complex civilization, rendered so by
science, needs the scientific method in every aspect of the
citizen's life. Science is no longer neutral. When the first
atomic bomb exploded in New Mexico, it exploded with it all
further possibility for science to stand aside.
It can no longer be socially irresponsible but
the main body of citizens cannot wish to see it become all-
powerful Through no wish of its own. science has been forced
to assume a commanding position.

The future of politics is scientific. Only philosophers can now
safely guide the destinies of men. This is not a new view. Even
Plato, in spite of his insistence on the importance of the
expedient, confessed. '1 was forced to the condition that only
the true philosophy can enable us to discern in all cases what is
good for communities and individuals ; and that accordingly
the human race will see better days if either those who rightly
and genuinely follow philosophy acquire political power, or
else the class who have political control become real
philosophers.

Science is the learning of the democracies. It has always
been so in Greece as in our limes; and recent history has shown
most clearly that other forms of government can only exist
provided that the scientific spirit is eliminated even when its
technology is retained. Only in a community where the citizens
have freedom of action can science flourish and only when
science flourishes can the citizens be free. Democracy and
science go hand in hand. It is not a coincidence that the
principles of citizenship were taught in Greece when science
flourished and have come into their own again in modern
times.

But even in a democracy there will
always be forces in opposition to the spread of knowledge and
liberty of thoughts among the citizens. The danger of the rising
oligarchy is ever present and science is not the learning of the

19

oligarchies even scientific ones. Rhetoric and tradition are
the remnants of oligarchies. The possibility of a scientific
oligarchy is now the most imminent of the changes we may
have to face.
Science has given to the citizen
through technology the power of self-destruction, but has
placed along side it the basic philosophy that has vitalised
science itself. On what use he makes of these twin gifts
depends the world's future. If, as he has done in the past, he
grasps avidly the former and neglects the latter, then Norman
Collins is right. "Modern man is obsolete, a self-made
anachronism becoming more incongruous by the minute. He
has exalted change in everything hut himself."
After three centuries, science is now
supreme and as a result the world stands at the cross-roads. But
if we recognise the need for change, break the chains of habit
and indulge in the single-minded pursuit of truth, the new
scientific age shall be bright with promise for citizenship and
for the citizen on every plane of communal life.

QUESTIONS :
(a) How does scientific knowledge affect the political system?
(b) How has science rendered modem civilization complex?
(c) In what way has science been given a commanding
position?
(d) When will democracy be changed into oligarchy ? .
(e) How do politics and philosophy complement each other ?

answer!
(a) Only the true philosophy can enable us to discern In all
cases what is good for communities and individuals and
accordingly the human race will see better days. The future of
politics should be scientific. True philosophy is the outcome of
scientific approach.
(b) Today governments and peoples face technical problems
like full production and employment, social security, housing,
race relations, food supplies, agricultural policy, health etc.
The solution lies in science. Thus science has
rendered modern civilization complex.
(C) When the first atomic bomb was exploded in New Mexico,
it exploded with it all further possibility for science to stand
aside. All our needs are fulfilled by science today. .Scientific
methods are needed In every aspect of the citizen's life. Thus
science has been given a commanding position.
(d) Even in a democracy there are forces in opposition (o the
spread of knowledge and liberty of thoughts among the
citizens. The danger of rising oligarchy is present and science
is not the learning of the oligarchies.
(e) Those who rightly and genuinely follow philosophy acquire
political power, or else the class who have political control
become real philosophers.

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET-7

INSTRUCTIONS :
questions must be written in English
5. Your answer should be dear, brief and to the point. No
provided beneath the questions Answer must not

following:
Write a letter to the Editor of a newspaper complaining
about the poor quality and inadequate supply of water in
your locality.
Or
Write a letter to a penfriend living in England describing
some of the interesting features of India.

(i) 1
ANSWER |

Mr X
Exam Hall
21st January, 2011
Editor
The Times of India
Delhi
Sir
Water is known as life. But in our locality it is the other name
of death. In our Kalkaji locality more than five persons, as per
government estimate, lost life last year due to water borne
diseases. Several others suffered from water-borne diseases.
Contaminated water is a common feature of supply water here.
This year the problem gets more acute. Water tap remains dry
for days together. As the underground water bed gets
exhausted in summer, this cannot be a viable source. For
industrial pollution underground source is no longer reliable
one. For the lack of alternatives, most of the people depend on
supply water as a reliable source. But think of the conditions of
this locality in hot summer days when supply water cheats us.
Not only that, at times quality of water causes severe misery.
The pipe-water gets contaminated with drain water. If the
water-supply authority does not take measures to prevent it, at
any time, epidemic may break out in this locality. Measures
should be taken to remove pipe from
drain and make the supply regular. Besides that, people can be
made conscious to collect rain water for use
and prevent wastage of supply water. Non-stop electric supply
is also badly needed to facilitate regular water
supply. I like to attract the attention of Delhi government and
municipal authority towards the miserable condition of water
supply in Kalkaji and hope that an appropriate action will be
taken within no lime.

20

Thanking yours
Mr. X.

2. A family, of four members, was battered to death by
unidentified assailants in the posh Kavi Nagar area of
Ghaziabad. As a press re- porter cover the incident for
your local news-paper. You are Kamal Jain of 'The
Mirror'.

[Answer]

Four members of a family killed in Ghaziabad
By Kamal Jain
The Mirror News Network
Ghaziabad , September 25 : Four members of the family of a
well known software businessman were battered to death by
the unidentified killers in the posh Kavi Nagar area of the city
in the early evening of Friday.The gruesome incident took
place at around 9 p.m. when Mohammad Asif Khan, his wife,
son and daughter were watching the T.V. in the house. The
criminals knocked at that door, following which Asif's
daughter opened it and saw one in a "burka" claiming to be her
relative. However, soon three more persons joined and forced
their way into the house. They were armed with rods and
country-made firearms. They demanded for jwewllery and
cash. On refusal they hit Asif (581. his wife (48), son Kamar
(28) and daughter Afashana (20) with hard rods on their heads.
Surprisingly, the servant sleeping at that time escaped unhurt.
The culprits fled with booty. The police were informed by the
local residents. The police took the servant into custody for
necessary inquiry. The police have not ruled out business
rivalry or personal enmity behind the killings. The police have
recovered a scarf that may lead to important clue. The dead
bodies of the deceased have been sent for postmortem The
police have launched a hunt for the culprits.


