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INTRODUCTION TO STATIC
RESERVOIR MODELING
TRAINING SCHEDULE
Time
Event
09.00-10.30
Introduction
10.30-10.45
Break
10.45-12.00
Geological Control
12.00-13.00
Break
24-Mei-2014
13.00-14.00
Well Correlation
14.00-14.15
Break
14.15-16.00
Seismic Interpretation
16.00-16.15
Homework
25-Mei-2014
09.00-09.30
09.30-10.30
10.30-10.45
10.45-12.00
12.00-13.00
13.00-15.00
15.15-16.00
Review
Geostatistic
Break
Geometry Modeling
Break
Facies & Property Modeling
Volumetric & Uncertainty
PEMODELAN STATIS
PREPARATION
Acquiring
Contract Area
EXPLORATION
DEVELOPMENT
Resources
Reserves
Reserves
Production
PRODUCTION
Product
Optimization
MARKETING
Finding
Market
SKKMIGAS, 2013
PEMODELAN STATIS
GEOLOGICAL MODELING
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Suppose you are required to prospect a very large area for gold. You
have all the necessary tools for drilling to mine a spot for gold.
However, due to costs and technical difficulty you do not have the
luxury to mine physically the whole area (with extensive drilling) in
order to find out the locations where gold is deposited in high
amounts. Another problem that complicates your objective is that there
is no precedence of gold mining in your area (i.e., no body really
knows the geology or any historical fact to guide you to choosing
drilling locations that may have a high probability of having gold
deposits.)
So what do you do?
(the founder of geostatistics Dr. Krige in South Africa was faced with the
same problem some 80 years ago)
PEMODELAN STATIS
GEOSTATISTICS
Geostatistics defined as the branch of statistical sciences that studied
spatial/temporal phenomena and capitalizes on spatial relationship to
model possible value(s) at unobserved, unsample location. (Caers,
2005)
Geostatistics concept:
Quantify Spatial Relationship (i.e. by using Variogram)
The non-randomness of geological phenomena entails that value
measured close to each other are more alike than value measure
farther apart.
Modeling Spatial Relationship
Estimation: Kriging
Simulation: Conditional Simulation (SGS/SIS/TGS)
GEOLOGICAL MODELING
Geomodeling consists of the set of all the mathematical methods
allowing to model in an unified way the topology, the geometry and the
physical properties of geological objects while taking into account any
type of data related to these objects. (Mallet, 2002)
A Geomodel is the numerical equivalent of a three-dimensional
geological map complemented by a description of physical quantities
in the domain of interest. (Mallet, 2008)
Geologic modeling or Geomodeling is the applied science of creating
computerized representations of portions of the Earth's crust based
on geophysical and geological observations made on and below the
Earth surface. (Wikipedia)
PEMODELAN STATIS
DEVELOPMENT OF GEOMODEL
In the 70's, geomodelling mainly consisted of automatic 2D
cartographic techniques such as contouring, implemented as
FORTRAN routines communicating directly with plotting hardware.
The advent of workstations with 3D graphics capabilities during the
80's gave birth to a new generation of geomodelling software with
graphical user interface which became mature during the 90's
Since its inception, geomodelling has been mainly motivated and
supported by oil and gas industry.
PEMODELAN STATIS
APPLICATION
Geomodeling
Application
Mining
Petroleum
Basin
Geothermal
Reservoir
Unconvention
al
Conventional
Silisiclastics
Carbonate
Hydrology
Basement
Tight Sand
Shale
Hydrocarbon
Coal Bed
Methane
Basin Modeling
Looks into larger aspects like existence of
a petroleum system in the area
Aim is to predict
Reservoir development, Source rock
maturation,
Migration history, Thermal history,
Pressure development etc.
