S Lecture 14

MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 14
Partial Derivatives,
Differentiability/Total Derivative
S. Sivaji Ganesh
Mathematics Department
IIT Bombay
September 1, 2009
S. Sivaji Ganesh (IIT Bombay) MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 14 September 1, 2009 1 / 24
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Let f be a function of two variables x and y.
Partial Derivatives
Let f be a function of two variables x and y. Fix a value for y, say y = b
Partial Derivatives
This gives rise to a function g of one variable x given by
Partial Derivatives
This gives rise to a function g of one variable x given by g(x) = f (x, b).
Partial Derivatives
If g has a derivative at a, then we call it the partial derivative of f with
respect to x at (a, b)
Partial Derivatives
respect to x at (a, b) and denote it by f
x
(a, b).
Partial Derivatives
x
(a, b). Similarly, Fix a value for
x, say x = a
Partial Derivatives
x
x, say x = a This gives rise to a function h of one variable y given by
Partial Derivatives
x
h(y) = f (a, y).
Partial Derivatives
x
h(y) = f (a, y). If h has a derivative at b, then we call it the partial
derivative of f with respect to y at (a, b)
Partial Derivatives
x
derivative of f with respect to y at (a, b) and denote it by f
y
(a, b).
Partial Derivatives
x
y
(a, b). Thus,
f
x
(a, b) = lim
h0
f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
h
Partial Derivatives
x
y
(a, b). Thus,
f
x
(a, b) = lim
h0
f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
h
f
y
(a, b) = lim
h0
f (a, b + h) f (a, b)
h
Partial Derivatives
x
y
(a, b). Thus,
f
x
(a, b) = lim
h0
f (a + h, b) f (a, b)
h
f
y
(a, b) = lim
h0
f (a, b + h) f (a, b)
h
if the limit exists.
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Denition: Let f be a function of two variables x and y.
Partial Derivatives
Denition: Let f be a function of two variables x and y. Partial
derivatives of f are the functioins f
x
and f
y
dened by
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
Notations for Partial Derivatives:
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
Notations for Partial Derivatives: If z = f (x, y), we write
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
The symbol should be read as
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
The symbol should be read as del
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
The symbol should be read as del or Do as in TATA DoCoMo.
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
This is not from Greek alphabet!
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
This is not from Greek alphabet! Everything that I dont know
Partial Derivatives
x
and f
y
dened by
f
x
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x + h, y) f (x, y)
h
f
y
(x, y) = lim
h0
f (x, y + h) f (x, y)
h
.
f
x
(x, y) = f
x
=
f
x
=