(i) Women are realising their strengths in every field
(ii) The joys of being in the lap of nature
(iii) Old people_________ a guiding light or a burden ?
(iv) Breaking marriages___________ a sign of progress ?
(v) In the age of SMS and Internet and 24 hrs. news channels,
arc Newspapers becoming Irrelevant?

(ii) The Joys of being in the lap of nature
It is an age old maxim that Nature is our mother and if it is to
be commanded, it must be obeyed. Nature binds truth,
happiness and virtue together as if by an insoluble chain but
man's ignorance of this immortal Nature is the only source of
his unhappiness. Ever since his appearance on this planet, man
has been using the priceless gifts of Nature without restraint.
He has rather taken them for granted. Seldom did he give
thought to the fact that the supplies of air that he breathed, the
water that he drank, the food that he ate and the industrial raw
materials which he extracted from the bowels of earth might
disappear one day. Nature had been suffering because of
thoughtless human intervention in its recycling process for
hundreds of years. The relationship between man and nature
reflects profound changes in the wake of modem scientific and
technological development. And here lies the cause for concern
for the entire human race.
Nature has, through the ages, cast a spell on
man. From the ancient Indian Rishis, who meditated in caves
and dipped in the holy water to the modern heroes of Everest
and Antarctica expeditions and navigators, all
have been fascinated by the glory of nature. If some have been
thrilled by the sights and sounds, others have looked behind
and beyond its physical beauty and contemplated the
indwelling spirits. One man looks at it, another looks through
it. The human mind has been particularly sensitive and
receptive to the charm of nature. The poets of Nature are the
glowing testimonies of it. Wordsworth and Keats, Arnold and
Yeats, to name just a few. The call of the nature is perennial
and Irresistible. It provides a pleasure resort but at the same
time it is a challenge. Nature conceals within itself secrets
which man has always tried to unravel but in unravelling the
secrets he has broken the harmonious relationship with nature
which was prevalent in the yesteryears. In the ultimate
analysis, the problem of Natural degradation reduces itself to
the question of re-ordering the relationship that has so far
existed among the
economic needs of man, the technological progress, and the
nature but Nature, it seems is in no mood to stand any further
abuses and excesses. And man has now realised that he has to
work with It and he will never tolerate the rape of Good Earth
any further. It is. At this point, that his aesthetic instinct will
come to his rescue. After all. he is bringing about industrial
progress with the aim of making the world a better, more
beautiful and more comfortable place to live in. People have
now thought that there is no rational alternative to working
together to bring about some improvement in Nature so that we
and our children can lead a healthy life.
In his mad race for power and prosperity
with a feeling of shock and horror-man is now aware of the
fact that the Nature and its resources arc vast but limited. He
has realised that if the present trends are allowed to go
unchecked, the future of life on earth will be endangered.
Nature's plentifulness is a heritage not to be squandered with
impunity. It must be conserved. It is high time man does
something before the unimanginable stage is reached when
rivers will burn, fish will rot on the shores, trees will be their
own ghosts and cities will be chocked with polluted and foul
smelling air. Let's all make joint ventures to make the Nature
as pure as before and try to maintain the Immortal relationship
of mother and son between Nature and Man.

much longer or shorter than
the prescribed length.

21

The prcis -sheets should be securely fastened inside the
answer book.

Information technology and library services are two faces of
the same coin. In a village set-up mostly the young and the old
use libraries and the middle-aged make little use of these
libraries. They need job related information to update their
skills and knowledge. The library and information services
play a dominant role In catering to education, information and
recreational requirements of society. Library is an instrument
of .socio) change. All along, the concept of library has been
associated with literacy and books, and the librarian was
considered the keeper of books. Concurrent with changes in
society, the concept of library has changed. It is a multi-media
centre and a place for learning resources for the literate as well
as the Illiterate. Education is the key to individual achievement
and national strength.
Integrated approach in starting at least a
reading room In every hamlet is the need of the hour.
Coordination between the Department of Education and
Panchayati Raj in spreading the library movement is of
paramount importance. Amalgamation of adult education
programmes with the library programmes also needs to be
given a greater thought. The school can function in a hamlet or
a village serving the common needs of students and public. The
massive permanent building programmes for weaker sections
in rural areas should earmark at least one house for every 1,000
houses or in every cluster for library purpose. The services of a
retired teacher or a retired employee in that hamlet can be
availed. A person residing in the same hamlet is more useful
with inherent advantages than an outsider for library work as
the library has to function in the evening hours and to be
extended for TV and Internet operations also. Information
technology, Internet and e-commerce have great potential in
catering to public needs. However, we have to be pragmatic in
our approach in terms of electronic access to
information in rural areas. Availability, affordability,
accessibility, acceptability and sustainability of the service
should also be kept in view. Once a common service place is
identified, the IT based services can conveniently be cushioned
on. It is hoped that the State and Central governments will give
top priority to this minimum facility.

