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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Peer Reviewed
Title:
STRONG RARE EARTH COBALT QUADRUPOLES
Author:
Halbach, K.
Publication Date:
06-17-2010
Publication Info:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Permalink:
http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0mr5m0zh
Local Identifier:
LBNL Paper LBL-8906
Preferred Citation:
Particle Accelerator Conference, San Francisco, CA, March 12-14, 1979
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CCTAJ- 7?03C9^--/^3
Presented at the Particle Accelerator
Conference, San Francisco, CA,
March 12-14, 1979
L B L - 8 9 0 6
STRONG RARE EARTH COBALT QUADRUPOLES
tfl
vi
\ ;*
Klaus Halbach
Prepared for the U . S . DeDartment of Enerqy
under Contract W - 7 4 0 5 - E N G - 4 8
giatRlBL'TSOM OF TfiiB 1MX'1."VU;
NT JS l ^t l Ml TES'
X
STRONG RARE EARTH C O B A L T QUADRUPOLES
Klaus H a l b a c h
UC Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
- NOTICE-
Ti m upon wai prepared u an account of work
ip.in.ored by ti e United State. Gmmm. nl . Neither rh.
United Stelei no, lhe United Slatei fXpul menl or
t nngy. noi my of llitii employee., nor my of i l m,
conlractori, lubconlractori, ot their employee., make,
ny wairanry, ettpreis 01 implied, 01 auumei my legal
liability or leiponilbliily to, the acmiacy, comilelcneu
or usefulneu ori ny Ini' r.milion. i ppi nt ui , product or
Fractal ducloied. or re reienti thai i l l uic would noi
infringe privately owned righu.
Abstract
General properties a>s well as speci fi c config-
urations of i new family of strong Rare Earth Cobalt
quadrupoles are discussed. *Work prepared by
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and funded by Los Alamos
Sci ent i f i c Laboratory f or the Department.
Introduction
For some applications, one of the performance
l i mi tati ons of conventional quadrupoles is caused
by the power di ssi pati on i n the coi l s: I t puts an
upper l i mi t on the current densi t y t hat can be
used, which in t urn l i mi t s f or small aperture
>|uadrupoles the achievable pole t i p f i el d far below
the f i el d that the properties of steel would allow.
The subject of t hi s paper is a new desiyn of Rare
Earth Cobalt (REC) quadrupoles that allows construc-
t i on of compact quadrupoles wi t h magnet aperture
f i el ds of at l east 1.2T wi t h present l y avai l abl e
materials.
Because of space l i mi t at i ons, 1 describe here
only the basic ideas and most important properties of
RLC quadrupoles. The det ai l s, derivations of formu-
las et c. , wi l l be contained i n a separate paperJ
While that paper wi l l have yeneral expressions for
2N-pole magnets, t hi s paper i s i nt ent i onal l y re-
st r i ct ed t o the di scussi on of quadrupoles. The
iiiaynetic pr oper t i es of REC are descri bed i n some
det ai l , even though t hi s descrip t i on does not con-
tai n anything that has not been known f or more than
ton years. The motivation is my feel i ng that the
astounding si mpl i ci t y of t hi s mat eri al i s not
suf f i ci ent l y well known; and i t i s t hi s si mpl i ci ty
that leads t o a good understanding of REC systems,
which i n t ur n leads t o improvements i n desi gn.
REC Properties
The development of REC mat er i al s started i n
1966 wi t h St r nat ' s
2
work. The make up of most
currently avai l abl e materials can be summarized as
fol l ows: I t i s a sintered block of smal l , oriented,
hi ghl y ani sot r opi c cr yst al s (composed roughly of
one part Rare Earth metal per f i v e parts Co)
st rongl y magnetized i n the pref erred cr yst al i ne
di rect i on, customarily called the easy axi s.
Figure 1: B,
(
(H ) f or REC
Figure 1 shows the rel ati onshi p between ti and H
in the di recti on paral l el to the easy axis. Present-
l y available materials have a remanent f i el d b
r
i n
the range .8T to .95T, and materi al s wi t h even
larger B
r
wi l l probably be available in the not toe
di stant future. Over a wide range of f i el d values,
the B (H
| (
) curve is f or al l intents and purposes n
st r ai ght l i ne, wi t h dB ,, / d/ j H, , = A = 1.04. The
point on the curve where the B(H
I (
) curve starts t o
deviate from the strai ght l i ne depends on the mate-
r i al composition and manufacturing process.
