1 PAPER 3 - TOURISM

TOURISM:
All temporary visits to another region domestically or internationally which lasts for more than 24 hours. This
includes visits for holidays, sport, health, education, religion, business and visits to friends and family.

LEISURE:
All recreational and tourists activities whether they are home-based or not (free-time).

RECREATION:
All activities that are undertaken voluntarily for personal pleasure or enjoyment in a persons leisure time.

FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH OF TOURISM:
1. NATURAL
LANDSCAPE
Mountain the Alps. Natural history the Galapagos Islands. Coasts the Great
barrier Reef. Forests Amazon Rainforest. Deserts Tunisia. Polar areas Iceland.
Rivers Grand Canyon. Wildlife Safari in Kenya.
2. CLIMATE
Hot, sunny and dry areas are very attractive to most tourists such as Kenya which
has tropical climate.
3. CULTURAL
Language. Customs. Clothing. Food. Architecture. Theme parks for examples
recreation Paris. Religion Mecca. Education Oxford.
4. SOCIAL FACTORS
Increasing affluence people in employment earns high salaries and greater
income, people in full-time employment receive pay allowing them to travel
further. Leisure time - shorter working week, flexitime, more people working from
home, more firms employing part-time workers, ageing population still active.
Longer holiday. Paid holiday. Better mobility and transport. More working women.
Age of tourists.
5. ECONOMIC
FACTORS
Exchange rates cheaper places e.g. Spain and Turkey attract tourist. Foreign
exchange foreign currency earned. Multiplier effects the processes that
increase the amount of new investment and development in one area
compared with others. Employment. Infrastructure. Leakages.
6. TECHNOLOGICAL
FACTORS
Improvements in air transport e.g. Jet aircrafts. Improvements in communication.
Improvements in information technology e.g. internets.
7. POLITICAL
FACTORS
Political instability e.g. in 1992 military coup in Thailand led to a 20% to 30% drop
in the occupancy rate in luxury hotels. In 1999 the Kosovo crisis led to a reduction
in US tourists to Europe. Terrorism e.g. in Egypt.
8. DISEASES Malaria. AIDS. Cholera. In 1995 Ebola virus in Zaire.
9. SPORTING
EVENTS
Events such as World Cup e.g. France in 1998. Olympic games e.g. Sydney in
2000. The Cricket World Cup e.g. Britain in 1999.

DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF TOURISM
Fluctuation in demand (tourist visit): depend on the season e.g. high demand during school holidays or
public holidays.

How to increase the low demand?
Promotion in new non-traditional source areas. Diversifying the product e.g. the conference trade, off-
peak deals, packages, special holidays e.g. fitness. Raising the game e.g. exclusivity, luxury, eco-tourism?

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IMPACT OF TOURISM
POSITIVE/ADVANTAGES/BENEFITS NEGATIVES/DISADVANTAGES/PROBLEMS

ECONOMIC

Increase gross domestic product (GDP) directly
and indirectly via multiplier. For example;
Jamaica in 2007 reached GDP of $1.2 billion.

Taxes on tourism increase government revenue.

Increased foreign exchange earnings.

Foreign investment. For example in Jamaica
during 1970s, the government introduced the
Jamaicanisation policies to attract much
foreign investment in tourism.

Created employment, including in unskilled
occupation; labour-intensive.

Helps fund new infrastructure and facilities
which local people can also use.

Stimulates and diversifies economic activity in
other sector local craft revival, manufacturers,
services and agriculture.

May act as a seedbed for entrepreneurship,
with spin-offs into other sectors.

Improves balance of payments through
increased trade.
May divert government expenditure from other
needy areas of the economy.

Requires government expenditure on tourism.

Over-dependence on outside agencies and
some external control on the economy.

Leakages: the money earned by tourism is
transferred back to the other country. For
example in Kenya, up to 17% of tourist
expenditure leaks out, often to developed
country.
Leakages can take place in five ways:
1. Foreign workers send the money home.
2. Travel costs to airlines and ships.
3. Payment for goods and services imported
for tourism payment to foreign owners of
hotels and other amenities.
4. Foreign debt in developing the
infrastructure for tourism.

Profits may go overseas.

Overstretches infrastructure.

Spread effects limited and may therefore
increase regional inequalities between tourist
growth areas and less developed periphery.

