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2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
ARTICLE 4
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
METHODS FOR WELDS
(10)
T-410 SCOPE
This Article provides or references requirements for
weld examinations, which are to be used in selecting and
developing ultrasonic examination procedures when
exam- ination to any part of this Article is a
requirement of a referencing Code Section. These
procedures are to be used for the ultrasonic examination
of welds and the dimen- sioning of indications for
comparison with acceptance stan- dards when required by
the referencing Code Section the referencing Code
Section shall be consulted for specific requirements for
the following!
(a) personnel qualification " certification
requirements
(b) procedure requirements " demonstration,
qualifica- tion, acceptance
(c) examination system characteristics
(d) retention and control of calibration bloc#s
(e) extent of examination and " or volume to be
scanned
(f) acceptance standards
(g) retention of records
(h) report requirements
$efinitions of terms used in this Article are contained
in %andatory Appendix &&& of Article '.
T-420 GENERAL
The requirements of this Article shall be used together
with Article (, )eneral *equirements. *efer to
(a) special provisions for coarse grain materials and
welds in T-+'(
(b) special provisions for computeri,ed imaging tech-
niques in T-+'-
(c) %andatory Appendix &&& for Time of .light $iffrac-
tion /T0.$1 techniques
(d) %andatory Appendix &2 for phased array manual
rastering techniques
T-421 Written Pr!e"#re Re$#ire%ent&
T-421'1 Re$#ire%ent&' 3ltrasonic examination shall
be performed in accordance with a written procedure
which shall, as a minimum, contain the requirements
listed in
Copyright ASME International
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Table T-+-(.
The written
procedure
shall
establish a
single value,
or range of
values, for
each
requirement.
T-421'2
Pr!e"#re
(#)*i+i!)ti
n' 4hen
procedure
qualification
is specified
by the
referencing
Code
Section, a change of a requirement in Table T-+-(
identified as an essential variable from the specified
value, or range of values, shall require requalification
of the written proce- dure. A change of a requirement
identified as a nonessential variable from the specified
value, or range of values, does not require
requalification of the written procedure. All changes of
essential or nonessential variables from the value, or
range of values, specified by the written procedure shall
require revision of, or an addendum to, the written
procedure.
T-4,0
E(UIPMENT
T-4,1 In&tr#%ent
Re$#ire%ent&
A pulse-echo-type of ultrasonic instrument shall be
used. The instrument shall be capable of operation at
frequencies over the range of at least ( %5, to ' %5,
and shall be equipped with a stepped gain control in units
of -.6 d7 or less. &f the instrument has a damping
control, it may be used if it does not reduce the sensitivity
of the examination. The re8ect control shall be in the 9off:
position for all examinations, unless it can be
demonstrated that it does not affect the linearity of the
examination.
The instrument, when required because of the technique
being used, shall have both send and receive 8ac#s for
operation of dual search units or a single search unit with
send and receive transducers.
T-4,2 Se)r!- Unit&
T-4,2'1 Gener)*' The nominal frequency shall be from
( %5, to ' %5, unless variables, such as production
material grain structure, require the use of other
frequencies to assure adequate penetration or better
resolution. Search units with contoured contact wedges
may be used to aid ultrasonic coupling.
+;
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ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
TABLE T-421
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION PROCEDURE
Requiree!"
E##e!"i$%
&$ri$'%e
N(!e##e!"i$%
&$ri$'%e
1eld conigurations to be e2amined+ including thickness
dimensions and base material product orm 3pipe+ plate+ etc45 6 4 4 4
0he suraces rom which the e2amination shall be perormed 6 4 4 4
0echni7ue3s5 3straight beam+ angle beam+ contact+ and$or immersion5 6 4 4 4
Angle3s5 and mode3s5 o wave propagation in the material 6 4 4 4
Search unit type3s5+ re7uency3ies5+ and element si8e3s5$shape3s5 6 4 4 4
Special search units+ wedges+ shoes+ or saddles+ when used 6 4 4 4
9ltrasonic instrument3s5 6 4 4 4
Calibration :calibration block3s5 and techni7ue3s5; 6 4 4 4
/irections and e2tent o scanning 6 4 4 4
Scanning 3manual vs4 automatic5 6 4 4 4
Method or discriminating geometric rom law indications 6 4 4 4
Method or si8ing indications 6 4 4 4
Computer enhanced data ac7uisition+ when used 6 4 4 4
Scan overlap 3decrease only5 6 4 4 4
Personnel perormance re7uirements+ when re7uired 6 4 4 4
Personnel 7ualiication re7uirements 4 4 4 6
Surace condition 3e2amination surace+ calibration block5 4 4 4 6
Couplant. brand name or type 4 4 4 6
Automatic alarm and$or recording e7uipment+ when applicable 4 4 4 6
#ecords+ including minimum calibration data to be recorded 3e4g4+ instrument
settings5 4 4 4 6
T-4,2'2 C*)""in./Se)r!- Unit& +r Te!-ni$#e
One'
(
$ual element search units using an angled pitch-
catch technique shall be used. The included angle between
the beam paths shall be such that the effective focal spot
of the search unit is centered in the area of interest.
T-4,, C#0*)nt
T-4,,'1 Gener)*' The couplant, including additives,
shall not be detrimental to the material being examined.
T-4,,'2 Cntr* + Cnt)%in)nt&
(a) Couplants used on nic#el base alloys shall not con-
tain more than -'6 ppm of sulfur.
(b) Couplants used on austenitic stainless steel or tita-
nium shall not contain more than -'6 ppm of halides
/chlo- rides plus fluorides1.