[Answer ]

Title : Library and Information Services

Education is key to individual achievement and national
strength. The library and information services play a dominant
role in catering to education, information and recreational
requirements of society. Library is an instrument of social
change. Integrated approach in starting at least a reading room
in every hamlet is the need of hour. Co-ordination between the
Department of Education and Panchayati Raj in spreading the
library movement is of paramount importance. The massive
building programmes for weaker sections in rural areas should
earmark atleast one house in every cluster for library purposes.
TV and Internet operation can also be extended to cater to
public needs.

given below:

Theoretically speaking, the consumer should be held supreme
in any economy. It is his ultimate satisfaction that matters. His
taste, his style of living, his requirements, his financial
standing are the major factors that determine the shape of the
economy. However useful a product might be, If it falls to
catch the fancy of the consumer, it Is just doomed. But
sometimes some virtually ridiculous products come into vogue
and earn a fortune for their producers. For a manufacturer,
thus, the consumer is no less than a God. But the consumer's
high place is only a myth so
far as the Indian economy is concerned.
In reality, Indian consumer is an utterly
helpless person. He has no say in the quality or nature of goods
sent to the market for his consumption. He is a victim of
numerous malpractices. He is often forced to buy
adulterated or substandard goods. Second-hand goods are
passed on to him as new. Dangerous goods are sold without
any warning. He is misled on the quality and price of goods
that he buys. Very often he is trapped by artificially created
shortages and Is made to pay through his nose for very
ordinary things. Clever businessmen, through glib
salesmanship, misleading advertisements and tall claims about
their products, rob him of his hard earned money. These
businessmen make no scruples of selling even spurious drugs
so dangerous for the life of the consumer. The consumer knows
what is happening to him. But except making a loud, individual
kind of protest, which has no effect on the mammon-
worshipping businessmen, there is very little that he can do to
check his systematic exploitation.
The fact is that ours is a developing
economy in which demand is always ahead of supplies. The
manufacturers know that howsoever poor the quality of their
goods may be, they will be able to sell them. So in
defiance of all ethical considerations, they keep on producing
poor quality goods. Since a majority of our consumers,
particularly in the rural areas, are illiterate, they are not able to
distinguish between the genuine
and the spurious, or the good and the bad. It la mainly these
consumers who suffer at the hands of unscrupulous
businessmen. Our consumers also suffer from an total absence
of awareness among them of their rights.
They arc ignorant of the laws. To begin with, the laws on trade
marks, essential commodities, drugs, weights
and measures, etc.. are not very effective. Secondly, the
standard of morals in our country being what it is,
businessmen do not find it very difficult to steer clear of laws
through greasing the palms of the inspection
staff. Besides, litigation is such a costly and time-consuming
process that no consumer has the courage and
patience to throw cudgels on behalf of his every-suffering
community.
But time is now ripe for a well organised
consumer movement. Consumers should no longer lake things

22

lying down. They should know their rights and light for them!
They should be vigilant so that they do
not walk into the traps laid by clever businessmen. If artificial
scarcities are created and there are rumours
about the non-availability of certain goods, they should not get
unnecessarily panicky. Instead, they should try
substitutes. If they feel that their is an indiscreet hike in prices,
they should resist it: if they come across a black marketeer,
they should expose him instead of patronizing him and force
the authorities to take appropriate legal action against him. A
few consumer organisations have already been functioning for
sometime in some parts of the country. Their hands should be
strengthened. Enlightened men in legal profession should offer
free legal aid to such organisations. Consumer courts have also
been doing some good work. If stringent punishment is
accorded to erring traders, it will go a long way in
strengthening the consumer movement.

QUESTIONS :
(a) Clearly bring out the disparity between the ideal and the
actual status of a consumer in the Indian Economy.
(b) Mention any four ways in which the Indian consumer is
exploited by unethical businessmen.
(c) How do the illiteracy and ignorance of the majority of
consumers lead to their exploitation ?
(dl What according to the writer are the responsibilities of a
consumer ?
(e) Find the words In the passage having similar meaning to the
following words ;
(i) fake
(ii) most important
(iii) immoral
(iv) shortages
(v) not up to the standard
(vi) strict

[ ANSWER
]

(a) Ideally a consumer should be held supreme in any
economy. His taste, his style of living, his requirements, his
financial standing are the major factors that determine the
shape of economy. Truly the consumer is no less than
a God for a manufacturer.
In reality. Indian consumer is an utterly help less person. He
has no say in the quality or
nature of goods. He is a victim of numerous malpractices. He is
often forced to buy adulterated, sub-standard arid second hand
goods. He is misled on the quality, price and artificial shortage.
(b) Indian consumer is exploited in following ways :
(i) He is forced to buy sub-standard goods
(ii) Dangerous goods are sold without warning
(iii) He is exploited by misleading advertisements
(iv) Second had goods are passed on him as new.
(c) Our illiterate consumers arc not able to distinguish between
the genuine and the spurious or the good and the bad. Hence
they are exploited. Absence of awareness makes a consumer
ignorant of the laws and get exploited.
(d) The consumers should try substitutes during artificial
scarcity of goods. They should resist indiscreet price hike.
They should expose black-marketeer and force the authorities
to take legal action against him.
(e) (i) Spurious,
(ii) Supreme,
(iii) Unscrupulous,
(iv) Scarcities.
(v) Sub-standard.
(vi) Stringent

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET - 8

INSTRUCTIONS :
So plan the matter of your answers accordingly;

1.Write a letter in about 150 words on any one of the
following:

The Indian Railway authorities have imposed barriers on the
sale of tobacco products in trains and railway premises. Write a
letter to the Editor of a newspaper after reading this news.
Mention your opinion on tobacco consumption. Or
You have purchased a developed colour T.V. set and presently
it has developed certain defects. The guarantee
period of the set is not yet over. Write a complaint letter to the
manager of the firm from where you have purchased the set.

(i)
[Answer]

X YZ
ABC City
28.05.20ii
Editor
Times of India
New Delhi
Sir,
The news item "Railway Authorities Ban Tobacco Products''
published in your esteemed daily on 27
th
May 2011, like many
health conscious people, charmed mc much. The Railway
authorities, though late, have taken the much expected step at

23

last. The step was awaited for a long time. It is a matter of
great happiness that the authorities have prohibited the sale of
tobacco products not only on trains, but also on platforms.
Tobacco products like, gutkha, pan masala, surti,
etc. are of no use. They have only negative effects and
do no good to us. They are mild drugs and people who are
addicted to them are inviting fatal diseases. Not
only that, people who don't consume them, feel irritated in the
company of an addicted person. Earlier, Railway
authorities banned smoking. Now with the ban on all types of
tobacco products they have shown their concern
for public health and set an example. People should come
forward to support this step whole heartedly. At the same time,
1 hope that the Railway authorities will show their enthusiasm
to follow this rule.