Divert labour and resources away from non-
tourist regions and may affect peripheral areas,
leading to out-migration to tourist resort
opportunities.

Labour unskilled and seasonal.
Foreign personnel and firms dominate
managerial and higher-paid posts, reducing
opportunities for local people.

Inflated prices for land, housing, food and
clothes.


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SOCIAL
Cultural exchange stimulated with broadening
of horizons and reduction of prejudices
amongst tourist visitors and host population.

May enhance role and status of women in
society, as opportunity for goals in tourism is
created and outlook widened.

Encourages education.

Encourages travel, mobility and social
integration.

Improves services (electricity and health),
transport (new roads, airports) and widens
range of shops and leisure amenities.
May cause polarization between population in
advancing tourist regions and less developed
areas, creating a dual society.

Increases rift between rich and poor.

Breakdown of traditional family values creates
material aspirations.

Breakdown of families due to stress between
younger generation, who are affected by
imported culture, and older members of
household.

Social pathology, including an increase in
prostitution, drugs and petty crime.

Increases health risk e.g. AIDS.

CULTURAL
May save aspects of indigenous culture due to
tourist interest in them.

Contact with other cultures may enrich
domestic culture through new ideas and
customs being introduced.

Encourages contact and harmonious relations
between people of different cultures.

Increases international understanding.
Impact of commercialization may lead to
pseudo-cultural activities to entertain tourists
and, at extreme, may cause disappearance or
dilution of indigenous culture.

Mass tourism may create antagonism from host
population who are concerned for traditional
values, e.g. dress, religion.

Westernization of culture, food (McDonalds)
and drink (Cola-Cola).














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ENVIRONMENT
Improved landscaping and architectural
standards in resort areas, including increased
local funding for improvement of local housing,
etc.

Promotes interest in monuments and historic
buildings, and encourages funding to conserve
and maintain them.

May induce tighter environmental legislation to
protect environment i.e. landscape, heritage
sites (Taj Mahal), wildlife (Safari).

Establishment of nature reserves and National
Parks; growing tourist interest and awareness
protect areas from economic and building
encroachment.

Poor building and infrastructure development
tourist complexes do not integrate with local
architecture.

Destruction of natural environment and wildlife
habitat marine, coastal and inland.

Excessive pressure leads to air, land, noise,
visual and water pollution, and breakdown in
water supplies, etc.

Traffic congestion and pollution.

Clearance of natural vegetation, loss of
ecosystems

CARRYING CAPACITY:
The number of visitors that can be catered for in a resort before the tourist experiences declines and the
resort becomes less attractive as a destination.

It is also called the ceiling or saturation level whereby the population is the largest which can be
supported without causing irreversible damage to the environment.

Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people relative to the resource and the tourists ruin the
attraction. These ties in with Doxeys irritation index of residents attitudes to tourism.

DOXEYS IRRITATION INDEX
It shows how residents attitudes to tourists change over time. After initial phase of acceptance and
welcome, the atmosphere becomes hostile.

Stages of development
EUPHORIA
Initial phase of development, visitors and investors welcome, little planning or
control mechanism.
APATHY
Visitors taken for granted, contacts between residents and outsiders more
formal (commercial), planning concerned mostly with marketing.
ANNOYANCE
Saturation points approached, residents have misgivings about tourist industry,
policy makers attempt solutions via increasing infrastructure rather than limiting
growth.
ANTAGONISM
Irritations openly expressed, visitors seen as cause of all problems, planning now
remedial but promotion increased to offset deteriorating reputation of
destination.



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MULTIPLIER EFFECTS:
The processes of that increase the amount of new investment and development in one area compared
with others. It is geographical equivalent of the rich getting richer, while the poor getting poorer. The
theory is based on the work of Gunnar Myrdal (1957). He believed that over time, multiplier effects cause
economic forces to reinforce and increase regional inequalities rather than reduce them.

Initial comparative advantages such as location, natural resources or labour, provide the stimulus for
development in a particular location. In turn, cumulative causation (the multiplier effect) occurs as a
acquired advantages are developed and reinforce the areas reputation thereby attracting further
investment. The acquired advantages include improvements in infrastructure, skilled workforce and
increased tax revenues. Further investments makes the area increasingly attractive compared with other
areas, thus attracting more investment.