T-4,4 C)*i1r)tin 2*!3&
T-4,4'1 Gener)*
T-4,4'1'1 Re+*e!tr&' Specified reflectors /i.e.,
side-drilled holes, flat bottom holes, notches, etc.1 shall
be used to establish primary reference responses of the
equipment. An alternative reflector/s1 may be used pro-
vided that the alternative reflector/s1 produces a sensitivity
equal to or greater than the specified reflector/s1 /e.g.,
(
See paragraph T-+<; for cladding techniques.
side-drilled holes in lieu of notches, flat bottom holes in
lieu of side-drilled holes1.
T-4,4'1'2 M)teri)*
(a) Similar Metal Welds. The material from which the
bloc# is fabricated shall be of the same product form and
material specification or equivalent =->umber grouping as
one of the materials being examined. .or the purposes of
this paragraph, =->os. (, ;, +, 'A through 'C, and ('A
through ('. materials are considered equivalent.
(b) Dissimilar Metal Welds. The material selection
shall be based on the material on the side of the weld from
which the examination will be conducted. &f the
examination will be conducted from both sides,
calibration reflectors shall be provided in both materials.
T-4,4'1', (#)*it4' =rior to fabrication, the bloc#
material shall be completely examined with a straight
beam search unit. Areas that contain an indication
exceeding the remaining bac#-wall reflection shall be
excluded from the beam paths required to reach the
various calibration reflectors.
T-4,4'1'4 C*)""in.' 4hen the component material
is clad, the bloc# shall be clad by the same welding proce-
dure as the production part. &t is desirable to have compo-
nent materials which have been clad before the drop outs
or prolongations are removed. 4hen the cladding is
deposited using an automatic welding process, and, if due
to bloc# si,e, the automatic welding process is
impractical, deposi- tion of clad may be by the manual
method.
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2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
FI)* T-4+4*1*,*2 RATIO LIMITS FOR CUR&ED SURFACES
*4&= 3-=5
-* 3%**5
'% 3=,%5
'4%) 3=&5
-4)& 3),5
>4=- 3'*(5 ,4- 3'(*5 '- 3=**5 -* 3%**5
'=4== 3===5
'* 3-%*5
( 3-**5
% 3'-%5
>4( 3'-*5
-4(( 3,-5
'4,= 3>=5
'4*> 3-)5
*
* % 3'-%5 '* 3-%*5 '% 3=,%5 -* 3%**5
E2amination Surace /iameter+ in4 3mm5
(10)
T-4,4'1'5 He)t Tre)t%ent' The calibration bloc#
shall receive at least the minimum tempering treatment
required by the material specification for the type and
grade. &f the calibration bloc# contains welds other than
cladding, and the component weld at the time of the
exami- nation has been heat treated, the bloc# shall
receive the same heat treatment.
T-4,4'1'6 S#r+)!e Fini&-' The finish on the
scanning surfaces of the bloc# shall be representative of
the scanning surface finishes on the component to be
examined.
T-4,4'1'7 2*!3 C#r8)t#re
T-4,4'1'7'1 M)teri)*& Wit- Di)%eter& Gre)ter
T-)n 20 in' 9500 %%:' .or examinations in materials
where the examination surface diameter is greater than
-6 in. /'66 mm1, a bloc# of essentially the same curvature,
or alternatively, a flat basic calibration bloc#, may be
used.
T-4,4'1'7'2 M)teri)*& Wit- Di)%eter& 20 in'
9500 %%: )n" Le&&' .or examinations in materials where
the examination surface diameter is equal to or less than
-6 in. /'66 mm1, a curved bloc# shall be used. ?xcept
where otherwise stated in this Article, a single curved
basic calibration bloc# may be used for examinations in
the range of curvature from 6.@ to (.' times the basic
calibration bloc# diameter. .or example, an A in /-66 mm1
diameter bloc# may be used to calibrate for examinations
on surfaces in the range of curvature from <.- in. to (-
in. /(A6 mm to ;66 mm1 in diameter. The curvature range
from 6.@+ in. to -6 in. /-+ mm to '66 mm1 in diameter
requires B curved bloc#s as shown in .ig. T-+;+.(.<.- for
any thic#ness range.
T-4,4'1'7', A*tern)ti8e +r Cn8e; S#r+)!e' As
an alternative to the requirements in T-+;+.(.<.( when
+'
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ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
examining from the convex surface by the straight beam
contact technique, Appendix ) may be used.
T-4,4'2 Nn-Pi0in. C)*i1r)tin 2*!3&
T-4,4'2'1 2)&i! C)*i1r)tin 2*!3' The basic cali-
bration bloc# configuration and reflectors shall be as
shown in .ig. T-+;+.-.(. The bloc# si,e and reflector
locations shall be adequate to perform calibrations for the
beam angles used.
T-4,4'2'2 2*!3 T-i!3ne&&' The bloc# thic#ness /T1
shall be per .ig. T-+;+.-.(.
T-4,4'2', 2*!3 R)n.e + U&e' 4hen the bloc#
thic#ness C ( in. /-' mm1 spans two weld thic#ness ranges
as shown in .ig. T-+;+.-.(, the bloc#Ds use shall be accept-
able in those portions of each thic#ness range covered by
( in. /-' mm1 of the calibration bloc#Ds thic#ness. As an
the base material shall be within ( in. /-' mm1 of the
calibration bloc# thic#ness when the examination is per-
formed from the base material surface. The thic#ness of
the base material on the calibration bloc# shall be at least
twice the thic#ness of the cladding when the examination
is performed from the clad surface.
T-440 MISCELLANEOUS RE(UIREMENTS
T-441 I"enti+i!)tin + We*" E;)%in)tin
Are)&
(a) Weld Locations. 4eld locations and their identifica-
tion shall be recorded on a weld map or in an identifica-
tion plan.