While some materials st ar t t o break off i n the
lower part of the second quadrant; others have a
strai ght l i ne to 8, , ^ - . ' C^ . As long as one stays on
the strai ght l i ne, one can move up and down on the
B
(
, (Hi,) curve without any si gni fi cant change of the
curve. That means i n parti cul ar that one can assem-
bl e a system from magnetized pieces. In the di rec-
t i on perpendicular to the easy axis, the rel at i on-
ship between bj . and Hi i s given by B
x
" / A H ^ ;
M' -5; 1.03 and holds over a range of several T.
A convenient way t o express these properties i n
the maynetostatic equations is the fol l owi ng: The
material behaves l i ke a weakly, and sl i yht l y aniso-
t r opi c, permeable mat eri al , wi th either an impressed
current density
- -
j = curl H
c
or a n impressed charge density
=-div B
r }
wi t h H
c
and B
r
equal i ng vectors of maynitude H
c
and B
r
in the (l ocal ) di rect i on of the easy axi s.
_, For homogeniously magnetized pieces of mat eri al ,
j and 9 are zero everywhere except at the surface of
t he pi eces, where one f i nds a cur r ent sheet
= n x Hg (if = uni t vector normal to surface)
or a surface charge density
15 = n 5f
Si nce, *, , - ! and/ " j - | ar e so smal l , i t i s f or most
purposes suf f i ci ent l y accurate t o say that a piece of
t hi s material behaves l i ke vacuum with a f i el d inde-
pendent surface current or surface charye.
3
One
of the most si gni fi cant aspects of thi s statement
i s the fact that i n the absence of saturating
materi al s, linear superposition of fi el ds i s val i d.
Unless expl i ci t l y stated otherwise, in the rest of
the paper i t is alway assumed thaty* r / *j = /
For completeness, i t should be pointed out that
some oriented f er r i t es behave qual i tati vel y si mi l ar
t o REC, but are q u a n t i a t 1vel y d i f f e r e n t :
y/*t=l.1 or l arger; and B
r
.2-.35T.
Properties of a Multipiece Quadrupole
The crossection of a quadrupole consisting of
16 trapezoidal REC pieces i s shown i n Figure 2. The
arrows in each piece indicate the di recti on of the
easy axi s throughout t hat pi ece. I f the r adi al
symmetry l i ne of a piece forms the angleO? wi th the
x axi s, then the angle sCbetween the di recti on of the
easy axis and the symmetry l i ne folluws for t hi s
design the relationship
For most of t hi s s ec t i on, we wi l l di scuss t he two
dimensional f i el ds produced by st r uct ur es such as
shown i n Fi gure 2.
Fhj ure "i: Schematic Crossecti on of 16 Piece
REC Cjuadrupule
A pl ot of the B- l i nes i n a 45 sl i ce of t he magnet
shown i n Fi gure 2 i s shown i n Fi gure 3.
l i unis has a quadr upl e t hat consi st s of M t r ap-
ezoi dal KEC pi eces wi t h t hei r easy axes or i ent ed
accordi ng t o e q u . ( l ) , and i f one pi ece i s bi sect ed by
t he +x a x i s , wi t h i n t e r s e c t i o n c oor di nat es x =
r i , and x = r ? , t hen t he quadr upol e s t r e n g t h at
the aper t ur e, i . e . x = r ] , i s gi ven by
2( r
1
) = ZB
r
cos
2
A/ r t L l U i M . n - i , H
t
) (2)
For M-JO, i . e. a quadrupol e wi t h cont i nuousl y varyi ng
easy axes, equ. ( 2) reduces t o
B( r , ) = 2 B
r
( l - n / r
2
) ( 3)
I n an unpubl i shed i nt er nal r epor t , J. P. Bl ewet t ' '
gi ves t h i s e x p r e s s i o n , but f a i l s t o di scuss t he
ani s ot r opy of t he ma t e r i a l t hat i s necessar y t o
produce these f i e l d s or t hat the easy axi s of t he
mat er i al lias t o be arranged accordi ng t o equ. ( l )
I f one f or mul at es t he var i at i onal probl em: how
shoul d t he cont i nousl y var i abl e easy axes between
two concent ri c c i r c l e s be or i ent ed i n or der t o get
t he l ar gest possi bl e quddrupole f i e l d i nsi de the
smal l er c i r c l e , one get s equ. (1) as an answer, i . e .
equ. (3) expresses t he st rongest quadrupol e f i e l d
achi evaul e wi t h REC mat er i al between two such c i r c l e s .
