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0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
pseudo-first order
pseudo-second order
Intraparticle
q
t
(
m
g
/
g
)
Time (min)
Fig. 1. Adsorption kinetics of RR120 by Ch-Fe. RR120 concentration 400 mg/L
(20 mL), 25 mg of Ch-Fe, pH 3.6, temperature 25 8C.
RT lnK
D
(9)
lnK
D
DS
R
DH
RT
(10)
where K
D
is the equilibrium constant, C
s
is the amount of dye
adsorbed (mg/g), C
e
is the equilibrium concentration (mg/L), R is
the universal gas constant (8.314 kJ/mol), and T is absolute
temperature (K). By plotting a graph of ln K
D
versus 1/T, DH8
and DS8 values can be determined from the slopes and intercept,
respectively.
The results are shown in Table 5. The positive DS8 value
indicates the increased degree of freedom of the system,
suggesting randomness at the solid/liquid interface. The negative
value of DH8 shows the adsorption to be exothermic. The negative
values of DG8 demonstrate that the dye adsorption is spontaneous
and that the systemis not gaining energy fromany external source
[28].
Regeneration and reuse of the adsorbent
The regeneration of the adsorbent is important for lowering the
cost of the adsorption process and for possibly recovering the
pollutant extracted from wastewater [18]. Table 6 shows the
results of RR120 desorption and adsorbent reuse. With the
exception of the rst cycle, there was no signicant difference
in the ability to remove the dye in cycles of adsorption/desorption.
These results show that the adsorbent is stable when subjected to
the process of removing and reconditioning by adding NaOH0.5 M
and HCl 0.01 M. The capacity of adsorption reduces slightly in each
cycle, and in the last cycle, the reduction was 30%. Therefore, Ch-Fe
can be easily regenerated and reused.
Factorial analysis
The goal of the factorial design was to nd the parameters of the
process that have a signicant inuence on the process, and to nd
Table 3
Study of temperature and pH variation on the adsorption isotherms of the dye RR120.
Langmuir Freundlich LangmuirFreundlich
K
L
(L/g) q
m
(mg/g) r
2
K
F
(L/g) n r
2
K
LF
(L/g) q
m
(mg/g) n r
2
T (8C)
a
25 0.3920 290.70 0.8117 111.10 0.219 0.8417 0.3102 433.84 0.427 0.8473
40 0.3747 331.35 0.7547 131.67 0.207 0.6800 0.0033 309.94 7.241 0.8487
55 0.5224 361.96 0.8543 230.68 0.095 0.7465 0.0135 350.42 3.250 0.9882
pH
b
2.0 0.4657 336.77 0.7972 192.38 0.120 0.9579 0.7198 380.57 0.486 0.8946
5.0 0.4387 230.08 0.9399 100.16 0.177 0.9605 0.4403 283.57 0.493 0.9908
9.0 0.0503 135.69 0.8484 36.635 0.229 0.9382 1.393 14.756 0.0381 0.9353
a
pH 3.6 non-buffered dye solution.
b
Temperature 258C.
Table 4
Comparison of different sorbents in the adsorption of textile dye RR120. Maximum
adsorption capacity calculated with the Langmuir model.
Adsorbent q
e
(mg/g) Reference
Ch-Fe 361.9 In this study
Chitosan/modied montmorillonite 5.6 [36]
Commercial activated carbon 293.1 [37]
Jatropha curcas shells 42.5 [38]
Chara contraria 112.8 [39]
Activated carbonaceous Brazilian pine-fruit-shell 275.0 [40]
nanoparticles of Fe
3
O
4
166.67 [41]
Cetylpyridiniun-Bentonite 81.97 [42]
Pistachio husk 324.88 [43]
Table 5
Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of RR120 on the Ch-Fe.
DS8 (J/mol K) DH8 (kJ/mol) DG8 (kJ/mol)
248.32 71.2 2.80 (258C)
6.46 (408C)
10.26 558C
Table 6
Desorption of RR120 and reuse of Ch-Fe. Dye concentration 500mg/L; volume of
solution 80mL, 100mg of adsorbent; temperature 558C, pH 3.6, contact time
60min.
Cycle RR120 adsorbed (mg/g) Desorption (%)
1 361.2 57.7
2 321.8 81.4
3 304.1 83.4
4 249.3 84.8
C.A. Demarchi et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 1 (2013) 13501358 1353
the setting values of the principal parameters for setting the results
of the process on the desired values [45].
The matrix codes used for the factorial design, and the results,
are shown in Table 1. The effects, standard error, t value, p value,
errors of coefcients and regression coefcient are shown in
Table 7.
The quadratic model was used for the initial calculation of the
regression
Q
e
b
0
b
1
x
A
b
2
x
2
A
b
3
x
B
b
4
x
2
B
b
5
x
C
b
6
x
2
C
b
7
x
A
x
B
b
8
x
A
x
C
b
9
x
B
x
C
(11)
where b
0
is the global mean, b
i
represents the regression
coefcient relating to the main factor effects and interactions,
and A, B and C represent the pH, temperature and initial
concentration, respectively.