(b) Marking. &f welds are to be permanently mar#ed,
low stress stamps and"or vibratooling may be used. %ar#-
example, a calibration bloc# with a thic#ness of (
(
E
-
in. ings applied after final stress relief of the component shall
/;A mm1 could be used for weld thic#nesses of 6.' in. not be any deeper than
;
E
B+
in. /(.- mm1.
(10)
/(; mm1 to -.' in. /B+ mm1.
T-4,4'2'4 A*tern)te 2*!3' Alternatively, the bloc#
may be constructed as shown >onmandatory Appendix F,
.ig. F-+;(.
T-4,4', Pi0in. C)*i1r)tin 2*!3&' The basic calibra-
tion bloc# configuration and reflectors shall be as shown
in .ig. T-+;+.;. The basic calibration bloc# curvature shall
be in accordance with T-+;+.(.<. Thic#ness, T, shall be
within -'G of the nominal thic#ness of the component to
be examined. The bloc# si,e and reflector locations shall
be adequate to perform calibration for the beam angles
used.
T-4,4'4 C*)""in. C)*i1r)tin 2*!3&
-
T-4,4'4'1 C)*i1r)tin 2*!3 +r Te!-ni$#e One'
The basic calibration bloc# configuration and reflectors
shall be as shown in .ig. T-+;+.+.(. ?ither a side-drilled
hole or a flat bottom hole may be used. The thic#ness of
the weld overlay shall be at least as thic# as that to be
examined. The thic#ness of the base material shall be at
least twice the thic#ness of the cladding.
T-4,4'4'2 A*tern)te C)*i1r)tin 2*!3& +r Te!--
ni$#e One' Alternately, calibration bloc#s as shown in
.ig. T-+;+.+.-.( or T-+;+.+.-.- may be used. The
thic#ness of the weld overlay shall be at least as thic# as
that to be examined. The thic#ness of the base material
shall be at least twice the thic#ness of the cladding.
T-4,4'4', C)*i1r)tin 2*!3 +r Te!-ni$#e T<'
The basic calibration bloc# configuration and reflectors
shall be as shown in .ig. T-+;+.+.;. A flat bottom hole
drilled to the weld metal overlay interface shall be used.
This hole may be drilled from the base material or weld
overlay side. The thic#ness of the weld overlay shall be
at least as thic# as that to be examined. The thic#ness of
-
See paragraph T-+B', Calibration for Cladding.
(c) Reference System. ?ach weld shall be located and
identified by a system of reference points. The system
shall permit identification of each weld center line and
designation of regular intervals along the length of the
weld. A general system for layout of vessel welds is
described in >onmandatory Appendix A however, a dif-
ferent system may be utili,ed provided it meets the above
requirements.
T-450 TECHNI(UES
The techniques described in this Article are intended for
applications where either single or dual element search
units are used to produce!
(a) normal incident longitudinal wave beams for what
are generally termed straight beam examinations or
(b) angle beam longitudinal waves, where both
refracted longitudinal and shear waves are present in the
material under examination. 4hen used for thic#ness
measurement or clad examination, these examinations are
generally con- sidered to be straight beam examinations.
4hen used for weld examinations, they are generally
termed angle beam examinations or
(c) angle beam shear waves, where incident angles in
wedges produce only refracted shear waves in the material
under examination are generally termed angle beam
exami- nations.
Contact or immersion techniques may be used. 7ase
materials and"or welds with metallurgical structures pro-
ducing variable attenuations may require that longitudinal
angle beams are used instead of shear waves. Additionally,
computeri,ed imaging techniques may enhance the detect-
ability and evaluation of indications.
0ther techniques or technology which can be demon-
strated to produce equivalent or better examination sensi-
tivity and detectability using search units with more than
+B
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2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
FI)* T-4+4*2*1 NON-PIPIN) CALIBRATION BLOC-S
= T
'
$
-
T
) in4 3'%* mm5
'
$
>
T
D
'
$
-
T
=
$
>
T
C0
'
$
-
T
T
'
$
-
T
D
Cladding 3i present5
'
$
-
T
'
$
-
T
Minimum dimensions
D "
'
$
-
in4 3'= mm5
1idth " ) in4 3'%* mm5
!ength " = 2 0hickness
C$%i'r$"i(! B%(./ 0(%e
1e%2 T3i./!e##4 "4 T3i./!e##4 T4 Di$e"er4
i!* () i!* () i!* ()
9p to ' 3-%5
=
?
>
3'&5 or t
=
?
=-
3-4%5
@ver ' 3-%5 through - 3%*5 '
'
?
-
3=(5 or t
'
?
(
3=5
@ver - 3%*5 through > 3'**5 = 3,%5 or t
=
?
')
3%5
@ver > 3'**5 t A ' 3-%5 :Note 3'5;
N(".3 Die!#i(!#4
i!* ()
Notch depth p -B 0 Notch
width p
'
?
>
3)5 ma24 Notch
length p ' 3-%5 min4
Minimum dimension4
CENE#A! N@0ES.
3a5 Holes shall be drilled and reamed '4% in4 3=( mm5 deep minimum+ essentially parallel to the e2amination surace4
3b5 Dor components e7ual to or less than -* in4 3%** mm5 in diameter+ calibration block diameter shall meet the re7uirements o 0E>=>4'4,4-4
0wo sets o calibration relectors 3holes+ notches5 oriented &* deg rom each other shall be used4 Alternatively+ two curved calibration
blocks may be used4
3c5 0he tolerance or hole diameter shall be A
'
?
=-
in4 3*4( mm54 0he tolerance or hole location through the calibration block thickness
3i4e4+ distance rom the e2amination surace5 shall be A
'
?
(
in4 3= mm54
3d5 Dor blocks less than
=
?
>
in4 3'& mm5 in thickness+ only the
'
?