LIFE CYCLE MODEL
What?
According to Butler (1980), there is a cycle in the development of tourist resorts.
Initially visitors come in small numbers.
Numbers are restricted by lack of access, facilities and knowledge, but as awareness increases,
visitors numbers increase.
With marketing and improved facilities, the popularity of the resort increases and more tourists
visit.
However as the numbers increase, the carrying capacity is reached and the attractiveness of the
area declines.



















EXPLORATION
A small number of tourists visit a destination.
There are no impacts on the area.
There are physical and cultural attractions.

Example:
1735 Blackpools first guesthouse opened, owned by Edward Whiteside. The
only visitors were the landed gentry (rich people) who would ride on the beach
and bathe in the sea.

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INVOLVEMENT
Visitors numbers start to increase.
More hotels are built.
Transport is improved, railway lines built to the resort.

Example:
1819 Henry Banks opened the Lanes End Hotel which was Blackpools first
hotel. In 1846, the railway line was completed to Blackpool, cutting the costs
and time. It became cheaper to travel so many working class visitors began
coming to Blackpool every weekend.
DEVELOPMENT
Visitor numbers continue to increase.
There are still mainly physical and cultural attractions.
Some built attractions are beginning to develop.
The host community is becoming more involved with tourism.
Package holidays will be offered.

Example:
1870 Central pier opened with open-air dancing for everyone. A new
promenade was opened to the South which linked the different areas of
Blackpool together.
CONSOLIDATION
The numbers of the tourists continue to increase but not as quickly.
Transport routes and access to the resort have been improved.
The majority of the local people now work in the tourist industry and the
local economy relies on tourism income.
There are many facilities for tourists which are beginning to impact on the
environment.

Example:
1912 Many attractions were built such as the Grand theatre, Church Street.
Blackpool illuminations were first switched on in 1912.
STAGNATION
The facilities and services become old and run down.
The negative impacts on the environment are becoming more obvious.
Visitor numbers are declining.
The host community begins to resent the tourists who have taken over their
town.

Example:
1986 The Sandcastle (an indoor swimming pool) and Blackpool Zoo opened.
But visitor numbers were starting to decline.
DECLINE
Tourist numbers start to decline dramatically.
The local economy is severely affected and many people lose their jobs.
The image of the resort suffers and as a result fewer people visit.

Example:
1987 Blackpool has run down areas. Annual day visits declined from 7.4 million
to 3l.9 million.

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REJUVENATION
Once in decline many resorts fail to recover.
Other destinations are really successfully regenerated. This usually involves
investing a lot of money to improve facilities and amenities.
The resorts have to be made up-to-date.

Example:
2004 St Johns Square is an important public space in the centre of Blackpool.
This area has been pedestrianized and new planting, paving and lighting has
been added. This is to attract and enhance the character, appearance and
atmosphere of the area. A Wave sculpture has been added and Wi-Fi
connectivity included too. Houndshill Shopping Centre has been redeveloped
to improve shopping in the town centre. Coastal Protection the Sea defenses
had been damaged ion Blackpool. They have been replaced with 'Spanish
steps' leading down to the sea that will protect the coastline and increase
public access to the seafront. Pleasure beach at Blackpool attracts visitors. 11
million people came to visit Blackpool.

ECO-TOURISM:
Describe as a green or alternative (unconventional) form of sustainable tourism. It generally takes
place in remote areas, with low density of tourists; the facilities were originally at a fairly basic level, but
gradually becoming more comfortable. It often involves tourism that explorers ecology and ecosystems
such as game parks, nature reserves, coral reefs and forest parks.

It aims to give people first-hand experience of natural environments and to show them the importance of
conservation.

Characteristics include:
Planning and control of tourist developments so that they fit in with local conditions.
Increasing involvement and control by local or regional communities.
Activities appropriate to the local area.
A balance between conservation and development and between environment and economies.

The key objectives for sustainable tourism are:
Maintaining the quality of the environment whilst.
Maximizing the economic benefit.

However, in areas where ecotourism occurs there is often a conflict between:
Allowing total access to visitors and providing them with all the facilities they desire and
conserving the landscape, plants and animals of the area.

Another conflict arises when local people wish to use the resources for their own benefit rather than for
the benefit of wildlife or conservation.