Reservoir Modeling
Looks into finer aspects of the reservoir
Static Static model
Presents the current geologic setup
Presents the current state of tectonic
deformation
Presents the current state of
stratigraphy
Models current distribution of rock
properties
PEMODELAN STATIS
Conventional
Hydrodynamic emplacement and
trapping
Controlled by local structure and
stratigraphy
Well defined limits (e.g. seal and
fluid contact)
Discrete fields
Un-stimulated Production
Unconventional
Trapping not hydrodynamic
Controlled by regional stratigraphy
Poorly defined limits
Continuous or Dispersed
Accumulations
Requires stimulation / de-watering
SOURCE OF DATA
Source of data are reservoir modeling:
Geological Data any data related to the style of geological
deposition:
Core data porosity, permeability, and relative permeability per
facies
Well log data any suite of logs that indicate lithology,
petrophysics, and fluid types near the wellbore
Sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretation
Outcrop analog data
Geophysical Data any data originating from seismic surveys:
Surface and fault interpreted on 3D seismic
Seismic Attribute
Rock physics data
Reservoir Engineering Data any data related to the testing and
production of the reservoir:
Pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) data.
Well-test data
Production data
PEMODELAN STATIS
ROLE OF GEOMODELER
Data QC and data harmonization (structural, sedimentological, petrophysical,
geophysical and geomechanical analysis)
Elaboration of conceptual model as an integrated process that involves experts from
various fields
Structural modeling: Incorporate relevant structural elements and delineate
different fault blocks
Gridding of target area
Facies Modeling (Sequential Indicator Simulation (SIS), Truncated Gaussian
Simulation (TGS), object based modeling or Multi Point Statistics (MPS))
Petrophysical Modeling: Geostatistical data analysis and simulation (Sequential
Gaussian Simulation (SGS) and co-simulation)
Water saturation modeling (J-function analysis)
Static Model upscaling
Uncertainty Analysis: Visualize dependencies between the input parameters
(seismic, structure, facies, petrophysics) and quantification and visualization of the
spatial location and variability of the uncertainty
Discrete Fractured Network modeling (DFN)
GEOLOGICAL CONTROL
PEMODELAN STATIS
SILISICLASTICS
CARBONATES
PEMODELAN STATIS
FRACTURED BASEMENT
SHALE HYDROCARBON
10
PEMODELAN STATIS
11
PEMODELAN STATIS
WELL CORRELATION
12
PEMODELAN STATIS
Scope of discussion
Sequence
Stratigraphy Concepts
Electrofacies
Regional Geology of Jambi Sub-Basin
Core Description
Sequence Stratigraphy Correlation
Sediment patterns in siliciclastic non-marine and shelf deposits are controlled by two
fundamental parameters :
1. The rate of sediment influx (Sedimentation rate)
2. Changes in the potental space available for sedimentation (Space accomodation)
13
PEMODELAN STATIS
14
PEMODELAN STATIS
15
PEMODELAN STATIS
Electrofacies
Serra. O, 1985
Electrofacies
Fluvial Environment
16
PEMODELAN STATIS
Electrofacies
Electrofacies
Delta Environment
17
PEMODELAN STATIS
Electrofacies
Electrofacies
18
PEMODELAN STATIS
Core Description
Sequence Statigraphic Analysis of Well Log
Previous Study
Interval: 1219.00 - 1229.43 M
top
bottom
19
PEMODELAN STATIS
FERG-2
Lowstand
aggradation
Core
interval
Highstand
progradatio
nal
Transgresisi
ve
retrogradati
onal
Lowstand
aggradation
Lower Pendopo
Transgresisi
ve
retrogradati
onal
Upper Pendopo
20
PEMODELAN STATIS
Scope of discussion
Definition review
Scale of observation
Reservoir Geometry
21
PEMODELAN STATIS
Almost on
Sedimentary Rocks
Introduction
Geology control
Silisiclastic
Geostatistic
Geometrical modelling
Property Modelling
Volumetric
Sedimentology and
Stratigraphy
Factor
Geological Factor
Definition review
22
PEMODELAN STATIS
Definition review
Sedimentology of the scientific study of sediments (unconsolidated) and
sedimentary rocks (consolidated) in terms of their description,
classification, origin and diagenesis (Shanmugam, 2006).
Good News!!
23
PEMODELAN STATIS
Definition Review
Stratigraphy is a branch of geology which studies rock layers (strata) and
layering (stratification)(Wikipedia.org).