x
f (x, y) =
z
x
= f
1
= D
1
f = D
x
f
f
y
(x, y) = f
y
=
f
y
=

y
f (x, y) =
z
y
= f
2
= D
2
f = D
y
f .
This is not from Greek alphabet! Everything that I dont know need not
be Greek!!
Partial Derivatives
Partial Derivatives
Rule for nding Partial Derivatives of z = f (x, y):
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
,
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
, regard y as a constant and differentiate f (x, y) wrt x.
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
,
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
, regard x as a constant and differentiate f (x, y) wrt y.
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
Similarly for functions of three variables, f (x, y, z) we can dene
f
x
, f
y
, f
z
.
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
f
x
, f
y
, f
z
.
Exercise: Find f
z
for f (x, y, z) = x sin(y + 3z).
Ans.
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
f
x
, f
y
, f
z
.
Exercise: Find f
z
Ans. f
z
(x, y, z) = 3x cos(y + 3z).
Partial Derivatives
1
To nd f
x
2
To nd f
y
f
x
, f
y
, f
z
.
Exercise: Find f
z
Ans. f
z
(x, y, z) = 3x cos(y + 3z). In this computation, regard x, y as
constants and we differentiated wrt z.
Partial Derivatives: Geometric Interpretation
using Geometric interpretation for derivatives of functions of one
variable.
variable.
f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)
variable.
f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)
Partial Derivatives: Example-1
The plane x = 1 intersects the
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
Find the slope of the tangent
to the parabola at (1, 2, 5).
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
Slope=
z
y
(1, 2).
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
Slope=
z
y
(1, 2).
Slope=4.
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
Slope=
z
y
(1, 2).
Slope=4.
paraboloid z = x
2
+ y
2
in a
parabola.
Slope=
z
y
(1, 2).
Slope=4.
look at the picture
Partial derivatives exist, but function is discontinuous.
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
1
what is lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f (x, y)?
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
1
what is lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f (x, y)?
2
Is f continuous at (0, 0)?
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
1
what is lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f (x, y)?
2
3
f
x
(0, 0), f
y
(0, 0) exist?
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
1
what is lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f (x, y)?
2
3
f
x
(0, 0), f
y
(0, 0) exist?
Let f (x, y) =
0 if xy = 0
1 if xy = 0
Then
1
what is lim
(x,y)(0,0)
f (x, y)?
2
3
f
x
(0, 0), f
y
(0, 0) exist?
look at the picture
Find
z
x
and
z
y
if z is dened implicitly as a function of x, y by equation
yz ln z = x + y.
Find
z
x
and
z
y
yz ln z = x + y.
Answer:
z
x
=
z
yz 1
Find
z
x
and
z
y
yz ln z = x + y.
Answer:
z
x
=
z
yz 1
z
y
=
Find
z
x
and
z
y
yz ln z = x + y.
Answer:
z
x
=
z
yz 1
z
y
= . . . .
Higher Order Partial Derivatives
Seen already: If f is a function of two variables, then its partial
derivatives f
x
and f
y
are also functions of two variables.
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
can be considered (provided they
exist).
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
exist). These are called the second partial derivatives of f .
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
exist). These are called the second partial derivatives of f . Notations
for Second Partial Derivatives:
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
for Second Partial Derivatives: If z = f (x, y), we write
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
(f
x
)
x
= f
xx
= f
11
=

x
f
x
=

2
f
x
2
=

2
z
x
2
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
(f
x
)
x
= f
xx
= f
11
=

x
f
x
=

2
f
x
2
=

2
z
x
2
(f
x
)
y
= f
xy
= f
12
=

y
f
x
=

2
f
yx
=

2
z
yx
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
(f
x
)
x
= f
xx
= f
11
=

x
f
x
=

2
f
x
2
=

2
z
x
2
(f
x
)
y
= f
xy
= f
12
=

y
f
x
=

2
f
yx
=

2
z
yx
(f
y
)
x
= f
yx
= f
21
=

x
f
y
=

2
f
xy
=

2
z
xy
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
(f
x
)
x
= f
xx
= f
11
=

x
f
x
=

2
f
x
2
=

2
z
x
2
(f
x
)
y
= f
xy
= f
12
=

y
f
x
=

2
f
yx
=

2
z
yx
(f
y
)
x
= f
yx
= f
21
=

x
f
y
=

2
f
xy
=

2
z
xy
(f
y
)
y
= f
yy
= f
22
=

y
f
y
=

2
f
y
2
=

2
z
y
2
derivatives f
x
and f
y
Therefore (f
x
)
x
, (f
x
)
y
, (f
y
)
x
, (f
y
)
y
(f
x
)
x
= f
xx
= f
11
=

x
f
x
=

2
f
x
2
=

2
z
x
2
(f
x
)
y
= f
xy
= f
12
=

y
f
x
=

2
f
yx
=

2
z
yx
(f
y
)
x
= f
yx
= f
21
=

x
f
y
=

2
f
xy
=

2
z
xy
(f
y
)
y
= f
yy
= f
22
=

y
f
y
=

2
f
y
2
=

2
z
y
2
2
f
yx
means rst we differentiate f wrt x rst and the resultant is then
differentiated wrt y. (in general, this order is important)
There are functions f of two (three, four, ...) variables such that
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
Find one such f .
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
Find one such f . However, we have a result
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
Theorem (Clairauts Theorem)
Let f be dened on a disk D that contains the point (a, b).
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
Let f be dened on a disk D that contains the point (a, b). If the
functions