With best wishes
XYZ

2. Suppose there is some rocky area near your town which
is sufficiently large and forested. People often go there for
rock-climbing, trekking and camping in the open. During
your vacation you also went there in
the company of some friends. Write a report describing the
joys of open air life. Give a comprehensive account of your
trip and make relevant recommendations for developing
the area for adventure sports for the youth.

[Answer ]
A trip to rocky area
XYZ
.
New Delhi, September 15, 2010 : My examination was over. I
went my home town Sasaram to meet my parents. My friends
also came to sec me. Later on we planned to see the nearby
rocky area which is full of forest and springs. 'The path to our
destination was slopy. It was summer. We sweated a lot. We
felt tired during climbing. At an interval of one kilometer
journey we had to take rest and quench the thirst. We were
cautious while climbing as the path was slippery and tiring. At
last we reached the top.
We forgot the difficulties of journey. It was a
worth seeing place. We found ourselves in the lap of nature.
The beauty of nature fascinated one and all. Every thing was
interesting. There was lush greenery all around. There was
nothing but forest. The different branches were laden with
flowers and fruits. At some distance, a spring was flowing with
sweet water. The air was pollution free. We enjoyed picnic. We
photographed the beauty of the place. The different creatures
were walking fearlessly and seemingly were proud to be part of
that beauty. We enjoyed a lot. The Journey left an indelible
mark on our memory. We took less time to return home.
In my view this place can be developed for
adventure sports by making some convenience. The road to
the top can be metalled and made safe. The long and large
ground at the top can be made plain. Some basic
infrastructural facility can add more. There is no dearth of
opporunity there. The need is to provide some facilities for the
sake of comfort and convencience.

(i) Advantage of Co-education,
(ii) The Cricket Mania.
(iii) Music. Its Universal Appeal,
(iv) Indian Festivals A Way of Life!
(v) Failures are Pillars to Success.

[Answer]
(ii) The Cricket Mania
The history of cricket dates hack to the 13th century. In the
16th century the sport was well established popular game in
England. In India the British introduced this sports. The first
cricket club in India was opened in Kolkata. In 1877. the first
cricket test match was played in Melbourne between England
and Australia. The Melbourne ground also holds the distinction
of holding the first one day International in 1971. The first
world cup of cricket was organised in 1975 in England. India
under Kapil Dev's captaincy won the third Prudential world
cup in 1983. It marked the zenith of Indian Cricket. So far
eight world cups have been organised the latest one having
been played in 2003 in South Africa in which Australia
emerged as victorious by defeating India and Sachin Tendulkar
was
adjudged man of the tournament. The International Cricket
Council (ICC) is the foremost governing body.
In India it seems that we are living in cricket age where no
other game can take its place.
Now in the changed scenario sports are
associated with glamour and commercial prospects attached
with them. Cricket is not the most popular game in the world
but it is the most popular game in India. Extravaganzas created
by this sport overshadow other sports in India. Hockey is the
national game of India but it occupies a lower position on the
popularity scale whereas cricket is at the zenith. An Impartial
surgery of this trend reveals many exciting facts. It is an adage
that everyone worships rising Sun. People try to associate
themselves with the game and sports which bring accolade for
India. As far as circket is concerned, ii has been able to bring
many
laurels for our country. When India won Cricket World Cup in
1983, every Indian became familiar with Kapil
Dev (he was the captain of Indian Cricket team in 1983). Who
does not know Gavaskar and Tendulkar? But Hockey legneds
are not on the lips of masses despite their charismatic
endeavour for raising the head of nation high. This is the brief
picture of attraction for cricket.
In the age of commercialisation and still
competition, promoters look everything from business point of
view. What is more, sports heroes who are role models for
million of young people advertise the products of
their promoter companies. Companies put their stakes only
with those games which have roaring popularity.
The government Is not exception to this trend It also promotes
the sports which have remarkable hold in public. In a
democracy like ours the government tries its best to fulfil the
wishes of the mass.

24

Cricket has some noteworthy virtues also. Its
wider paraphernalia attract the attention of even wider
audience. Discipline, dress sense of players." its unpredictable
nature and excitement are some of the heart throbbing
qualities. Under the juggernaut of cricket, excitement for other
games are suppressed. Other sports, particularly in India, do
not have such promoters and spectators. During cricket play
media, electronic and print celebrate the occasion for their
commercial purposes. Media, public, government, companies
and legacy of the British are some of the factors responsible for
this popularity. If gives half a chance, so many of tribal youth
can turn into potential world champions in archery while
children of fisher-folk can be the future champions in aquatics.
Cricket is not
solely responsible behind the decrying popularity of other
games. If some sports do not get adequate coverage, cricket
"should not be blamed. Raising finger against a sport will not
be beneficial for other sports. Our present sports policies are
completely distorted and need immediate correction.

The precis-sheets should be securely fastened inside the
answer book.

Is good health to be found in a chemist's shop? Most of us
believe that various kinds of drugs make up a safe prescription
for health. Although this is particularly so in cities and towns,
villagers too lend to feel that medicines will cure all ills.
Doctors who do not give tablets, mixtures and even injections
are of ten looked upon with suspicion. And if the medicines do
not bring about a cure, people think that it was the wrong
medicine or the doctor didn't get the best drug. The need for
medication itself is rarely questioned. The indiscriminate use of
medicines Is not only wasteful, and perhaps, dangerous, it also
engulfs and obscures the genuine need for vital life-saving
drugs. For some the use of a particular medicine may in-need
be a case of life and death, but in most cases, people use
unnecessary or useless medicines. The irresponsible use of
antibiotics is the commonest form of drug misuse with
disastrous results. Doctors, chemists and the public are all to
blame for this. The doctors often prescribe dangerous, banned
drugs out of ignorance because nobody Informs them about
these drugs. Manufacturers are primarily interested In
improving their sales and have no concern for good health.
Drug advertisements are often misleading. Unless people are
better informed and begin to question the need for medication,
they will continue to use harmful and useless m
edicines.