Replacing the b
i
coefcients with their respective values
(Table 6), it was possible to derive an equation model linking
the parameters to the adsorption of the dye RR120.
Q
e
207:2 187:4pH 8:15pH
2
17:9T 40:3T
2
43:2Ci 24:4Ci
2
8:25pHT
22:3pHCi 5:25CiT
(12)
The values of the effects of principal factors are shown in the
Pareto graph in Fig. 3 (horizontal columns). To indicate the
minimum statistically signicant effect, for p = 0.05, a vertical line
was drawn. The linear factors pH (A), quadratic factor temperature
(B
2
), initial concentration (C) and quadratic factor initial concen-
tration (C
2
) are the most signicant. The graph shows that the
effect of pH is the most important effect, followed by the
temperature.
Fig. 4 shows the graphs, constructed using the surface response
method that correlates with the initial concentration factors
temperature pH (Fig. 4A), (C
i
) pH (Fig. 4B) and C
i
tempera-
temperature (Fig. 4C). The experiments that resulted in Fig. 4A
were conducted with an initial concentration of 400 mg/L, and the
pH in this condition is an essential factor in determining the
amount of dye adsorbed. In the case of Fig. 4B, the experiments
were conducted at a constant temperature of 40 8C, and pH was
also a major factor responsible for the adsorption of the dye. The
experiments that resulted in Fig. 4C were conducted at pH 5.0 and
in this case, C
i
and temperature had no signicant effect on
adsorption of the dye.
Fixed-bed studies
The objective of using a xed-bed system is to reduce the
concentration of a substance that is considered, by the government
agencies, to be polluting up to a predetermined value. At the
beginning of the adsorption operation, when the sorbent material
is still unused, the nal concentrationis actually lower than what is
permitted by the regulatory agencies, but as adsorption proceeds
and the sorbent material gradually becomes saturated, the efuent
concentration increases and reaches the so-called breakthrough
point, or breakdown of the efciency of the column [46].
The desired breakthrough volume (V
b
) was determined at 5% of
the inlet solution concentration. The ow through the tested
column was continued until the RR120 concentration of the
column efuent approached 95% of the inuent solution concen-
tration, indicating the exhaustion volume (V
e
).
The capacity at exhaustion was determined by calculating the
total area below the breakthrough curve (plot of C
t
/C
0
against t
(min)). The column capacity was estimated by Eq. (13) [47].
q
total
Z
ve
v
b
C
E
C
B
dQ
x
(13)
where q
total
is the column capacity adsorption (mg), C
B
and C
E
are
breakthrough and exhaustion RR120 concentration (mg/L) respec-
tively, Q is the ow rate in (mL/min) and x is the Ch-Fe mass (g).
The value of adsorption capacity, determined experimentally,
q
e(exp)
(mg/g) is calculated as follows [48]:
q
eexp
q
total
x
(14)
where x (g) is the total dry weight of the adsorbent in the column.
The breakthrough curves of the (C
t
/C
0
) versus time for various
bed depth of 17, 34 and 66 mm (150, 100 and 150 mg), at a
constant owrate of 2 mL/min and RR120 and initial concentration
of 100 mg/L, are shown in Fig. 5. FromFig. 5, the breakthrough time
and exhaustion time increased with the increase in bed depth. As
the bed depth (Ch-Fe mass) and number of active sites of
adsorption (Fe
3+
) increased, RR120 had more time to contact with
Table 7
Effect estimated coefcients for the adsorption of the dye RR120.
Effect Standard error Effect T value P value Coefcient Standard error of coefcient
Interactions media 207.18 2.823407 73.380 0.000000 207.18 2.823407
pH 187.47 6.915906 27.108 0.000001 93.738 3.457953
pH
2
8.150 5.089969 1.6012 0.170234 4.0750 2.544984
T 17.900 6.915906 2.5882 0.048941 8.9500 3.457953
T
2
40.325 5.089969 7.9224 0.000516 20.1625 2.544984
C
i
43.225 6.915906 6.2501 0.001537 21.6125 3.457953
C
i
2
24.200 5.089969 4.7544 0.005084 12.1000 2.544984
pHT 8.250 9.780567 0.8435 0.437425 4.1250 4.890284
pHC
i
22.300 9.780567 2.2800 0.071535 11.1500 4.890284
TC
i
5.250 9.780567 0.5368 0.614435 2.6250 4.890284
R
2
=0.99431; R
2
adjusted 0.98406.
Fig. 4. Surface response amount adsorbed (mg/g). (A) Effect of temperature and pH. (B) Effect of the initial concentration (C
i
) and pH. (C) Effect of C
i
and temperature. In all
experiments, the agitation time (1 h) and the amount of adsorbent (25 mg) and volume of solution (20 mL) were kept constant.
Table 8
Column data and parameters obtained at different bed heights on the adsorption of
the dye RR120. Initial concentration 100mg/L, ow rate 2mL/min.