2
f
yx
and

2
f
xy
are both continuous on D,
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
functions

2
f
yx
and

2
f
xy
are both continuous on D, then
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
functions

2
f
yx
and

2
f
xy
are both continuous on D, then
2
f
yx
(a, b) =

2
f
xy
(a, b).
We skip its proof.
Differentiability/Total Derivative
Total derivative
Total derivative
So far we considered any given function f of any number of variables,
Total derivative
by xing all but one variables
Total derivative
by xing all but one variables thereby got a function of one variable
Total derivative
by xing all but one variables thereby got a function of one variable and
we essentially did one-variable calculus by dening partial derivatives.
Total derivative
Is there a notion/concept of derivative which deals with all the
independent variables simultaneously
Total derivative
independent variables simultaneously at the same time?
Total derivative
The answer is YES
Total derivative
The answer is YES and it is called Total derivative
Total derivative
The answer is YES and it is called Total derivative or Frchet
derivative.
Total derivative
The answer is YES and it is called Total derivative or Frchet
derivative.
We will dene this notion soon.
Differentiability of functions of several variables
Recall the denition for f function of one real variable:
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
If we want to mimic this formula for a function g of two variables, then
we write
Derivative ofg(x, y) = lim
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
This formula is not meaningful.
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
This formula is not meaningful. Why?
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
This formula is not meaningful. Why? Instead of mimicking this way,
we try another way.
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
we try another way. More precisely, we reformulate the notion of
derivative for functions of one variable differently (already did in
Lecture-3)
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
Lecture-3) and then extend the notion to functions of several variables.
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
However we always deal with functions of two variables for
convenience.
f
(x) = lim
h0
f (x + h) f (x)
h
we write
h0
f ((x, y) +h) f (x, y)
h
However we always deal with functions of two variables for
convenience. You should formulate the corresponding
notions/results/deniitons for functions of three and/or more variables.
A result from Lecture-3 on Differentiability of functions of one
variable:
variable:
Theorem
Let f be dened on an open interval containing a. Then the following
statements are equivalent.
1
f is differentiable at a.
2
There exists a function such that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
variable:
Theorem
Let f be dened on an open interval containing a. Then the following
statements are equivalent.
1
f is differentiable at a.
2
There exists a function such that
f (x) = f (a) + (x a)f
(a) + (x a)(x),
and
lim
xa
(x) = 0.
We imitate the second statement and dene a notion of differentiability
for functions of several variables.
The Increment Theorem
Theorem
Let f be a function of two variables dened on an open disk containing
(x
0
, y
0
).
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
).
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
). Dene
z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
).
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
). Dene
z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). Then z can be written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
). Dene
z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
). Dene
z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
Proof: Write z as
z = z
1
+ z
2
z
1
= f (x
0
+ x, y
0
) f (x
0
, y
0
)
z
2
= f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
+ x, y
0
)
Theorem
(x
0
, y
0
). Let f
x
, f
y
be continuous at (x
0
, y
0
). Dene
z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
Proof: Write z as
z = z
1
+ z
2
z
1
= f (x
0
+ x, y
0
) f (x
0
, y
0
)
z
2
= f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
+ x, y
0
)
Observe: z
1
is variation along x-direction and z
2
is variation along
y-direction.
The Increment Theorem: Proof Contd.
WLOG let x > 0 and y > 0
1
Consider F(x) = f (x, y
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
+ x].
1
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
+ x]. Apply MVT to F and get
a c such that
F(x
0
+ x) F(x
0
) = F
(c)x.
1
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
a c such that
F(x
0
+ x) F(x
0
) = F
(c)x.
z
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x.
1
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
a c such that
F(x
0
+ x) F(x
0
) = F
(c)x.
z
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x.
2
Similarly by applying MVT to G(y) = f (x
0
+ x, y) on
[y
0
, y
0
+ y], get a d such that
G(y
0
+ y) F(y
0
) = G
(d)y.
1
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