Some stratigraphic subfields :
Lithologic stratigraphy
Biologic stratigraphy
Chronostratigraphic
Magnetostratigraphic
Archeological stratigraphy
Definition Review
Sequence stratigraphy is a methodology that provides a
framework for the elements of any depositional setting,
facilitating paleogeographic reconstruction and the prediction of
facies and lithologies away from control point
(Catuneanu, 2011)
24
PEMODELAN STATIS
Scale of observation
Stage I
: Geological Assesment
provides a description of the sandbody dimensions, geometry, and
connectivity.
Stage II : Petrophysical Evaluation
focuses on the rock and fluid
systems at a much smaller scale,
i.e. the pore scale.
Stage III : Formation Evaluation
pore-scale descriptions from Stage
II are upscaled and integrated into
continuous profiles of porosity,
permeability, water saturation,
and hydraulic rock types at the
wellbore
Stage IV : Reservoir Modeling
: Sedimentology and stratigraphy applied
: Sedimentology and stratigraphy model applied
Gunter et al (1997)
25
PEMODELAN STATIS
Scale of observation
Mini-scale
Core description include lithology, sedimentary structure and
textural atribute.
Scale of observation
Meso-scale
Upscaled interpretation of the vertical distribution of the depositional
rock type and identification of the processes influencing their vertical
distribution.
26
PEMODELAN STATIS
Scale of observation
Mega-scale
The associated geologic processes and the depositional rock types are interpreted in terms of
depositional environments that further provide insights into the initial reservoir dimensions,
geometry, position, and connectivity.
Reservoir Geometry
Mini-Scale
Meso-Scale
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PEMODELAN STATIS
Reservoir Geometry
Mega Scale
28
PEMODELAN STATIS
GEOSTATISTICS IN RESERVOIR
MODELING
OUTLINE
Introduction
Some
basic definition
Spatial Statistics
Deterministic Modeling
Stochastic Modeling
29
PEMODELAN STATIS
INTRODUCTION
What is Geostatistics?
Geostatistics: study of phenomena that vary in space and/or time (Deutsch, 2002)
Geostatistics can be regarded as a collection of numerical techniques that deal with the
characterization of spatial attributes, employing primarily random models in a manner similar
to the way in which time series analysis characterizes temporal data. (Olea, 1999)
Geostatistics offers a way of describing the spatial continuity of natural phenomena and
provides adaptations of classical regression techniques to take advantage of this continuity.
(Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989)
Statistical technique that accounts for spatial relationships of variables in estimating values of
the variables at unsampled locations. (Kelkar and Perez, 19??)
30
PEMODELAN STATIS
Application of Geostatistics
Limitations of Geostatistics
31
PEMODELAN STATIS
Reservoir Modeling
BASIC DEFINITION
32
PEMODELAN STATIS
Vs.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Anisotopy:
a)
1
b)
0.8
c)
0.5
d)
0.2
The direction
of Maximum continuity
high Heterogeneity
Low Heterogeneity
The direction
of Minimum continuity
STATIONARY
33
PEMODELAN STATIS
Mean Value
Arithmetic
Geometric
Harmonic
Deterministic Vs Stochastic
Deterministic If One Knows Enough About the Process Responsible for
the Distribution
Stochastic If the Underlying Process Is Not Well Understood
Equation
Velocity and Angle Ball Is
Thrown
Gravitational Constant
(g)
Stochastic Models
34
PEMODELAN STATIS
Estimation Vs Simulation
Estimation is Process of Obtaining the
Single Best Value of a Reservoir
Property at an Unsampled Location.
Local Accuracy Takes Precedence Over
Global Spatial Variability. Estimation
Methods, Therefore, Tend to Produce
Smooth Property Distributions.
Many Traditional Methods
Block Averages
Inverse Distance Weighted
Interpolation
Triangulation
Estimation Vs Simulation
Estimation
Simulation
Effective Porosity
35
PEMODELAN STATIS
SPATIAL STATISTICS
Spatial Analysis
Characteristics of Geoscience Data Sets : Exhibit Spatial
Relationships
neighboring values are related to each other
The relationship gets stronger as the distance between two
neighbors becomes smaller
In most instances, beyond certain distance the neighboring
values becomes uncorrelated
Statistical methods to quantify spatial relationship:
Covariance
Variogram
36
PEMODELAN STATIS
Covariance
Variogram
37
PEMODELAN STATIS
Covariance
Variogram
Variogram
38
PEMODELAN STATIS
DETERMINISTIC MODELING
ESTIMATION
Estimation means the process to estimate the value at
interwell locations.
