Student ID : 083053 Mechanical Engineering Department (DUET) e-mail: khairul.me08@gmail.com Energy : In physics, energy is one of the basic quantitative properties describing a physical system or object's state. Energy can be transformed (converted) among a number of forms that may each manifest and be measurable in differing ways. The law of conservation of energy states that the (total) energy of a system can increase or decrease only by transferring it in or out of the system. The total energy of a system can be calculated by simple addition when it is composed of multiple non-interacting parts or has multiple distinct forms of energy. Common energy forms include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the radiant energy carried by light and other electromagnetic radiation, and various types of potential energy such as gravitational and elastic. Energy is measured in SI units of joules ( J ). Common types of energy transfer and transformation include processes such as heating a material, performing mechanical work on an object, generating or making use of electric energy, and many chemical reactions. ENERGY RESOURCES IN BANGLADESH Important energy resource natural gas. Since the discovery of natural gas in early sixties, it is being in supplied for both domestic and industrial consumption. There are now three gas companies operating in the country. They are the Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Co., the Jalalabad Gas Co., and the Bakhrabad Gas Co. Through networks of pipelines they are distributing gas to the different towns and industrial areas in the eastern region of the country. As of 2011, 79 natural gas wells are present in the 23 operational gas fields which produce over 2000 millions of cubic feet of gas per day (MMCFD). It is well short of over 2500 MMCFD that is demanded, a number which is growing by around 7% each year. In fact, more than three- quarters of the nations commercial energy demand is being met by natural gas. This influential sector caters for around 40% of the power plant feedstock, 17% of industries, 15% captive power, 11% for domestic and household usage, another 11% for fertilizers, 5% in Compressed natural gas (CNG) activities and 1% for commercial and agricultural uses. As for petroleum as an energy resource, we have yet to discover it in our country. Now we depend entirely on imported petroleum. The Eastern Refinery at Chittagong produces petrol, diesel oil, furnace oil, Mobil, kerosene, etc. from imported crude oil or petroleum. The import cost of petroleum is so high that it eats up about 50 per cent of our total export earning. These petroleum products play a very vital role in running our industries and transport system. Another source of our energy is water. In midfifties a d was built across the Karnaphuli River for the production of hydroelectricity. We are now getting 130 megawatts (Feb,2014 )of electric power from there. Coal is a readily combustible sedimentary rock composed essentially of lithified plant materials, with small amount of inorganic matter present in the form of mineral impurities. Wet, spongy and porous organic debris called peat is compressed, lithified and altered to coal by burial compaction and thermal alteration. Table below shows major coal fields and reserves in Bangladesh. Coal field (district) Year of discovery Discovered by Depths of coal seam (in meter) No. of coal seam Reserve (million ton) Status Jamalganj (Joypurhat) 1962 SVOC 640- 1158 7 1053 Minig not feasibleeconomically Barapukuria (Dinajpur) 1985 GSB 118- 506 6 303 Underground mine started production Khalashpir (Rangpur) 1989 GSB 257- 451 8 147 Undeveloped Dighipara (Dinajpur) 1995 GSB 250 7 200 Undeveloped Phulbari (Dinajpur) 1997 BHP 152- 246 1 380 Open pit mine feasiblity study undertaken in 2004 As the sun is the ultimate source of energy, vigorous efforts are being made in many countries of the world to exploit solar energy. Successful exploitation of solar energy will dispel mans doubts and fears about the future of the available energy resources as the sun is the perennial source of energy. Wind energy has the potential to provide mechanical energy or electricity without generating pollutants. Historically it was used in many countries, especially, the Netherlands, as a source of mechanical energy, e.g. grinding corn or pumping water. In Bangladesh, as in many other countries, wind energy has also been used to