[ANSWER ]
Title : Drug Misuse

Majority of people living in villages and particularly in cities
believe drugs as a safe prescription for health. Doctor? who do
not prescirbe medicines are suspected. If the prescribed drugs
do not cure, they question doctor s expertise. The need for
medication is rarely questioned. The unthoughtful use of
medicines, being wasteful and dangerous obscures the real
need for life saving drugs. Misuse of drugs gives disastrous
results. Doctors often prescribe banned drugs out of ignorance.
Manufacturers believe in profit making. Drug advertisements
are often misleading. Unless people arc well informed and
aware, they will be using harmful medicines.

5. Read the following passage and answer the questions given
below :
Health of the citizens Is the responsibility of the state. For this
purpose the state sets up health services, health centres,
hospitals, maternity and child welfare centres. But all this has
only a curative value, Diseases are located and cured, tint the
public is hardly being educated in hygienic living. Prevention
is better than cure. More attention should be paid to the
prevention of diseases than is being done. The prevention
measures include vaccination, inoculation and above all
instructing or educating the public in hygienic living and the
maintenance of healthy living. The school can play an
important role in instructing the parents and the pupils in clean
healthy living
habits. The general awareness of the pupils can be enhanced
through health education. Through a programme of health
instructions the children can have scientific knowledge about
the body and its functioning, the principles of hygienic living,
the advantages of healthful living and the means of preventing
diseases. This information will go a long way in the formation
of healthy habits and also educate pupils in how to lakecare of
their personal health. Health instruction is so important that it
should form an integral part of school education. In fact it
would do the children a lot of good if it was a compulsory part
of the school curriculum.

QUESTIONS :
(a) What does the state do to keep people healthy?
(b) How, according to the author, can the state help in this
respect ?
(c) What is the role of the school in preventing diseases ?
(d) Explain Prevention is better than cure'.
(e) Pick out words / phrases from the passage having the same
meaning as the following words :
(i) to establish
(ii) motherhood
(iii) improved

[Answer ]

(a) The state sets up healthcare centres, hospitals, maternity
and child welfare centres In a bid to provide proper health to
the people.
(b) Setting up hospitals etc. has only a curative value. State
should emphasize not only on cure but also on prevention.
Apart from taking preventive measures like vaccination and

25

inoculation, the people should be made aware of hygience and
healthy living.
(c) The school can improve the general awareness of pupils
through health education. The school can develop healthy
living habits in the parents and the pupils by instructing the
importance of sanitation and hygiene. The
programme of health instructions gives scientific knowledge to
prevent diseases and forms healthy habits.
(d) When we fall ills, we undergo not only physical torture but
also mental torment. A little care and preventive measures
taken in time may save us from unnecessary risk and
harassment. We can ward off the attack of cholera by
inoculation and by disinfecting the drinking water. Thus we
can prevent painful situations by avoiding wasteful
expenditure.
(e) (i) Sets up
(ii) Maternity
(iii) Enhanced

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET -9

INSTRUCTIONS

following:

Write a letter to your father who has been away from home
telling him how the family is.
Or
Write a letter to your cousin who is younger than you.
congratulating him on his recovery from illness.

[ ANSWER ]

My dear Father.
Kamla Nagar, Delhi
Date :_
Many thanks for your letter which I received yesterday. We are
glad to learn that you enjoy good health. Ashok has been ill
since you left us. He is under the treatment of Dr. Bhatanagar.
He has recovered from fever. But he has not yet got rid of
cough. Doctor says that he will recover completely within one
week. So you need not worry about his health. Rekha is
missing you very much. She always remembers you.
Mother is facing great difficulty in doing
the work as the maid servant left work last Sunday. 1 always
try to lend a helping hand to her in the work in the evening
and morning after and before my school and spare time from
studies.
I am gelling on well with my studies. My
teacher holds a very high opinion about me. I am working very
hard these days. I am confident that I will be able to get a good
position in my final examinations. I take exercise daily.
Our cousin Rohit has come back from
abroad and uncle is celebrating his arrival by organising a feast
on next Sunday, try to return before that. We are eagerly
looking forward to your return. Please let us know when you
will be able to return ?
With love and best wishes.
Your loving son.
Honey

2. The Ninth International Film Festival for children and
the young people is being held in Hyderabad. You are
Ranjan Ray of 'The New Age , a national daily, who is
covering the event. Write a report of the inaugural
function held on 10th October at the Telugu Lalit Kala
Theatre.

[Answer ]
International Film Festival by Ranjan Ray
The New Age, Hyderabad, 10
th
October : Mr. Atal
Bihari Vajpayee innogurated the International Film
innogurated the International Film Festival for Children and
the young people at Telagu Lalit kala Theatre in Hyderabad.
Among other dignitaries and film personalities, were present
legendary actor Amitav Bachchan, Andhra Pradesh Chief
Minister Chandra Babu Naidu and Veteran film maker S.
Nagappa.
In his innougural address Mr. Vajpayee thanked the
Film Festival authority specially, the Chief Minister Chandra
babuNaidu and emphased the need for sch film festival. He
also experessed the need for making and more quality film for
younger people.
The film festival, first of its kind in the
country, made a colourful beginning and continue for a week.
In this festival some 70 films from 24 countries will be shown.
Dele gates from different countries also are participating in the
festival. There are two sectionsInternational category and
Indian Panorama. In the Indian Panorama, some 13 films are
included. Each category will be honoured with separate
awards. This occasions is something unique for the children in
Hyderabad and it seems that they are ready to reap maximum
benefit from the occasions

26


(i) IlliteracyA Curse on Mankind.
(ii) Relation between Culture and Literature.
(iii) Advantages of Vocational Education.
(iv) Ethics and Morality.
(v) Beauty lies in the Eyes of the Beholder.