Common method : Linear Interpolation.
Linear Interpolation in Geostatistics is done using Kriging
Kriging is named after it founder Danny Krige, a gold miner
scientist from South Africa (1948)
Kriging is a deterministic method.
The main difference between kriging and conventional
linear interpolation is the use of spatial relationship (i.e.,
variogram), instead of based on pre-defined formula.
39
PEMODELAN STATIS
LOCAL ESTIMATION
Point Estimation Methods
Simple Kriging
Ordinary Kriging
Universal Kriging
Kriging with Trend
Collocated Cokriging
40
PEMODELAN STATIS
Stochastic modeling
SEQUENTIAL SIMULATION
The most popular technique in reservoir description
Uses grid based method
Can generate multiple realizations of various reservoir
attributes
The two common most methods are: Sequential Indicator
Simulation (SIS) and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS)
TGS :
Combination of SGS and SIS
Provide smoother distributin of discrete variable
To honor local relationships among various attributes, cosimulation method is used
41
PEMODELAN STATIS
SEQUENTIAL SIMULATION
PROCEDURE:
Transform
Variogram Analysis
Random Path Determination
Kriging
Uncertainty Quantification
Back Transform
Transform
Gaussian Transform:
Transform the data (may be originally as continuous or discrete
variable) to become Continuous variable
In most cases, SGS is used for continuous variable but, it may also
be used for discrete variable (e.g., TGS)
42
PEMODELAN STATIS
4 realizations
4 realizations
43
PEMODELAN STATIS
4 realizations
4 realizations
44
PEMODELAN STATIS
STATIC MODELING
45
PEMODELAN STATIS
STATIC MODELING
PENDAHULUAN
WORKFLOW
MODEL GRID
MODEL FACIES
MODEL PETROFISIKA
PERHITUNGAN VOLUMETRIK
UPSCALE
PENDAHULUAN
46
PEMODELAN STATIS
DEFINISI UMUM
WORKFLOW
47
PEMODELAN STATIS
WORKFLOW
Petrophysical
Intepretation
Geological
Intepretation
Geophysical
Intepretation
Static Model
(base case)
Well Test
DST/MDT/RFT
Bubble Map
Dynamic Data
Validation
Material Balance
Uncertainty Analysis
Scale Up
Overall Workflow
WORKFLOW
Input Data
Model Grid
Model Facies
Model
Petrofisika
Perhitungan
Volumetrik
UPSCALING
Intepretasi
Petrofisika
Model Patahan
Scale Up Well
Log
Scale Up Well
Log
OOIP/OGIP
Design
Intepretasi
Geofisika
Areal Gridding
Analisis
Geostatistik
Analisis
Geostatistik
Analisis
Sensitivitas
Structural
Upscale
Interpretasi
Geologi
Model Horison
Trend Modeling
Distribusi
Phi,K,Sw,NtG
mengacu
terhadap Facies
/ Rocktype
Analisis
Ketidakpastian
Properties
Upscale
Analisis Teknik
Reservoir
Zonasi
Distribusi
Facies
Validasi dengan
Data Dynamic
Pembuatan
Lapisan
Integrasi
Konsep Geologi
Grid Quality
Control
48
PEMODELAN STATIS
KEBUTUHAN DATA
KEBUTUHAN DATA
Intepretasi
Geofisika
Intepretasi
Geologi
Intepretasi
Petrofisika
Korelasi Sumur
Porositas
Bubble Map
Saturasi Air
Interpretasi Seismik
Atribut Seismik
Analisis Teknik
Reservoir
Boi & Bg
Fasies Geologi
Permeabilitas
Rock Type
Kontak Fluida
Persamaan Saturasi Diatas Kontak
* Tipikal data pada reservoir konvensional, dapat berbeda pada kasus reservoir unconventional
49
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL GRID
Objektif
Workflow
Model Patahan
Areal Gridding
Model Lapisan
OBJEKTIF
Membangun arsitektur dari reservoir dengan membaginya menjadi grid