provide some motive force to boats with sails of various designs. Unfortunately, not much research has been conducted in these areas, although renewed interest have recently been generated in utilizing the energy of wind for wind pumps and sailing boats Recently, several small wind generators have been installed by BRAC (11 small wind turbines in various coastal sites) and Grameen Shakti (two wind generators of 300 W and 1 KW at its Chakoria Shrimp Farm).Grameen Shakti has recently installed 4 small wind generators (3xl.5KW + ONE 10 KW) in Barguna district (coastal south). Biogas mainly from animal and municipal wastes may be one of the promising renewable energy resources for Bangladesh. Presently there are tens of thousands of households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. It is a potential source to harness basic biogas technology for cooking, and rural and peri-urban electrification to provide electricity during periods of power shortfalls. Resources Potential Entities Involved Solar Enormous Public and Private sector Wind Resource mapping required Public sector / PPP Hydro Limited potential for micro or mini hydro (max. 5 MW). Est. hydro potential: approx. 500 MW Mainly public entities Domestic Biogas System 8.6 Million Cubic Meter of Biogas Public and Private sector Rice Husk based Biomass gasification Power Plant 300 MW considering 2 kg of husk consumption per kWh Mainly private sector Cattle waste based Biogas power plants 350 MW considering 0.752 m3 of biogas consumption per kWh. Mainly private sector Other renewable energy sources include bio-fuels, gasohol, geothermal, river current, wave and tidal energy. Govt. Sector in Bangladesh :
YEAR 2009 (MW) 2010 (MW) 2011 (MW) 2012 (MW) 2013 (MW) TOTAL (MW) Public
255 800 607 587 2249 Private 356 270 125 44
795 Q. Rental
250 838 300
1388 Total 356 775 1763 951 587 4432
Comparison Past & present : While the power sector in Bangladesh has witnessed many success stories in the last couple of years, the road that lies ahead is dotted with innumerable challenges that result from the gaps that exist between whats planned versus what the power sector has been able to deliver. There is no doubt that the demand for electricity is increasing rapidly with the improvement of living standard, increase of agricultural production, progress of industries as well as overall development of the country. Past : Table : Installed Capacity and Maximum Generation Fiscal Year Installed Capacity (MW)
Growth Rate (%) Maximum Generation (MW) Growth Rate (%)
The total installed capacity was 4005 MW in the FY 2000-01 which has increased to 6658 MW in the FY 2010-11 (13 June, 2011) with an annual increasing rate of 6.62 percent.
Achievements till September 2013: 57 plants with a capacity of about 4,432 MW have been commissioned, 33 plants with a capacity of 6,569 MW are under construction. 19 projects with a capacity of about 3,974 MW are under tendering process and 9 plants with capacity of 3,542 MW are at initial stages. Access to electricity has been raised from 47% to 62% (including RE) and per capita electricity generation improved dramatically (from 220 kWh to 321 kWh). 3.45 million people have newly been connected and System loss(distribution) reduced from 15.67% to 12.03%. Highest generation so far was 6675 MW recorded on 12/07/2013 and it is increasing gradually. Load-shedding: The deliberate shutdown of electric power in a part or parts of a power-distribution system, generally to prevent the failure of the entire system when the demand strains the capacity of the system. The real demand for electricity could not be met due to the shortage of available generation capacity .This is the main cause of load shedding. A good number of generation units have become very old and have been operating at a much-reduced capacity. As a result, their reliability and productivity are also poor. Beside this, due to the shortage of gas supply, some power plants are unable to utilize their usual generation capacity. Therefore, there is an increase in the load-shedding over the years. The average maximum demand for electricity was 3970 MW in 2007 which has increased to 4833 MW in 2011 (May, 2011) with an average increasing rate of 216 MW per annum. Under the business as usual scenario, the average demand might stand at 5696 MW by 2015. On the other hand, the average generation was 3378 MW in 2007 which has increased to 4103 MW in 2011 (May, 2011) with an annual average increasing rate of 181 MW. Causes of Electricity Crisis High Gas Dependency Improper Privatization Policy Lack of timely Implementation of Allocated Money Political Reason Over Population