The l b- pi ece quadrupol e shown i n Fi g. 2 r epr esent s a
compromise between ease of manufacturi ng and assem-
b l i n g the pi eces; and coming cl ose t o f u l f i l l i n g
equ. ( 3) . The l oss i n st r engt h due t o t he f i n i t e num-
ber of pieces i s onl y 6.3%, compared t o l osses of
10.9% and 23.Z% f o r 12 and 8 pi ece quadr upol es.
The harmonics possi bl e i n a st r uct ur e consi st i ng
of M i dent i cal pi eces wi t h t hei r easy axes or i ent ed
accordi ng t o equ. (1) are gi ven by
n= 2+/ *M; M= 0 , l , 2 . . . (4)
E q u . (4) expresses a high degree of symmetry. That
symmetry is a direct consequence of a general theo-
rem: If in an assembly of KEC p ie c e s , all easy axes
are rotated by th e a n gl e p , then the d ir e c tion of the
magnetic field e ve r y wh e r e outside the REC is rotated
by the a n g l e - ^
n i w-f t n
Fi gur e 3: Fi el d Li nes i n 4b Sl i ce uf 16 Piece
KEL ljuadrupole
wi t hout any change i n magni tude. This theorem is
val i d onl y i n two di mensi ons, and then only i f t ht r e
are no mat er i al s w1t h/ *l pr esent .
The f i r s t undesi rabl e harmonic f or thu 16 pi ece
quadrupol e i s r at her l ar ge, but can be made zero by
having t h i n non-magnetic sheets between adjacent
pi eces. The f i r s t undesi rabl e harmonic (n = 34) i s
then of such high order t o be of no concern.
The f i e l d r adi al l y out si de a mul t i pi uce quadru-
pol e i s very weak and decays l i k e r^"'
1
. In the un-
l i k e l y event t hat t hat s t r a y f i e l d shoul d be of con-
cer n, i t can be el i mi nat ed wi t h a t hi n si . l t i r on
s hi el d, wi t hout having a s i gni f i c ant ef f ect on the
f i e l d s i n t he aperture r egi on.
Because of the l i near super posi t i on of f i el ds
produced by REC assembl i es, a quadrupol e wi t h adj ust -
abl e gr adi ent can be made by pl aci ng a small REC
quadrupol e i nt o the apert ure r egi on or a l ar ger REC
quad, and r ot at i ng one r el at i v e t o the ot her. Si mi -
l a r l y , one can pl ace a REC magnet i nt o a conventi on-
al magnet and obt ai n l i near super posi t i on of f i el ds
provi ded t he REC i s not dr i ven out of the range where
t he B (H
1 (
) i s a st r ai ght l i n e .
Another di r ect consequence of the val i di t y of
t he l i n e a r super posi t i on pr i nc i pl e i s the property
t hat t he ef f ec t i v e l engt h of a REC quadrupole i s t he
same as i t s physi cal l engt h. Computing the t hree
di mensi onal f r i nge f i el ds of t he quadrupole shown
i n Fi gur e 2 i nvol ves onl y el ementary transcendental
f unct i ons. However, a f a i r amount of bookkeeping
and comput at i on of c oor di nat e t r ansf or mat i ons i s
i nvol ved, si nce one has t o compute the f i el ds pr o-
duced by " 8 d i f f e r e n t r e c t a n g u l a r charge sheet s.
3 u i l t by MEN
A photoyraph of a 16-pi ece quadrupo'le b u i l t by
New England Nuclear^ i s shown i n Fi g. ( 4) . Measure-
ments on t hat quadrupol e, as wel l as anal ysi s wi t h
t lie comput er code PAIJUIKA
6
, c onf i r m p r e d i c t i o n s
f r ui . i t he i deal i z ed t h e o r y , wi t h t he except i on of
SI.I a l l e f f e c t s due t o non z e r o v a l u e s o f
/*u~^ and / * . ! . " ' . The onl y such e f f e c t wor t hy t o
not e i s the presence of harmonies ot her than t hose
yi ven by equ. ( 4) . They ar e, however, very smal l :
The f i e l d er r or at t he maynet apert ure duefn=b i s
, i " ; n- 14: . l %; n= 10: t oo smal l t o measure. Whi l e
ai.ipl l t ui l es are s u f f i c i e n t l y smal l t o be of any con-
cer n f o r most a p p l i c a t i o n s , t hey coul d be t uned
away i f i t were necessary.