-
0 sideEdrilled hole and surace notches are re7uired4
3e5 All holes may be located on the same ace 3side5 o the calibration block+ provided care is e2ercised to locate all the relectors 3holes+
notches5 to prevent one relector rom aecting the indication rom another relector during calibration4 Notches may also be in the same
plane as the inEline holes 3See Appendi2 F+ Dig4 FE>='54 As in Dig4 FE>='+ a suicient number o holes shall be provided or both angle and
straight beam calibrations at the
'
?
>
0+
'
?
-
0+ and
=
?
>
0 depths4
35 Notch depths shall be '4)B0 minimum to -4-B0 ma2imum4 1hen cladding is present+ notch depth on the cladding side o the block shall
be increased by the cladding thickness+ C0 3i4e4+ '4)B0 G C0 minimum to -4-B0 G C0 ma2imum54
3g5 Ma2imum notch width is not critical4 Notches may be made by E/M or with end mills up to
'
?
>
in4 3)4> mm5 in diameter4
3h5 1eld thickness+ t+ is the nominal material thickness or welds without reinorcement or+ or welds with reinorcement+ the nominal material
thickness plus the estimated weld reinorcement not to e2ceed the ma2imum permitted by the reerencing Code Section4 1hen two or more
base material thicknesses are involved+ the calibration block thickness+ 0+ shall be determined by the average thickness o the weldH alternatively+
a calibration block based on the greater base material thickness may be used provided the reerence relector si8e is based upon the
average weld thickness4
N@0E.
3'5 Dor each increase in weld thickness o - in4 3%* mm5 or raction thereo over > in4 3'** mm5+ the hole diameter shall increase
'
?
')
in4 3'4% mm54
+<
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ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
FI)* T-4+4*+ CALIBRATION BLOC- FOR PIPE
L
Nominal wall
thickness 3T5
C0
Arc length
Cladding 3i present5
I Notches shall be located not closer than 0 or ' in4 3-% mm5+ whichever is greater+ to any block edge or to other notches4
CENE#A! N@0ES.
3a5 0he minimum calibration block length 3!5 shall be ( in4 3-** mm5 or (0+ whichever is greater4
3b5 Dor @/ > in4 3'** mm5 or less+ the minimum arc length shall be -,* deg4 Dor @/ greater than > in4 3'** mm5+ the minimum arc
length shall be ( in4 3-** mm5 or =0+ whichever is greater4
3c5 Notch depths shall be (B0 minimum to ''B0 ma2imum4 1hen cladding is present+ notch depths on the cladding side o the block shall
be increased by the cladding thickness+ C0 3i4e4+ (B0 G C0 minimum to ''B0 G C0 ma2imum54 Notch widths shall be
'
?
>
in4 3) mm5
ma2imum4 Notch lengths shall be ' in4 3-% mm5 minimum4
3d5 Ma2imum notch width is not critical4 Notches may be made with E/M or with end mills up to
'
?
>
in4 3) mm5 in diameter4
3e5 Notch lengths shall be suicient to provide or calibration with a minimum = to ' signalEtoEnoise ratio4
two transducer elements may be used. The demonstration
shall be in accordance with Article (, T-('6/a1.
T-451 C)r&e Gr)in M)teri)*&
3ltrasonic examinations of high alloy steels and high
nic#el alloy weld deposits and dissimilar metal welds
between carbon steels and high alloy steels and high
nic#el alloys are usually more difficult than ferritic weld
examina- tions. $ifficulties with ultrasonic
examinations can be caused by an inherent coarse-
grained and"or a directionally- oriented structure, which
can cause mar#ed variations in attenuation, reflection, and
refraction at grain boundaries and velocity changes within
the grains. &t usually is neces- sary to modify and"or
supplement the provisions of this Article in accordance
with T-('6/a1 when examining such welds in these
materials. Additional items, which may be necessary, are
weld moc#ups with reference reflectors in the weld
deposit and single or dual element angle beam
longitudinal wave transducers.
T-452 C%0#teri=e" I%).in. Te!-ni$#e&
The ma8or attribute of Computeri,ed &maging Tech-
niques /C&Ts1 is their effectiveness when used to
character- i,e and evaluate indications however, C&Ts
may also be
used to perform the basic scanning functions required for
flaw detection. Computer-processed data analysis and dis-
play techniques are used in con8unction with automatic or
semi-automatic scanning mechanisms to produce two and
three-dimensional images of flaws, which provides an
enhanced capability for examining critical components
and structures. Computer processes may be used to
quantita- tively evaluate the type, si,e, shape, location,
and orienta- tion of flaws detected by ultrasonic
examination or other >$? methods. $escriptions for
some C&Ts that may be used are provided in
>onmandatory Appendix ?.
T-460 CALI2RATION
T-461 In&tr#%ent Line)rit4 C-e!3&
The requirements of T-+B(.( and T-+B(.- shall be met
at intervals not to exceed three months for analog type
instruments and one year for digital type instruments, or
prior to first use thereafter.
T-461'1 S!reen Hei.-t Line)rit4' The ultrasonic
instrumentDs screen height linearity shall be evaluated in
accordance with %andatory Appendix &.
T-461'2 A%0*it#"e Cntr* Line)rit4' The ultrasonic
instrumentDs amplitude control linearity shall be evaluated
in accordance with %andatory Appendix &&.
+A
2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
FI)* T-4+4*4*1 CALIBRATION BLOC- FOR TEC0NIQUE ONE
A2is o clad beads
in4 3=( mm5
n4 depth
'
'
$
-
mi
'
$
')
in4 3'4% mm5
sideEdrilled holeJs
relecting surace
at clad interace4
tolerance "
'
$
)>
in4 3*4> mm5
Cladding
'
$
(
in4 3= mm5 latEbottom hole
drilled to clad interace4
tolerance "
'
$
)>
in4 3*4> mm5
T-462 Gener)* C)*i1r)tin Re$#ire%ent&
T-462'1 U*tr)&ni! S4&te%' Calibrations shall include
the complete ultrasonic system and shall be performed
prior to use of the system in the thic#ness range under
examination.