SUSTAINABLE TOURISM it is that which can continue without damaging the environment, as well as
integrating the local community and involving them in the planning and implementation of tourist
development.



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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:
Operates within natural capacities for the regeneration and future productivity of natural
resources.
Recognizes the contribution of people in the local communities, with customs and lifestyles linked
to the tourism experience.
Accepts that local people must have an equitable share in the economic benefits of tourism.

This includes:
Using resources sustainably the sustainable use of natural, social and cultural resources is crucial
and makes long term business sense.
Reducing over-consumption and waste this avoids the cost of restoring long-term environmental
damage and contributes to the quality of tourism.
Maintaining biodiversity maintaining and promoting natural, social and cultural diversities is
essential for long-term sustainable tourism and creates a resilient base for industry.
Supporting local economies tourism that supports a wide range of local economic activities and
which takes environmental costs and values into account both protects these economies and
avoids environmental damage.
Involving local communities the full involvement of local communities in the tourism sector not
only benefits them and the environment in general but also improves the quality of the tourism
experience.
Consulting stake holders and the public consultation between the tourism industry and local
communities, organizations and institutions is essential if they are to work alongside each other
and resolve potential conflicts of interest.
Training staff staff training which integrates sustainable tourism into work practices, together with
the recruitment of local personnel at all level improves the quality of the tourism product.
Marketing tourism responsibly encouraging tourists to visit sites during off-peaks periods to
reduce visitor numbers or to visit when ecosystems are most robust helps preserve the
environment; it provides tourists with complete and responsible information, increases respect for
the natural social and cultural environments of destination areas and enhance customer
satisfaction.
Undertaking research on-going monitoring by the industry using effective data collection
analysis is essential to help solve problems and to bring benefits to destinations, the industry,
tourists and the local community.
Integrating tourism into planning integrating tourism development into national and local
planning policies, and producing management plan which undertake environmental impact
assessments projects plans and policies increases the long-term viability of tourism.
Better information provision providing tourists with information in advance and in situ, for
example, through visitors centres about tourist destination.

BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM:
Benefits to the environment
Safe guarding the resource for the benefit of future generations.
The protection and enhancement of the special landscapes and features which appeal to
visitors.

Benefits to the community
Real opportunities for community involvement in tourism and the creation of a better climate for
development.

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Supporting the local economy and local services for instance helping to support local transport
systems in rural areas.
Creating new business opportunities.

Benefits to the tourism industry
Economic benefits for operators for example, reducing energy bills by as much as 20% by
installing efficient insulation, and spending less on consumables, such as paper and plastic goods,
by choosing reusable containers, washable table line etc.
Better working relationship with the local community.
Enhanced appeal for visitors from those market areas which have a high proportion of discerning
and ecologically aware consumers.
Opportunities for the development and promotion of environment-friendly activity tourism such as
cycling, walking, bird watching, many water-based activities and newer interests including
conservation holidays.

Benefits for the visitor
The development of a quality tourism service.
Better relationships with local community.
Closer involvement with and better understanding of both the people and the holiday
destination.

CASE STUDY 1 Eco-Tourism in Belize

Located at Central America.

Belize has encouraged tourism but until 1983, the Belize government limited tourism to reduce
foreign impact and due to not have the infrastructure to deal with an influx of tourists.

Government then encourages eco-tourism by the needs of local people to safeguard the natural
environment and brings in foreign currency.

Belize has many attractions such as:
Coral barrier reefs.
450 cayes (low-lying land) favoured by scuba divers.
Antiquities from Mayan Civilisation.
Political stability.
Sub-tropical climate.
Close to the cities of Southern USA.
Alternative to the resorts of Mexico.

After agricultural exports, tourism is most important source of foreign currency in Belize.
In 1980, it earned 40 million.

The attempt to develop ecotourism was success.

Hopkins village the Sandy Beach Lodge Hotel and cultural centre was developed by the Sandy
Beach Womens Cooperation.


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Local community was involved in the planning and management of the new facilities.

Up to one-quarter of the country has been designated as a nature reserve.

There have been a number of private initiatives, which successful in preserving wildlife.