Bed height (mm) 17 36 64
V
b
(mL) 60 80 350
V
e
(mL) 340 600 850
q
b
(mg/g) 60 80 350
q
e
(mg/g) 250 510 680
C.A. Demarchi et al. / Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 1 (2013) 13501358 1355
mg min), N
0
is the saturation concentration (mg/L), Z is the bed
height (cm) and F is the linear velocity (1/cm).
Plotting C
t
/C
0
against t also gave the breakthrough curves
predicted by the Bohart-Adams model (Fig. 5C), and the
experimental points. For all breakthrough curves using non-
linear regression analysis, respective values of K
AB
and N
0
were calculated and are presented in Table 9, along with
the correlation coefcients (r
2
). Table 9 also shows that the
values of K
AB
and N
0
increased with increasing bed depth.
This shows that the overall system kinetics was dominated
by external mass transfer in the initial part of adsorption in
the column [48].
Another model that was employed is the Thomas model, which
is one of the most widely used models in column performance
theory. The Thomas model is based on the assumption that the
process follows Langmuir kinetics with no axial dispersion.
1
1 expK
Th
q
e
x=Q C
0
t
(16)
where Q is the owrate in (mL/min), x the adsorbent mass (g), q
e
is
the maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) and K
Th
is the velocity
constant (mL/mg min).
Plotting C
t
/C
0
against t also gave the breakthrough curves
predicted by the Thomas model (Fig. 5A), and the experimental
points. It can be clearly seen in Table 9 that as the bed depth
increased, the value of K
Th
decreased and the value of q
e
increased.
The high values of correlation r
2
(>0.90) calculated for the tested
parameters suggest that the Thomas model can satisfactorily
describe the adsorption of RR120 in the xed bed column Ch-Fe.
The Thomas model is suitable for adsorption processes where the
external and internal diffusions are not the limiting step [48].
Adsorption capacity depended mainly on the amount of adsorbent
available for adsorption. The breakthrough time and exhaustion
time increased with the increase in bed height, since more time
was required to exhaust more adsorbent.
Another model developed by Clark was based on the use of a
mass-transfer concept, but in the form of the Freundlich
adsorption equation [51]:
C
t
C
0
1
1 Ae
Kct
1=n1
(17)
where n is the Freundlich adsorption constant, A is the Clark model
constant, and K
C
is the adsorption rate (mg/L min). Based on a plot
of C
t
/C
0
against t at a given bed height, and ow rate using
nonlinear regressive analysis, the values of A and K
C
can be
obtained [51]. In bath studies, the adsorption does not follow the
Freundlich model (poor correlation coefcients), and the Freun-
dlich constant n was estimated by nonlinear regression along with
the parameters A and K
C
in the Clark model.
Plotting C
t
/C
0
against t also gave the breakthrough curves
predicted by the Clark model and the experimental points, as
shown in Fig. 5B. As shown in Table 9, the values of the rate of mass
transfer K
c
decreased as the bed depth increased. This is due to the
increase in the amount of adsorbent available for interactions,
resulting in a reduction in the mass transfer rate [52]. From the
experimental results and data regression, the model proposed by
the Clark model provided good correlation on the effects of bed
depth.
Comparison of the Bohart-Adams, Clark and the Thomas models
The coefcient of determination (r
2
), non-linear chi-square test
x
2
(Eq. (18)), and sum square errors (SSE) (Eq. (19)), were used to
determine the best-t model:
x
2
X
n
1l
q
e;calc
q
e;exp
q
e;meas
2
(18)
SSE
X
n
il
q
e;calc
q
e;exp
2
i
(19)
where q
e,cal
is the amount of dye adsorbed in equilibrium (mg g
1
)
calculated by the mathematical model and q
e,exp
is the amount of
dye adsorbed in equilibrium (mg g
1
).
Among the Bohart-Adams, Clark and the Thomas models, the
values of r
2
fromthe Clark model and the Thomas model are higher
than those of the Bohart-Adams model. The SSE and x
2
for the Clark
model was the lowest for all the experimental conditions shown in
Table 9. In all the conditions examined, the predicted breakthrough
curves from the Clark model showed reasonably better agreement
with the experimental curves than the Thomas and Bohart-Adams
models, as shown in Fig. 5. Thus, it was concluded that the Clark
model was better able to predict the RR120 adsorption on CH-Fe
column than the Thomas and Bohart-Adams models.
Conclusions
Ch-Fe has high capacity for adsorption of the dye RR120, both
batch (380 mg/g) and xed-bed (680 mg/g). The adsorption was
improved by decreasing the pH and increasing temperature. The
adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo-second-order. In bath
studies follows the LangmuirFreundlich model and in xed-bed
studies, can be explained by the Clark model. The adsorbent proved
to be stable enough to enable its regeneration and reuse. The
results of the factorial design showed that pHis the principal factor
in the process of adsorption of the RR120 by the Ch-Fe.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank CAPES (Brazilian Agency for
Improvement of Graduate Personnel) and CNPq (National Council
of Science and Technological Development) for the nancial
support.
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