block dengan ukuran yang konsisten terhadap resolusi data statik
Menggabungkan patahan dan horison hasil interpretasi seismik
Membagi zona berdasarkan kombinasi data seismik dan sumur
Membagi perlapisan pada tiap zona berdasarkan kondisi geologi
50
PEMODELAN STATIS
WORKFLOW
Model Patahan
Areal
Gridding
Model Horison
Quality Control
Model Zona
Model Lapisan
WORKFLOW
Bahar, 2012
51
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL PATAHAN
MODEL PATAHAN
TUJUAN:
Memasukkan hasil Patahan interpretasi seimik kedalam
Model Grid
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Patahan yang dimodelkan sebaiknya HANYA patahan
yang berkontribusi terhadap geometri dan properti
reservoir
Geometri Patahan: Vertikal, Miring, Listrik
Hubungan antar patahan (Memotong secara
lateral/Vertikal*)
Smoothing dan editing sebaiknya melihat kembali data
seismik (lakukan terlebih dahulu pada domain time)
karena akan mempengaruhi volume reservoir
Kaidah geologi struktur
* Patahan yang memotong secara vertikal akan mempengaruhi
bentuk grid, biasanya memerlukan perhatian khusus. Lebih baik
dihindari
52
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL PATAHAN
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Patahan yang dimodelkan sebaiknya HANYA patahan yang
berkontribusi terhadap geometri dan properti reservoir
Man in Charge:
Geologist dan Reservoir Engineer
MODEL PATAHAN
53
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL PATAHAN
Common Practice:
-
Kumpulkan semua patahan hasil interpretasi, diskusikan bersama geologist dan reservoir enggineer
patahan mana saja yang akan dimodelkan.
Tentukan bentuk dari masing masing patahan. Untuk model skala reservoir biasanya pilar linear
dengan 2 atau 3 poin sudah cukup untuk memodelkan patahan.
Pastikan apakah terdapat patahan yang berpotongan secara vertikal, jika ada diskusikan kembali
dengan geologi dan geofisika apakah kedua patahan tersebut penting, jika ia maka diperlukan
perhatian khusus.
Diskusikan apakah hasil model patahan sudah baik dari sisi geologi, geofisika dan reservoir.
AREAL GRIDDING
54
PEMODELAN STATIS
AREAL GRIDDING
TUJUAN:
Membuat grid secara lateral yang meggambarkan heterogenitas
secara areal.
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Usahakan tidak ada 2 atau lebih sumur dalam satu grid, kecuali
twin well atau beroperasi pada waktu yang berbeda
AREAL GRIDDING
55
PEMODELAN STATIS
AREAL GRIDDING
AREAL GRIDDING
56
PEMODELAN STATIS
AREAL GRID
Common Practice:
- Tentukan area yang ingin dimodelkan.
- Buat batasan model berupa poligon, usahakan searah dengan patahan utama.
- Berikan arah pada setiap patahan yang berarah sama, manfaatkan fitur
Automatic direction assignment pada perangkat lunak pemodelan
- Tentukan besaran grid yang paling sesuai pada model yang akan dibangun
- Periksa hasil grid, apakah terdapat grid yang masih bisa dioptimasi
57
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL HORIZONE
TUJUAN:
Integrasi hasil korelasi sumur dan intepretasi seismik (fault
dan horison) kedalam model pilar yang telah dibuat.
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
MODEL HORISON
Input horison
Hasil model
58
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL ZONE
TUJUAN:
Membagi lapisan didalam horison yang tidak
dapat didapatkan melalui intepretasi seismik.