(i) Illiteracy A Cure on Mankind
The antonym of the word literacy is illiteracy. The word
literacy means the ability to read and write. Therefore, the
word illiteracy means inability to read and write. Really
illiteracy is a curse on mankind. India is a democraticnation.
According to 2001 census, the population of India is 1,027,015,
247. About 65.38% persons are literate. It is an era of science
and technology. We are making new inventions for the sake of
our people. Many development programmes are being
launched for the upliftment of the downtrodden and far flung
rural people. To be aware of these programmes, their duties
and rights, citizens must be literate.
Man is a rational being and has the power to think.
He wants to gain superiority over others and expose
his knowledge to dominate everything. He thinks himself the
master of his own fate. Everybody in the world wants to
command great power and authority. The real power lies in
knowledge. One who knows, always rules the one who does
not know. Educated and learned persons always have an
advantage over those who are ignorant. What distinguishes a
man from the beast is his ability to learn, read and write.
In ancient limes priests and Brahmins commanded
great respect and power. They were held in high esteem and
were appointed to high posts by the kings. They were the
leaders of the society and nobody could dare to challenge their
authority. This was because most of
the people in those days were ignorant and illiterate.
Education promotes the physical, mental and
moral development of an individual. Due to illiteracy a man
has no vigilance. He cannot think for the development of
society. He can neither read the literature of ancient society nor
can take inspiration from the sacrifices of those people. He can
neither make the atmosphere of home friendly nor educate his
children. In this way due to illiteracy we cannot build a strong
nation. Due to illiteracy the country had to face immense
distresses whether they be political, social, economic or
religious. During the initial years of independence, there was
dearth of educated people. A letter was hardly read. People
used thumb impression. It was this reason that they were
cheated by Zamindars and money lenders. Their poverty
increased and slavery continued. radically. Governments have
initiated several programmes to educate its people. During
elections people play vital role in deciding a government and in
turn their fate. To elect a popular government they must
be quite aware of their voting rights and implications.
Alter decades of independence things have
changed radically. Governments have initiated several
programmes to educate its people. During elections people play
vital role in deciding a government and in turn their fate. To
elect a popular government they must be quite aware of their
voting rights and implications.
Illiteracy gives birth to exploitation and slavery. A
man is the foundation of a society. If the society is strong, the
nation will be strong. Literacy provides safeguard against
exploitation. Let us take example of Kerala. It is a fully literate
state. Its people, lead a healthy life. They understand the
importance of small family. Illiteracy also encourages
superstition. The root cause of social evils is illiteracy. So
government should take care to eradicate this evil and educate
the people for their betterment.

answer book.

The work which Gandhiji had taken up was not only the
achievement of political freedom but also the establishment of
a social order based on truth and non-violence, unity and
peace, equality and universal brotherhood and maximum
freedom for all. The unfinished part of his experiment was
perhaps even more difficult to achieve than the achievement of
political freedom. In the political struggle the fight was against
a foreign power and all one could do. was either join it or wish
it success and give it their moral support. In establishing a
social order of this pattern there was a likely possibility of a
conflict arising between groups and classes of our own people.
Experience shows that man values his possessions even more
than his life because in the former he sees the means for
perpetuation and
survival of his descendants even after his body is reduced to
ashes. A new order cannot be established with out changing the
mind and attitude of men, for at some stage or the other, the
'haves' have to yield place to the
have-nots' to achieve a kind of egalitarian society.
The root cause of class conflict is
possessiveness or the acquisitive instinct. So long as the ideal
that is to be achieved is one of securing maximum material
satisfaction, possessiveness is neither suppressed nor
eliminated but grows on what it feeds. Nor does it cease of be
such it is possessiveness. still, whether it is confined to only a
few or Is shared by many.
It egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be based
not on the possession of the maximum material goods by a few
or by all but on voluntary enlightened renunciation of those
goods, which cannot be shared by others
or can be enjoyed only at the expense of others. This calls for
substitution of spiritual values for purely material ones.
Mahatma Gandhi has shown us how the acquisitive instinct
inherent in man could be transmuted by the ideal of trusteeship
by those who have' for the benefit of all those who 'have not',
so that instead of leading to exploitation and conflict- it would
become a means and incentive for the amelioration and
progress of society respectively.

27

[Answer ]

Title : The ideal of Trusteeship
Gandhiji dreamed of political freedom and social order. His
experiment for political freedom was achieved. But a social
order based on truth and non-violence, unity and peace,
equality and universal brotherhood is to be achieved. Today
man values his possessions even more than his life. The
attitude of possessiveness causes class conflict. Without
changing this attitude new order cannot be established. The
egalitarianism is based on non-possessiveness. Materialism
substitutes spiritual values. Mahatma Gandhi coined the ideal
of trusteeship by the rich to transmute acquisitive instinct.
Trusteeship will discourage exploitation and conflict and
provide means and incentive for the amelioration and progress
of society.

given below :

This year we arc celebrating the golden Jubilee of India's
independence from British rule in 1947. India has many things
to boast of as compared with several other developing
countries - a stable democracy, vibrant press, self sufficiency in
food, high quality of the cultural and intellectual elite. And
yet. there has been a crisis of moral values.
Before independence, whenever rains failed and
there was a famine, lakhs of people died of starvation.
In 1950's we were not self-sufficient in food, we had to import
a large quantity of it from the U.S.A. Now we
are self-sufficient in food, large-scale starvation deaths are no
more. Atrocities against the under-privileged
have declined in the last three decades. Rural India has seen an
improvement in terms of the quality of life- Basic health
services are far more wide-spread and life expectancy has gone
up. Diseases like small pox have been eradicated. Our
telephone services and our communications have become much
better in the last three decades. But in many fields we have
done much worse than a lot of other countries.
Our biggest set-back has been the decadence in
the ethical values of the nation. Many of our leaders enrich
themselves at the cost of the people and are becoming more
and more shameless in the manner of looting them. Many
criminals have joined various political parties and have become
M.L.A.s and M.P.s. They have no ideals In their life and win
elections by hook or crook. Gandhi's ideal that our means
should also be good, have been thrown to the winds. When we
talk against corruption, there are many who put forth the
argument that 'corruption is a global phenomenon'. Conditions
have developed in the country which arc likely to prevent any
economic and social progress with justice to all the sections of
society. Politics and morality arc completely divorced from
each other. There Is no political party which is free from
unscrupulous power politics. At the same time, corruption has
grown and it now pervades the whole machinery of the State
from top to bottom. This being the situation, how can
it be expected that the Central or State governments will do
anything effective for the economic or social
betterment of the poor masses.
But it is necessary in this connection to realize that
India is a country with so many languages, so
many religions and so many cultural sub-nationalities. It is
very difficult to establish a stable democracy in such a country.
In spite of these difficulties, India is the only large country in
the so-called third world or developing countries which has
maintained at least the form of democracy during the last 50
years.
We have gone through more than ten general
elections. In these elections even the poor and the under-
privileged have participated in large numbers. This is perhaps
because a-certain degree of freedom of thought
and toleration of conflicting opinions has been a part of India's
cultural tradition
All this shows that the picture may not be bright but
at the same time it is not hopeless. Moreover, many
non-government voluntary organisations arc springing up in
the country which are doing much devoted work to strengthen
democracy at the grass-root level. This will ultimately lead to
the improvement in the working of the Stale and Central
governments.