T-462'2 C)*i1r)tin S#r+)!e' Calibrations shall be per-
formed from the surface /clad or unclad convex or con-
cave1 corresponding to the surface of the component from
which the examination will be performed.
T-462', C#0*)nt' The same couplant to be used dur-
ing the examination shall be used for calibration.
T-462'4 Cnt)!t We".e&' The same contact wedges to
be used during the examination shall be used for cali-
bration.
T-462'5 In&tr#%ent Cntr*&' Any control which
affects instrument linearity /e.g., filters, re8ect, or clipping1
shall be in the same position for calibration, calibration
chec#s, instrument linearity chec#s, and examination.
T-462'6 Te%0er)t#re' .or contact examination, the
temperature differential between the calibration bloc# and
examination surfaces shall be within -'H. /(+HC1. .or
immersion examination, the couplant temperature for cali-
bration shall be within -'H. /(+HC1 of the couplant
temper- ature for examination.
T-46, C)*i1r)tin +r Nn-Pi0in.
T-46,'1 S4&te% C)*i1r)tin +r Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e
Te!-ni$#e&
T-46,'1'1 C)*i1r)tin 2*!39&:' Calibrations shall
be performed utili,ing the calibration bloc# shown in
.ig. T-+;+.-.(.
T-46,'1'2 Te!-ni$#e&' >onmandatory Appendices
7 and C provide general techniques for both angle beam
shear wave and straight beam calibrations. 0ther tech-
niques may be used.
The angle beam shall be directed toward the calibration
reflector that yields the maximum response in the area of
interest. The gain control shall be set so that this response
is A6G C 'G of full screen height. This shall be the
primary reference level. The search unit shall then be
manipulated, without changing instrument settings, to
obtain the maxi- mum responses from the other calibration
reflectors at their beam paths to generate the distance-
amplitude correction
--``,,,,,,`,``,``,`,`````,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
+@
m5
ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
FI)* T-4+4*4*2*1 ALTERNATE CALIBRATION BLOC- FOR TEC0NIQUE ONE
- in4
3%* mm5
=
$
>
C0
'
$
-
C0
'
$
>
C0
C0
- C0
3min5
' in4 3typ5
' in4 3typ5
:-% mm 3typ5; :-% mm 3typ5;
CENE#A! N@0E. All latEbottom holes are
'
?
(
in4 3= mm5 diameter4 0olerances or hole diameter and depth with respect to the clad side o the
block are A
'
?
)>
in4 3*4> mm54
FI)* T-4+4*4*2*2 ALTERNATE CALIBRATION BLOC- FOR TEC0NIQUE ONE
- in4
3%* m
' in4 3typ5
' in4 3typ5
:-% mm 3typ5; :-% mm 3typ5;
=
$
>
C0
'
$
-
C0
'
$
>
C0
C0
- C0
3min5
CENE#A! N@0E. All sideEdrilled holes are
'
?
')
in4 3'4% mm5 diameter4 Holes location tolerance is A
'
?
)>
in4 3*4> mm54 All holes drilled to a
minimum depth o '4% in4 3=( mm54
'6
2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
FI)* T-4+4*4*+ ALTERNATE CALIBRATION BLOC- FOR TEC0NIQUE T1O
' in4 3-% mm5 minimum 3typ45
Cladding
=
$
(
in4 3'* mm5 diameter latEbottom
hole machined to clad interace
within
'
$
)>
in4 3*4> mm5
/$AC1 curve. These calibrations shall establish both the
distance range calibration and the distance amplitude cor-
rection.
T-46,'1', An.*e 2e)% C)*i1r)tin' As applicable,
the calibration shall provide the following measurements
/>onmandatory Appendices 7 and % contain general
tech- niques1!
(a) distance range calibration
(b) distance-amplitude
(c) echo amplitude measurement from the surface
notch in the basic calibration bloc#.
4hen an electronic distance-amplitude correction
device is used, the primary reference responses from the
basic calibration bloc# shall be equali,ed over the distance
range to be employed in the examination. The response
equali,a- tion line shall be at a screen height of +6G to
A6G of full screen height.
T-46,'1'4 A*tern)ti8e An.*e 2e)% C)*i1r)tin'
4hen a vessel or other component is made with a
thic#ness of
(
"
-
in. /(; mm1 or less and a diameter equal
to or less than -6 in. /'66 mm1, the angle beam system
calibrations for distance-amplitude techniques may be
performed using the requirements of T-+B+.(.( and T-
+B+.(.-.
T-46,'1'5 Str)i.-t 2e)% C)*i1r)tin' The calibra-
tion shall provide the following measurements
/>onmanda- tory Appendix C gives a general technique1!
(a) distance range calibration and
(b) distance-amplitude correction in the area of interest.
4hen an electronic distance-amplitude correction
device
is used, the primary reference responses from the basic
calibration bloc# shall be equali,ed over the distance
range to be employed in the examination. The response
equali,a- tion line shall be at a screen height of +6G to
A6G of full screen height.
T-46,'2 S4&te% C)*i1r)tin +r Nn-Di&t)n!e
A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&' Calibration includes all those
actions required to assure that the sensitivity and accuracy
of the signal amplitude and time outputs of the
examination system /whether displayed, recorded, or
automatically pro- cessed1 are repeated from examination
to examination. Calibration may be by use of basic
calibration bloc#s with artificial or discontinuity
reflectors. %ethods are provided in >onmandatory
Appendices 7 and C. 0ther methods of calibration may
include sensitivity ad8ustment based on the examination
material, etc.