Area wise Demand and Load-shed (Peak Hour) Form Date 04/03/2014
Initiative : Government has taken short, medium and long term plan. Under the short term plan, Quick Rental Power Plants will be installed using liquid fuels/gas and capable to produce electricity within 12-24 months. Nearly 1753 MW is planned to be generated from rental and quick rental power plants. Government has taken short, medium and long term plan. Under the short term plan, Rental Power Plants will be installed using liquid fuels/gas and capable to produce electricity within 12- 24 months. Total 1653 MW was installed by this time from rental power plants. Under the medium term plan, initiatives have been taken to set up power plants with a total generation capacity of 11,497 MW. The plants are mainly coal based, some are gas and oil based. In the long term plan, some big coal fired plants will be set up, one will be in Khulna and other will be in Chittagong, each of having the capacity of 1300 MW. Some 300-450 MW gas based power plants will be set up in Bibiana, Meghnaghat, Ashugonj, Sirangonj and in Ghorashal. If the implementation of the plan goes smoothly, it will be possible to minimize the demand-supply gap at the end of 2015. Government has already started implementation of this plan. Total 38,229 Million-kilowatt hour (MkWh) net energy was generated during 2012-13. Public sector power plant generated 47% while private sector generated 53% of total net generation. The share of gas, hydro, coal and oil based energy generation was - 78.12%, 2.34%, 3.02% and 16.51% respectively. On the other hand, in FY 2011-12 35,118 million-kilowatt hour (MkWh) net energy was generated i.e. electricity growth rate in FY 2013 was 8.86% (In FY 2013). Bangladesh, Russia sign Nuclear Power Plant 17 January 2013, Dhaka and Moscow on January 15 signed three agreements and six memorandums of understanding (MoUs) on cooperation in different fields, including setting up of the much-awaited 1000-MW nuclear power plant at Rooppur in northern Bangladesh.
Calendar Year Wise Generation Addition program (From 2013 to 2018) YEAR 2013 (MW) 2014 (MW) 2015 (MW) 2016 (MW) 2017 (MW) 2018 (MW) TOTAL (MW) Public 662 604 1837 1510 00 1320 5933 Private 692 1366 1097 638 1271 00 5064 Power Import 500
500 Total 1854 1970 2934 2138 1271 1320 11,497
Recent Initiatives in Private sector for Renewable Energy: 1. PDB, REB and IDCOL are distributing Solar Home System (SHS) to the people living in the off- grid areas. IDCOL through different NGO has already distributed 1.0 million SHS throughout the country. 2. PDB has already installed nearly 11 KW solar power to the CHT area, nearly 230 W solar power in Angorpot and Dahagram Chitmahal Area and installed 115W at their office building. 3. Solar PV with capacity of 21.2 KW has been installed at the Hon'ble Prime Minister's office as a demonstration programme. 4. Nearly 10MW solar plant will be installed by PDB in Sarihabari (2-4 MW), Rigional Training Office, Rajshahi (1 MW), Rajabarihat, Godagari (2-4 MW) in IPP model. Preparation of tender documents is underway. 5. Power plant in combination with 1MW solar hybrid system along with 5MW by diesel, will be set up in Hatia island. 5MW Solar PV plant will be installed in Kaptai . Some roads of six City Corporation areas will be replaced by Solar Street lights. Asian Development Bank (ADB) is supporting these projects. 6. REB has taken project for Solar Irrigation System. 40 irrigation pumps will be brought under solar power under this project. 7. PDB has undertaken a project in a remote area Sullah to provide 600kW solar power under Climate mitigation programme. 8. 100 MW of wind power will be generated in the off-shore area of Anwara, Chittagong in IPP model. PQ has already been prepared ,tendering is under process. 9. Govt. has exempted income tax for next 5 years from commercial production from RE. Reference: 1) POWER DIVISION, Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Government of the Peoples Republic of the Bangladesh 2) Bangladesh Energy Research Council 3) PDB, REB , IDCOL, Petrobangla 4) Dr. Anwar Hossain Former Chairman, BAEC, Ex-Consultant LGED, Presently Energy Advisor, BCAS, www.banglapedia.org/HT/C_0350.htm , en.wikipedia.org