QUESTIONS :
(a) How Is it that in spite of our having a highly advanced
intellectual class our people are still poor and backward?
(b) Enumerate some of the fields in which we have made
sufficient progress.
(c) Is democracy stable in our country ? If so. What is the proof
?
(d) How is democracy, being strengthened in- our country at
the grass root level ?(
(e) Find the words in the passage having similar meaning to the
following words :
(i) cruelties
(II) removed
(ill) having no principles
(Iv) communities
(v) downfall.

[ Answer]
(a) Politics and morality are completely divorced from each
other. Corruption has pervaded the whole machinery of the
State from top to bottom. Due to this situation. Central and
State Governments cannot do something effective for
the economic betterment of the poor masses.
(b) We have made sufficient progress in foodgrains
production tele communication, rural health facility and small
pox eradication.
(c) Yes, democracy is stable in India. It is obvious from the
fact that India, despite being a nation with so many languages,
religions and cultural sub-nationalities, has gone through more
than ten general elections, in which even the poor and the
underprivileged have participated in large numbers.
(d) Many non governmental voluntary organisations arc
springing up in the country which are doing much" devoted
work to strengthen democracy at the grass root level. Indian
cultural tradition of tolerance also plays its role.

28

(e) (i) Atrocities
(ii) Eradicated
(iii) Unscrupulous
(iv) Sub-nationalities
(v) Decadence

**************************************************
*******************************************

MODEL SET -10

INSTRUCTIONS :

following :
Write a letter to your uncle telling him that you will spend
your vacation with him in Kashmir.
Or
Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his
brilliant success in the High School Examination.

(i) [Answer]

A-80. Kamla Nagar
Delhi-11OO07
26th May. 2011
My dear Uncle.
Many thanks for your kind letter inviting me to spend
my vacation with you in Kashmir.
When I read your letter my Joy knew no bounds. As
you have mentioned in your letter that Kashmir is a paradise on
earth' so my curiosity was aroused all the more to visit
Kashmir. After receiving your letter I am dreaming of the
beautiful sceneries, snow covered mountains, green trees,
beautiful water falls in the mountains. My father had also
agreed to my spending the vacation with you.
I will let you know about my actual date of reaching
Kashmir as soon as my examinations will finish on 15th April.
I am extremely glad to learn that you will make
arrangements for my stay in a House Boat. I shall greatly enjoy
it. I am thrilled to think that I shall be enjoying the beauties of
nature in the valley of Kashmir, I hope that my health will also
improve there during my stay.
I am anxiously waiting for the day when my
examination will be over and 1 shall be free to join you and
enjoy your pleasant company.
How is dear Aunt, ? Kindly convey my regards to her.
Yours Affectionately,
Girish

2. You are XYZ. Write a report on the nature and
extent of neglect at the national level In the field of
ports in India. Give a comprehensive account of
your finding and make relevant recommendations
for improving the situation.

[ ANSWER ]
SPORTS : A NEGLECTED LOT
XYZ
Delhi. 20.02.2011 : The failure of Indian sportspersons In
International front is due to the neglect of sports and
sportspersons in the national level. This was found in a recent
survey conducted by Mr. XYZ. The survey was conducted to
reveal nature and extent of neglect at the national level in the
field of sports in India.
The money allocated to the Department of
Sports (union) is a meagre amount and not in consistent with
the population of the country. Our tradition of regarding sports
as luxury is reflected here. The amount is
much less in comparison to other developed and even
underdeveloped countries. The union government sponsors a
selected few sports events and are negligent of a number of
sports. Corruption, bribery and favouritism are the worst
enemies which weaken the government initiatives. So. sports-
persons having talent get little help from the government. The
survey reveals that wildcat) in other countries like Australia
preparation . for the event like Olympics starts before long ago.
In India preparation starts with selection right before the event.
Sports persons who represent our country at the international
level cannot manage nutritious diet of sports material. How can
we expect good performance from them V The only hope is
that some wise corporate houses are coming forward to sponsor
sport events and sports persons. But that too is available to
popular events and successful sports persons.

(i) AIDS Awareness
(it) Service Before Self
(ill) National integration
(iv) Adventure Sports
(v) People who are a Bore !

[ ANSWER ]
(iii) National Integration
National Integration is the most important problem India is
facing today. It means a feeling of oneness and unity, harmony
and love, co-operation and co-ordination among the Indian
people. Unless we develop this sense of unity and subordinate
our narrow considerations to national interest, we might lose
our independence.