T-464 C)*i1r)tin +r Pi0in.
T-464'1 S4&te% C)*i1r)tin +r Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e
Te!-ni$#e&
T-464'1'1 C)*i1r)tin 2*!39&:' Calibrations shall
be performed utili,ing the calibration bloc# shown in
.ig. T-+;+.;.
T-464'1'2 An.*e 2e)% C)*i1r)tin' The angle beam
shall be directed toward the calibration reflector that yields
the maximum response. The gain control shall be set so
that this response is A6G C'G of full screen height. This
shall be the primary reference level. The search unit shall
then be manipulated, without changing instrument
settings, to obtain the maximum responses from the
calibration reflectors at the distance increments necessary
to generate a three-point distance-amplitude correction
/$AC1 curve. Separate calibrations shall be established
for both the axial and circumferential notches. These
calibrations shall estab- lish both the distance range
calibration and the distance amplitude correction.
T-464'1', Str)i.-t 2e)% C)*i1r)tin' 4hen
required, straight beam calibrations shall be performed to
the requirements of >onmandatory Appendix C using the
'(
--``,,,,,,`,``,``,`,`````,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
side-drilled hole alternate calibration reflectors of
T-+;+.(.(. This calibration shall establish both the
distance range calibration and the distance amplitude
correction.
T-464'2 S4&te% C)*i1r)tin +r Nn-Di&t)n!e
A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&' Calibration includes all those
actions required to assure that the sensitivity and accuracy
of the signal amplitude and time outputs of the
examination system /whether displayed, recorded, or
automatically pro- cessed1 are repeated from examination
to examination. Calibration may be by use of basic
calibration bloc#s with artificial or discontinuity
reflectors. %ethods are provided in >onmandatory
Appendices 7 and C. 0ther methods of calibration may
include sensitivity ad8ustment based on the examination
material, etc.
T-465 C)*i1r)tin +r C*)""in.
T-465'1 C)*i1r)tin +r Te!-ni$#e One' Calibrations
shall be performed utili,ing the calibration bloc# shown
in .ig. T-+;+.+.(. The search unit shall be positioned for
the maximum response from the calibration reflector. The
gain control shall be set so that this response is A6G C'G
of full screen height. This shall be the primary reference
level.
T-465'2 C)*i1r)tin +r Te!-ni$#e T<' Calibrations
shall be performed utili,ing the calibration bloc# shown
in .ig. T-+;+.+.;. The search unit shall be positioned for
the maximum response of the first resolvable indication
from the bottom of the calibration reflector. The gain shall
be set so that this response is A6G C'G of full screen
height. This shall be the primary reference level.
T-465', A*tern)te C)*i1r)tin +r Te!-ni$#e One'
Calibrations shall be performed utili,ing the calibration
bloc#s shown in .ig. T-+;+.+.-.( or T-+;+.+.-.-. The cali-
bration shall be performed as follows!
(a) The search unit shall be positioned for maximum
response from the reflector, which gives the highest
amplitude.
(b) The gain shall be set so that this response is A6G
C'G of full screen height. This shall be the primary refer-
ence level. %ar# the pea# of the indication on the screen.
(c) 4ithout changing the instrument settings, position
the search unit for maximum response from each of the
other reflectors and mar# their pea#s on the screen.
(d) Connect the screen mar#s for each reflector to pro-
vide a $AC curve.
T-466 C)*i1r)tin Cn+ir%)tin
T-466'1 S4&te% C-)n.e&' 4hen any part of the
exami- nation system is changed, a calibration chec# shall
be made on the basic calibration bloc# to verify that
distance range points and sensitivity setting/s1 satisfy the
requirements of T-+BB.;.
T-466'2 C)*i1r)tin C-e!3&' A calibration chec# on
at least one of the reflectors in the basic calibration bloc#
or a chec# using a simulator shall be performed at the
completion of each examination or series of similar
exami- nations, and when examination personnel /except
for auto- mated equipment1 are changed. The distance
range and sensitivity values recorded shall satisfy the
requirements T-+BB.;.
>0T?! &nterim calibration chec#s between the required initial
calibration and the final calibration chec# may be performed. The
decision to perform interim calibration chec#s should be based on
ultrasonic instrument stabil- ity /analog vs. digital1, the ris# of having to
conduct reexaminations, and the benefit of not performing interim
calibration chec#s.
T-466'2'1 Si%#*)tr C-e!3&' Any simulator chec#s
that are used shall be correlated with the original
calibration on the basic calibration bloc# during the
original calibra- tion. The simulator chec#s may use
different types of cali- bration reflectors or bloc#s /such as
&&41 and"or electronic simulation. 5owever, the
simulation used shall be identifi- able on the calibration
sheet/s1. The simulator chec# shall be made on the entire
examination system. The entire system does not have to
be chec#ed in one operation however, for its chec#, the
search unit shall be connected to the ultrasonic instrument
and chec#ed against a calibration reflector. Accuracy of
the simulator chec#s shall be con- firmed, using the basic
calibration bloc#, at the conclusion of each period of
extended use, or every three months, whichever is less.
T-466', Cn+ir%)tin A!!e0t)n!e V)*#e&
T-466','1 Di&t)n!e R)n.e Pint&' &f any distance
range point has moved on the sweep line by more than
(6G of the distance reading or 'G of full sweep,
whichever is greater, correct the distance range calibration
and note the correction in the examination record. All
recorded indi- cations since the last valid calibration or
calibration chec# shall be reexamined and their values
shall be changed on the data sheets or re-recorded.