However, there are many signs that eco-tourism is failed:
90% of recent developments are foreign owned.
There has been shift away from small, to large overseas chain.
There was also environmental degradation.
Coral at the Hoi Chan Marine Reserve has been damaged.
There is overfishing as stock of conch and lobster decline.
Mangrove swamps being drained.
Part of the Caye Caulker was levelled to make a landing ship.
Unsupervised groups of tourists fail to take sufficient care of the environment.
Expansion of logging in the rainforest and the arrival of refugees from Guatemala and El
Salvador who clear the rainforest and use the land for shifting cultivation thus threatening the
environment.

CASE STUDY 2 The Management of Tourist in Jamaica

Jamaica is the third largest of the Carribean Islands.

Tourism in Jamaica originated in the latter part of the nineteenth century when a limited number
of affluent people, many with medical conditions, came to Jamaica to avoid cold winters in the
UK and North America.

First tourist hotels were built in Montego Bay and Port Antonio.

Visitors numbers increase every year due to the increase in the arrivals of cruise-ship passenger.

Jamaica has many attractions such as:
Sun and sand are the main attractions.
Pleasant weather and white-sand beaches.
Modern high-rise hotels, elegant old world style buildings, villas, apartments and
guesthouses.
Good road network with highway.
Private jet centre in Montego Bay and four aerodromes serving small carriers for inter-island
travel.
Cruise passenger terminal located in Ocho Rios, Montego Bay, Port Antonio and Kingston.
Dolphin parks, Marine Parks such as the Negril Marine Park and the Marin Park at Montego
Bay.
Nature reserves, museums such as Bob marley Museum in Kingston, galleries, national park
such as Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park.
Wide variety of flora and fauna.
Excellent facilities for a range of sports.
Protected areas; the Cockpit Country, Hellshire Hills and Litchfield Forest Reserves.

There are the development of adventure tourism and ecotourism.

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As tourist industry expanded, there is an impact on the environment.

The careful management of tourism can do much to mitigate the impact. This include:
Trying to avoid the pitfalls of mass tourism, such as the construction of high-rise hotels.
Design National Park, Marine Park and other protected areas such as the three national
parks include Negril Marin Park, Montego Bay Marine Park and Blue and John Crow
Mountain National Park.
Entry fees to the national park pay for conservation.
Two marine parks attempt to conserve coral reef environments off west coast Jamaica.
Jamaica conservation and Development trust responsible management of national parks
while National Environment Planning agency overseen governments sustainable
development strategy since 2001.
Ecotourism, development in Jamaica e.g. raft trips on River Rio Grande, where tourists are
taken downstream in very small groups. The rafts rely solely on manpower; therefore tourist
has no time to disturb peacefulness of forest.
Linking the profits of tourism to social development in the country.
Encouraging community tourism the Astra Country inn, Mandeville were recognized as a
pioneer hotel in community tourism. It works with surrounding communities;

i. Promotion of B & B accommodation in private homes.
ii. Training local guides.
iii. Developing community base tourist attractions.
iv. Encouraging the development of local suppliers.

However, there are also problems:

The behavior of some tourist clashes with islands traditional morals.
Some people has negative image on Jamaica because of its level of Violent crime and
harassment and despite recent initiatives of government to protect environment much of
biodiversity already been lost.



















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TYPES OF TOURISM
Tourism takes place for a number of reasons. One of the most important distinctions is between
recreational tourism, where people travel for the pursuit of pleasure, and business tourism, where people
travel because of commercial interests. Tourism also occurs due to medical conditions, and for
educational reasons, social reasons and religious purposes. Four main types of tourism have been
described:

Organized mass tourism involves people who travel to destinations that are essentially familiar,
e.g. British tourists to the Mediterranean may drink English beer and eat fish and chips at mass
tourist locations. Many of the trips are package holidays priced competitively with minimal
organization required on the part of the traveler. This sector recreational tourists and may also
include people travelling abroad for the first time.

Individual or small group mass tourists will use accommodation and travel arrangements that
have been booked. However, at the destination they are more likely to show more
independence. Cultural and educational forms of tourism are common, mixing the familiar with a
little bit of exploration.

Lone travelers and explorers may use the tourist industry to arrange travel and accommodation
but there is a much greater attempt to make contact with the host community. Business travel
and religious travel feature prominently.

Drifters are often pioneer travelers into previously untouched areas. They seek total immersions
with the host society and as such do not consider themselves as tourists.