29

In simple words, national integration means
cementing all the Indian people into one single nation.
The bond of nationality should over-ride considerations of
caste, language and religion. We must be prepared
to sacrifice ourselves for the sake of India. Our history teaches
us that India became slave whenever there was
disintegration. National Integration is also essential for peace
and harmony. The safety and prosperity of our country depends
upon national integration. Or States are like the limbs and
persons like the muscles of our mother
India. An ailment anywhere paralyses the whole. Prosperity
and health of different slates means the health
and prosperity of the shole India. We have to fight it
collectively. Only then can be hope to win.
There is no mechanical or chemical way of
bringing about national integration. It has to be brought about
gradually and progressively. The first step in this direction lies
in emotional integration. Education should
be directed to secularism. Doordarshn and All India Radio
should inculcate national outlooks. There
should be National Integration Councils at various levels.
National Integration must grow out of the people.
It cannot be brought about by empty slogans and
speeches. The people must realise that the good of the country
and their welfare arc interlink. They must realise the
disintegration will go against their very existence. There are
regions and sub regions in India. They differ from one another
with regard of their socioculture. Each region and sub region
has its own interests and such sentiments are divisible and
disintegrative. Others believe that in a federal national regional
and sub-regional intests and sentiments have always been
there. With minore modifications both the views are correct. If
we examine the first view we can
say that regionalism and sub-regionalism cannot be completely
finished in a federal state. In other words there cannot be
uniformly but there must by unity. Similarly, second view
should be modified regionalism and sub-regionalism should
not dominate nationalism. It should be subordinated to
nationalism. National integration can reconcile regionalism and
nationalism. Alter Independence India became a sovereign
stale and adopted a democratic constitution. Thus India
developed national identity. The development of this Identity
meant subordination of regional identity. We are lndians first
then Punjabis, Bangalis or Maharashtrains. This is
reconciliation of nationalism and regionalism. But unhealthy
regionalism and sub-regionalism. But unhealthy regionalism
and sub-regionalism is dangerous. it can lead to disintegration.

much longer or shorter than the prescribed
length.
answer book.

Coffee comes from coffee beans: and these beans grow on
trees. Coffee trees need sunshine and water, so they grow well
In hot countries like South America, South Africa. India and
the Far East. Coffee trees are very delicate and difficult to
grow, and picking the beans is a long process. The workers
have a hard Job because they pick the beans by hand. This can
take a long time. There are millions of people who drink coffee
in coffee bars or restaurants all over the world. While drinking
coffee they talk about the day's news or they just relax. Coffee
bars are a<good place to meet people for a chat and drinking
coffee is a simple way to relax. People also drink coffee so that
they can keep awake. Students drink it late at night because
they want to study. Lorry drivers drink it because they want to
keep
awake on the road. Most people drink coffee in the morning
when they get up and after each meal. Coffee breaks
arc a good way to relax at work.
Coffee has a bitter taste, and people usually drink it
with sugar or milk. Some people like to drink their
coffee black. In Italy they drink very strong black coffee, its
called Cappuccino.
There are some people who drink their coffee with
warm milk, and the Irish have a special coffee with
whisky in it.
The coffee tree is a native of the highlands of southern
Ethiopia and the name coffee is derived from that
of the Highland district of Kaffa where it was found. From
Ethiopia it was taken across the Red Sea to Saudi
Arabia. The coffee tree bears pulpy barries which are dark red
in colour when ripe and about the size of cherries. Each berry
contains two seeds or beans which are dried, roasted and
ground into coffee powder.

[Answer ]
Title : Coffee
Precis : Coffee, as a stimulant is drunk almost all over the
world, though the preparation of coffee differs as do the tastes.
Coffee originated from the highlands of Ethiopia to which
coffee owes its name. Now coffee is grown mostly in south
America. South Africa, India and the Far East. The pulpy
small barries are picked by the workers from the Coffee trees
which arc grown with difficulty. Each berry contains two seeds
which are dried, roasted and ground into coffee powder. This
coffee powder is finally used to prepare the drink that
nourishes people, keep them awake and accompany them in
gossip. (102 words)

given below :
Dormancy and Conservation of Energy
Another kind of physiological adaptation which the animal
adopt to escape life's difficulties is by sleeping through them.
All birds and mammals which arc considered to be warm-
blooded have built-in regulators to keep their, body
temperatures at or near a normal operating level. In man these
devices are very precise and except in abnormal situations such
as illness and strenuous exercise, we live our lives at a body
temperature between 36.0 and 37.2 Centigrade. But In wild
animals there is a great deal more variation, and some, whose
body temperatures can fall far below normal, are even able to
enter coma-like state known as dormancy. If food supply is
short, an animal can con-

30

serve energy and live much longer by lowering body
temperature and thereby lowering the rate at which food stores
are metabolized or consumed, since it takes fuel to keep the
body furnace going. This is particularly true
of very small animals.
Let us take the example of a very small desert
rodent, the pocket mouse. It is called pocket mouse be-
cause of the seed-carrying pouches in its cheeks. It is a smaller
edition of the kangaroo rat. It stores seeds in its
burrow, gets both food and water from them: it has absolutely
no need to supplement the diet with "green water" from
vegetation. In times of extreme heat and drought, or Airing
periods of severe winter cold, the mouse falls into a deep sleep,
and its body temperature is slightly above that of the burrow.
In summer the ground Is fairly warm, so sleep Is not so
profound as in winter.
The dormancy in the pocket mouse can be Induced
experimentally also by withholding food. II the torpid mouse is
kept at a temperature of about 16 degrees it may drowse for
days, stirring only for short periods. If the temperature is
dropped to near freezing, the mouse can be put into deep
hibernation with a body temperature as low as 6 degrees. At
this point breathing almost stops and the "burning" of food in
the body approaches zero. What little energy is consumed
comes from fat deposits in the body. This is the stale in which
pocket mice and other hibernators spend the cold winter
months. Warm weather revives them, and when fully awake
they emerge as good as new.

QUESTIONS :
(a) Why is a small desert rodent called the pocket mouse ?
(b) How can dormancy be induced in the pocket mouse
experimentally?
(c) How does the pocket mouse feel when it revives after
remaining in a coma-like slate for a long period ?
(d) Say why an animal, especially a small one, goes
into dormancy ?
(d) What happens to an dormancy ?

[Answer]
(a) The small desert rodent is also called pocket mouse because
of the seed-carrying pouches in its checks.
(b) The dormancy can be induced artificially by withholding
food.
(c) It feels as good as new.
(d) The major course, specially in case of small animals. Is
shortage of food supply. There are other adversities also, like
extremely high or law temperature.
(e) During dormancy, the body temperature reaches at the
minimum level and metabolic activities are maintained by
stored nutrients.

**************************************************
**************************************

Descriptive Paper

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Descriptive Paper

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1

Potrebbero piacerti anche