T-466','2 Sen&iti8it4 Settin.&' &f any sensitivity set-
ting has changed by more than -6G or - d7 of its
amplitude, correct the sensitivity calibration and note the
correction in the examination record. &f the sensitivity
setting has decreased, all data sheets since the last valid
calibration chec# shall be mar#ed void and the area
covered by the voided data shall be reexamined. &f the
sensitivity setting has increased, all recorded indications
since the last valid calibration or calibration chec# shall
be reexamined and their values shall be changed on
the data sheets or re-recorded.
T-470 EXAMINATION
T-471 Gener)* E;)%in)tin Re$#ire%ent&
T-471'1 E;)%in)tin C8er).e' The volume to be
scanned shall be examined by moving the search unit over
'-
2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
the scanning surface so as to scan the entire examination
volume for each required search unit.
(a) ?ach pass of the search unit shall overlap a
minimum of (6G of the transducer /pie,oelectric element1
dimension parallel to the direction of scan indexing. As an
alternative, if the sound beam dimension parallel to the
direction of scan indexing is measured in accordance with
>onmanda- tory Appendix 7, 7-+BB, 7eam Spread
measurement rules, each pass of the search unit may
provide overlap of the minimum beam dimension
determined.
(b) 0scillation of the search unit is permitted if it can
be demonstrated that overlapping coverage is provided.
T-471'2 P#*&e Re0etitin R)te' The pulse repetition
rate shall be small enough to assure that a signal from a
reflector located at the maximum distance in the examina-
tion volume will arrive bac# at the search unit before the
next pulse is placed on the transducer.
T-471', R)te + Se)r!- Unit M8e%ent' The rate of
search unit movement /scanning speed1 shall not exceed
B in."s /('6 mm"s1, unless!
(a) the ultrasonic instrument pulse repetition rate is suf-
ficient to pulse the search unit at least six times within the
time necessary to move one-half the transducer
/pie,oelec- tric element1 dimension parallel to the
direction of the scan at maximum scanning speed or,
(b) a dynamic calibration is performed on multiple
reflectors, which are within C- d7 of a static calibration
and the pulse repetition rate meets the requirements of
T-+<(.-.
T-471'4 S!)nnin. Sen&iti8it4 Le8e*
T-471'4'1 Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&' The
scanning sensitivity level shall be set a minimum
;
of B d7
higher than the reference level gain setting.
T-471'4'2 Nn-Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&'
The level of gain used for scanning shall be appropriate
for the configuration being examined and shall be capable
of detecting the calibration reflectors at the maximum
scan- ning speed.
T-471'5 S#r+)!e Pre0)r)tin' 4hen the base material
or weld surface interferes with the examination, the base
material or weld shall be prepared as needed to permit the
examination.
;
4hen the *eferencing Code Section requires the detection and
evalua- tion of all indications exceeding -6G $AC, the gain should be
increased an additional amount so that no calibration reflector
indication is less than +6G .S5. As an alternate, the scanning
sensitivity level may be set at (+ d7 higher than the reference level gain
setting. /This additional gain ma#es the reference $AC curve a -6G
$AC curve so that indications exceeding -6G $AC may be easily
identified and evaluated.1.
T-472 We*" >int Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e
Te!-ni$#e
4hen the referencing Code Section specifies a distance
amplitude technique, weld 8oints shall be scanned with an
angle beam search unit in both parallel and transverse
directions /+ scans1 to the weld axis. 7efore performing
the angle beam examinations, a straight beam examination
shall be performed on the volume of base material through
which the angle beams will travel to locate any reflectors
that can limit the ability of the angle beam to examine
the weld volume. >onmandatory Appendix & describes a
method of examination using multiple angle beam
search units.
T-472'1 An.*e 2e)% Te!-ni$#e
T-472'1'1 2e)% An.*e' The search unit and beam
angle selected shall be +' deg or an angle appropriate for
the configuration being examined and shall be capable of
detecting the calibration reflectors, over the required angle
beam path.
T-472'1'2 Re+*e!tr& P)r)**e* t t-e We*" Se)%'
The angle beam shall be directed at approximate right
angles to the weld axis from both sides of the weld /i.e.,
from two directions1 on the same surface when possible.
The search unit shall be manipulated so that the ultrasonic
energy passes through the required volume of weld and
ad8acent base material.
T-472'1', Re+*e!tr& Tr)n&8er&e t t-e We*"
Se)%' The angle beam shall be directed essentially
parallel to the weld axis. The search unit shall be
manipulated so that the ultrasonic energy passes through
the required volume of weld and ad8acent base material.
The search unit shall be rotated (A6 deg and the
examination repeated. &f the weld cap is not machined
or ground flat, the examination shall be performed from
the base metal on
both sides of the weld cap in both weld axis directions.
T-472'2 Re&tri!te" A!!e&& We*"&' 4elds that cannot
be fully examined from two directions using the angle
beam technique /e.g., corner and tee 8oints1 shall also be
examined, if possible, with a straight beam technique.
These areas of restricted access shall be noted in the
exami- nation report.
T-472', In)!!e&&i1*e We*"&' 4elds that cannot be
examined from at least one side /edge1 using the angle
beam technique shall be noted in the examination report.
.or flange welds, the weld may be examined with a
straight beam or low angle longitudinal waves from the
flange face provided the examination volume can be
covered.
T-47, C*)""in. Te!-ni$#e&
The techniques described in these paragraphs shall be
used when examinations of weld metal overlay cladding
(10)
';
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license rom IHS
!icensee"Savannah #iver Nuclear Solutions$%&''())**'
Not or #esale+ *,$-,$-*'* ''.*,.%- M/0
ARTICLE 4 2010 SECTION V
(10)
are required by a referencing Code Section. 4hen
examina- tion for lac# of bond and clad flaw indications is
required, Technique 0ne shall be used. 4hen
examination for lac# of bond only is required, Technique
Two may be used.