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Zonasi dibagi berdasarkan konsep geologi
(Chrono / Lito)
MODEL LAPISAN
59
PEMODELAN STATIS
MODEL LAPISAN
PHI
SW
NTG
TUJUAN:
Membagi setiap lapisan reservoir menjadi
lapisan tipis sesuai dengan resolusi data
(fine layer)
HAL YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Ukuran lapisan harus dapat
mencapture tingkat heterogenitas
vertikal reservoir
Tipe Layering
Jumlah total grid cell
MODEL LAPISAN
60
PEMODELAN STATIS
TUJUAN:
Memasukkan nilai
sumuran kedalam grid
block
HAL YANG HARUS
DIPERHATIKAN:
Metode scale up
Hasil Upscale
61
PEMODELAN STATIS
Evaluasi histogram data log sumur dan hasil scale up. Jika perbedaan cukup
signifikan, perbanyak jumlah layer pada zona yang bermasalah
62
PEMODELAN STATIS
FACIES MODELING
63
PEMODELAN STATIS
TOPICS
GEOLOGICAL FACIES
Definition :
Ideally, a facies is a distinctive rock unit that forms under certain conditions of sedimentation,
reflecting a particular process or environment
Facies are distinguished by what type of the rock is being studied (e.g., Lithofacies (based on
petrological) , Biofacies (based on fossil),
Lithofacies classifications are a purely geological grouping of reservoir rocks, which have similar
texture, grain size, sorting etc.
Each lithofacies indicates a certain depositional environment with a distribution trend and dimension.
Knowledge in Facies is important as it provides information on how the rock is ditributed in the
reservoir
64
PEMODELAN STATIS
65
PEMODELAN STATIS
FACIES MODELING
Gaussian Simulation
TGS
SIS
Well log
Trend Property
66
PEMODELAN STATIS
Gaussian Simulation
TGS
Constraint to
Facies model
Facies Modelling
Facies model
Rocktype Model
67
PEMODELAN STATIS
PETROPHYSICAL MODELING
68
PEMODELAN STATIS
Constraint To
Rocktype
Linear
relationships /
Simulation
Water Saturation
Constraint To
Rocktype
Guided by
Seismic Attribute
SIS
Permeability
Constraint To
Rocktype
Guided by
Seismic Attribute
SIS
Porosity
Vsh
PROPERTIES MODEL
Constrain to
Rocktype
Saturation
height function
i.e. J-Function
Key Issues:
Good 3D Facies Model and/or good correlation with Seismic Attribute (e.g.,
Acoustic Impedance) is essential for the success of Porosity Modeling
69
PEMODELAN STATIS
VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION
VOULUMETRIC CALCULATION
70
PEMODELAN STATIS
More is the hard data we have , less is the uncertainty in the model
Calculating the uncertainty in the model, tells us how realistic is the
Model made with the available data
Errors/Uncertainty in 3D interpolation
Uncertainty in the Model is a Cumulative Result of all the above
mentioned factors
71
PEMODELAN STATIS
72
PEMODELAN STATIS
Variogram
Permeability
Sw
Cutoff
Boi
73
PEMODELAN STATIS
74
History
Start in 2012 this
research group
dedicated to educate
young researcher to
develop the country
especially in energy
resources.
What we do
Study of oil and gas
area related to
Formation Evaluation
research field, Join
Discussion Group,
Training, Seminar, and
Project.
Experience
SOP Petrophysical Multimin Dual Water Saturation Shally Sand and Dual Porosity Carbonate. UTC
Pertamina. October 2012 April 2013.
G&G Study MAC and MDK Field. Husky-Cnooc Madura Ltd. April June 2013.
Petrophysical analysis of MMC Parigi. ETTI Pertamina EP. July Augustus 2013.
G&G Basic Training. Pusat Survey Geologi. Augustus September 2013.
G&G Study of Kenali Asam Dangkal Field. EOR Pertamina. October December 2013.
Provision of Basin Study and Petroleum System of West Galagah kambuna Block, North Sumatra Basin.
Petronas Carigali (West Galagah kambuna) Ltd. December 2013 May 2014.
GGRPFE Study of South jambi B Field. Pertamina Hulu Energy. Maret Oktober 2014.
SOP Rock Typing and Static Model Carbonate and Silisiclastic. UTC Pertamina. January October 2014.
Studi Karakterisasi Reservoir Gas Metana Batubara (CBM) Cekungan Sumatra
Selatan, Barito, dan Kutai. Pertamina Hulu Energy. On Going.
G& G Betun Selo Field . PT Petroenim Betun Selo, February 2012
Petrophysical Training , PT. Tropic Energy, 2013
Resertifikasi Cadangan Struktur Donggi, matindok, Maleoraja, dan Minahaki, Sulawesi tengah, MGDP
Pertamina EP
GGR Study of Badik Structure , PHE Nunukan, on going