As lony as equ. ( l ) i s observed and a reasonabl e
volume f i l l i n g f act or i s achi eved, any arrangement
of kli i ndt er i dl w i l l g i v e a quadr upol e wi t h a
st r engt h cl ose t o t hat gi ven by equ. ( 3) . Depend-
i ng or, ci rcumst ances, a v a i l a b i l i t y of i i i at er i al e t c . ,
oni' might, f ur i nst ance want t o use t i y h t l y packed
c i r c u l a r rods t hat are di agonal l y magneti zed. The
i j ui i drupol e shown i n Fi gur e 1 serves onl y as an exam-
pl e of a system t hat i s f a i r l y easi l y manufactured
,iiid tomes cl ose t o the st r engt h gi ven by e<| U. (3).
I he quaurupole shuwn i n l i y . ( l ) r equi r es pi eces
wi t h t i ve di f f er ent or.L ent at i ons of the easy axi s
r e l a t i v e to the symmetry l i ne of the pi eces. That
iHji.il.fr t an be reduced t o f our by r ot at i ng the easy
axi s i n every piece of the magnet by 'i'i.'}". However,
t he benef i t s from t hat r educt i on of the number of
di f f er ent pieces are not r e a l l y s i gni f i c ant .
Tne advantages of t hese RLC quadrupoles are ob-
vi ous: For small aper t ur es they produce quadrupol e
f i e l d s at the magnet aper t ur e t hat are much l ar ger
t han those achi evabl e wi t h any ot her method, they
are compact, arid they need nei t her power suppl i es
nor c o o l i n g . The di sadvant ages ar e mai nl y c o s t :
When no machining i s necessary the pr i ce of ready
t o use KEC i s of t he or der of l - i ! $c i i r
3
. When
accurat e Gri ndi ng i s necessary, the pr i ce goes up
t o l OSci . f J f or l ar ge q u a n t i t i e s , and 3(J$cm"3 f o r
si,;a 11 q u a n t i t i e s . I t i s p o s s i b l e , at l e a s t i n
p r i n c i p l e , t o repl ace par t of t he REC
;
n a quadru-
pol e wi t h sof t st eel wi t hout changing t he f i e l d i n
t he aper t ur e r egi on. However, the savings i n REC
mat er i a! are probabl y not s u f f i c i e n t t o of f s et t he
addi t i onal gr i ndi ng cost s.
The magnetic pr oper t i es of KEC am f a i r l y i nsen-
s i t i v e t o temperature up t o l bOC, and wi t h proper
p r e c a u t i o n s , one can oper at e at t emper at ur es of
2UU-250
o
C. REC i s b r i t t l e , and the magnetic f or ces
bet ween pi eces ar e s u b s t a n t i a l , r e q u i r i n g r a t h e r
car ef ul assembly procedures t o pr ot ect t he mat er i al
(and f i nger t i ps ! ) from damage.
Generalizations
Mul t i pol e magnets of or der N wi l l al so be de-
s c r i bed i n R e f . ( l ) . Equ' s ( 1) and ( 4) become i n
t he general case of a mul t i pi ece 2N pol e:
<<=Nf (5)
W -- Ni/i M , /A: 0,1,1 (6)
I f t he i n d i v i d u a l pi eces ar e t r a p e z o i d s , equ. { 2)
becomes .
u
For a di pol e ( N= l ) , equ.7 becomes i (8)
!3=B
r
costrr//i)'1*1 *,/*,) :
Li near ar r ays of RIO magnets af e used t o cont ai n
plasmas, and wi l l probabl y be used, i n ' he f ut ur e as
wi yyl er s f o r t he pr cduct i on of sync' i r ot r un r adi at i on
i n el ect r on st orage r i ngs. The ampl i cat i on of the
concepts devel oped f or const ruct on of mul t i pol e
magnets t o t hese l i near arrays wi l
!
l al so ue t r eat ed
i n a f or t hcomi ng publ i cat i on.
References
(1) K. Hal bach, t o be publ i shed n KSI .
(2) K. J. St r nat , G. I . Hof f er , :.echn. Report AFML-
TK-b5-446, Wr i yht - Pat t er sor Ai r Force Base,
( l %b ) . :
(3) J. l i . V. Ts ui , U. J. I den, K.J,, St r nat , A. J. I vor s,
IEEE Tr ans ac t i ons on Magr ' et i cs, l l o. l ' - p. Ib'J,
TTg72TT
( 4) J . P. B l e we U, UNL I nt er nal Repor t , AAPU-H9
(19Gb).
(!i) R.F. I l ol si nger , K. Hal l . Jci , to be publ i shed i n
Proceedi ngs of the f our t h ' I nt er nat i onal Wortsliop
on Rare Ear t h Cobalt Permanent Magnets and t hei r
Appl i cat i ons, ( l ' J79) .
((.) K. HaTEacIi, R.F. I l ol si nyer , t o be publ i shed.