T-47,'1 Te!-ni$#e One' The examination shall be per-
formed from the clad surface with the plane separating the
elements of the dual element search unit positioned
parallel to the axis of the weld bead. The search unit shall
be moved perpendicular to the weld direction.
T-47,'2 Te!-ni$#e T<' The examination may be per-
formed from either the clad or unclad surface and the
search unit may be moved either perpendicular or parallel
to the weld direction.
T-474 Nn-Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&
The number of angles and directions of the scans, for
reflectors both parallel and transverse to the weld axis,
shall demonstrate the ability to detect the minimum si,e
re8ectable discontinuities in the referencing Code Section
acceptance standards. The detailed techniques shall be in
conformance with the requirements of the referencing
Code Section.
T-4?0 EVALUATION
T-4?1 Gener)*
&t is recogni,ed that not all ultrasonic reflectors indicate
flaws, since certain metallurgical discontinuities and geo-
metric conditions may produce indications that are not
relevant. &ncluded in this category are plate segregates in
the heat-affected ,one that become reflective after fabrica-
tion. 3nder straight beam examination, these may appear
as spot or line indications. 3nder angle beam examination,
indications that are determined to originate from surface
conditions /such as weld root geometry1 or variations in
metallurgical structure in austenitic materials /such as the
automatic-to-manual weld clad interface1 may be classified
as geometric indications. The identity, maximum ampli-
tude, location, and extent of reflector causing a geometric
indication shall be recorded. I.or example! internal attach-
ment, -66G $AC, ( in. /-' mm1 above weld center line,
on the inside surface, from @6 deg to @' degJ The
following steps shall be ta#en to classify an indication as
geometric! (a) &nterpret the area containing the reflector
in accor-
dance with the applicable examination procedure.
(b) =lot and verify the reflector coordinates. =repare a
cross-sectional s#etch showing the reflector position and
surface discontinuities such as root and counterbore.
(c) *eview fabrication or weld preparation drawings.
0ther ultrasonic techniques or nondestructive examination
methods may be helpful in determining a reflectorDs true
position, si,e, and orientation.
T-4?2 E8)*#)tin Le8e*
T-4?2'1 Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&' All indica-
tions greater than -6G of the reference level shall be
inves- tigated to the extent that they can be evaluated in
terms of the acceptance criteria of the referencing Code
Section.
T-4?2'2 Nn-Di&t)n!e A%0*it#"e Te!-ni$#e&' All
indications longer than +6G of the re8ectable flaw si,e
shall be investigated to the extent that they can be
evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the
referencing Code Section.
T-4?, E8)*#)tin + L)%in)r Re+*e!tr&
*eflectors evaluated as laminar reflectors in base mate-
rial which interfere with the scanning of examination vol-
umes shall require the angle beam examination technique
to be modified such that the maximum feasible volume is
examined, and shall be noted in the record of the examina-
tion /T-+@;1.
T-4?4 A*tern)ti8e E8)*#)tin&
*eflector dimensions exceeding the referencing Code
Section requirements may be evaluated to any alternative
standards provided by the referencing Code Section.
T-4@0 DOCUMENTATION
T-4@1 Re!r"in. In"i!)tin&
T-4@1'1 Nn-ReAe!t)1*e In"i!)tin&' >on-re8ectable
indications shall be recorded as specified by the
referencing
Code Section.
T-4@1'2 ReAe!t)1*e In"i!)tin&' *e8ectable indications
shall be recorded. As a minimum, the type of indication
/i.e., crac#, non-fusion, slag, etc.1, location, and extent
/i.e., length1 shall be recorded. >onmandatory
Appendices $ and K provide general recording examples
for angle and straight beam search units. 0ther techniques
may be used.
T-4@2 E;)%in)tin Re!r"&
.or each ultrasonic examination, the following informa-
tion shall be recorded!
(a) procedure identification and revision
(b) ultrasonic instrument identification /including man-
ufacturerDs serial number1
(c) search unit/s1 identification /including manufactur-
erDs serial number, frequency, and si,e1
(d) beam angle/s1 used
(e) couplant used, brand name or type
(f) search unit cable/s1 used, type and length
(g) special equipment when used /search units, wedges,
shoes, automatic scanning equipment, recording equip-
ment, etc.1
(10)
Copyright ASME International
Provided by IHS under license with ASME
No reproduction or networking permitted without license rom IHS
!icensee"Savannah #iver Nuclear Solutions$%&''())**'
Not or #esale+ *,$-,$-*'* ''.*,.%- M/0
'+
--``,,,,,,`,``,``,`,`````,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
2010 SECTION V ARTICLE 4
(h) computeri,ed program identification and revision
when used
(i) calibration bloc# identification
(j) simulation bloc#/s1 and electronic simulator/s1 iden-
tification when used
(k) instrument reference level gain and, if used,
damping and re8ect setting/s1
(l) calibration data Iincluding reference reflector/s1,
indication amplitude/s1, and distance reading/s1J
(m) data correlating simulation bloc#/s1 and electronic
simulator/s1, when used, with initial calibration
(n) identification and location of weld or volume
scanned
(o) surface/s1 from which examination was conducted,
including surface condition
() map or record of re8ectable indications detected or
areas cleared
(!) areas of restricted access or inaccessible welds
(r) examination personnel identity and, when required
by referencing Code Section, qualification level
(s) date of examination.
&tems (b) through (m) may be included in a separate
calibration record provided the calibration record identifi-
cation is included in the examination record.
T-4@, Re0rt
A report of the examinations shall be made. The report
shall include those records indicated in T-+@( and T-+@-.
The report shall be filed and maintained in accordance
with the referencing Code Section.

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