a c such that
F(x
0
+ x) F(x
0
) = F
(c)x.
z
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x.
2
0
+ x, y) on
[y
0
, y
0
G(y
0
+ y) F(y
0
) = G
(d)y.
z
2
= f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y.
1
0
) on [x
0
, x
0
a c such that
F(x
0
+ x) F(x
0
) = F
(c)x.
z
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x.
2
0
+ x, y) on
[y
0
, y
0
G(y
0
+ y) F(y
0
) = G
(d)y.
z
2
= f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y.
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
= [f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
]x + [f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) +
2
]y
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
= [f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
]x + [f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) +
2
]y
= f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
= [f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
]x + [f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) +
2
]y
= f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
where
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
) f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
= [f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
]x + [f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) +
2
]y
= f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
where
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
) f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)
2
= f
y
(x
0
+ x, d) f
y
(x
0
, y
0
).
z = z
1
+ z
2
.
= f
x
(c, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+ x, d)y
= [f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) +
1
]x + [f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) +
2
]y
= f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
+, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
where
1
= f
x
(c, y
0
) f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)
2
= f
y
(x
0
+ x, d) f
y
(x
0
, y
0
).
Rest is easy.
Differentiability of a function at a point
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
).
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
differentiable at (x
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) exist and
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
) exist and z can be
written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
f is said to be differentiable on its domain D if it is differentiable at
every point of D.
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
every point of D.
Thus as a corollary to the Increment theorem, we conclude
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
every point of D.
Thus as a corollary to the Increment theorem, we conclude If f has
continuous partial derivatives f
x
, f
y
at every point of its domain,
Denition
(x
0
, y
0
). Dene z := f (x
0
+ x, y
0
+ y) f (x
0
, y
0
). f is said to be
0
, y
0
) if f
x
(x
0
, y
0
) and f
y
(x
0
, y
0
written as
z = f
x
(x
0
, y
0
)x + f
y
(x
0
, y
0
)y +
1
x +
2
y
with
1
,
2
0 as (x, y) (0, 0).
every point of D.
Thus as a corollary to the Increment theorem, we conclude If f has
continuous partial derivatives f
x
, f
y
at every point of its domain, then f
is differentiable at every point of its domain.
Differentiability implies Continuity
Theorem
If a function f (x, y) is differentiable at (x
0
, y
0
),
Theorem
0
, y
0
), then f is continuous at
(x
0
, y
0
).
Theorem
0
, y
0
), then f is continuous at
(x
0
, y
0
).
Proof is an easy exercise.
A few remarks on Differentiability
1
We have not yet mentioned
1
We have not yet mentioned what is (value of) the derivative of f at
(x
0
, y
0
), in case f is differentiable at (x
0
, y
0
).
1
(x
0
, y
0
0
, y
0
). We will do it in the
next class.
1
(x
0
, y
0
0
, y
0
next class.
2
For a function of two or more variables, it is possible that all partial
derivatives exist but function fails to be continuous at some points
of its domain.
1
(x
0
, y
0
0
, y
0
next class.
2
of its domain. Consequently the function can not be differentiable
at those points.
1
(x
0
, y
0
0
, y
0
next class.
2
of its domain. Consequently the function can not be differentiable
at those points.
3
Differentiability (of a function) is somthing more than (the function)
having partial derivatives.
Problems
1
State (formulate) Sandwich theorem for limits of functions of
several variables.
2
Does the limit lim
(x,y)(0,0)
x sin(
1
y
) exist? If yes, what is the limit?
3
Dene f (0, 0 such that the function f (x, y) = ln
3x
2
x
2
y
2
+3y
2
x
2
+y
2
can
be extended to a continuous function at (0, 0).
4
Find as in the denition of continuity for functions:
1
f (x, y) =
x+y
2+cos x
, at (0, 0), for = 0.02.
2
f (x, y, z) = xyz, at (0, 0, 0), for = 0.008.
5
Find all second partial derivates of f (x, y) = ln(3x + 5y).
6
Find
z
y
for (i). z = f (x)g(y) (ii). f(x/y) (iii). f(xy)
7
Give an example of a function of two variables that is continuous
at the origin but not differentiable there.

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MA 105 Calculus: Lecture 14

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