Further Mechanics Exam Pack MS

Further Mechanics Exam Pack
Mark Scheme
1. C
[1]

2. B
[1]

3. D
[1]

4. A
[1]

5. B
[1]

6. A satellite orbits the Earth once every 120 minutes. Calculate the satellites angular speed.
Correct substitution into angle/time (1)
Answer with correct unit (1)
r.p.m. etc. not allowed
Angular speed = e.g. 0.052 rad min
1
1!0"h
1
(2 mar#s)

Dra a !ree"body !orce diagram !or the satellite.
(1 mar#)
($% the &arth is shown' then the direction must be correct)

#he satellite is in a state o! !ree !all. $hat is meant by the term free fall? %o can the height
o! the satellite stay constant i! the satellite is in !ree !all&
(ree %all ) when gra*itational %orce is the onl+ %orce acting on an ob,ect (1)
-eight ) (1) %or each clear and rele*ant ph+sics statement (1) . (1)
(/ mar#s)
[0otal 1 mar#s]
Feltham Community College 1
7. '(etch o! to graphs)
a
0 t
'inusoidal
*egative start

a
d O
+inear through 0,0
*egative gradient -

Amplitude o! tide = ..1 m
*e/t mid"tide at 12.00 0noon1
*e/t lo tide at 12.00 0. pm1 .

Calculation o! time at hich !alling ater levels reaches ring 3)
x = x
0
sin
,
_
12
2 t
4Allo cosine5
1.6 m = ..1 m sin
,
_
h 12
2 t
4Error carried !orard !or their amplitude above7 not 1.2 ml
t = 1.28 h or t = -.22 h i! cosine used
#ime at 3 = 12.00 h 9 1.28 h = 1..28 h 01.18 pm1 -
[11]
8. Demonstration that ater must be thron bac(ards at about 1. m s
:1
)
;orce =
t
water of momentum
1 0
(1)
< = 10
2
* = 8 = 10
-
= V (1)
V=
-
2
10 8
10 <
= 1. m s
:1
(1) .

Calculation o! poer e/pended)
P = F = <.0 = 10
2
* = 20 m s
:1
(1)
1.8 = 10
>
$ ?3 12 @$ (1) 2

Calculation o! rate at hich ater gains (inetic energy)
A = mBt =
2
= A 8 = 10
-
(gBs = 01. @ s
:1
1
2
(1)
= 2.0> = 10
8
$ ?3 2.1 @$ (1)
4Allo 2.. @$ i! 1.... m s
:l
used5 2

?verall e!!iciency)
Coer in = 1.8
s
l
= ..- = 10
>

l
J
= 2.-- = 10
>
$ (1)
4Dntermediate value not e/plicitly needed5
Coer out = 18.0 = 10
8
9 2.- = 10
8
= 21.- = 10
8
(1)
E!!iciency =
2 . 2-
- . 21
= 0..6 0.6E1 (1) .
[10]

9. De!inition o! linear momentum)
@ass = velocity 4$ords or de!ined symbols7 *?# ft5 (1) 1
*etons second la)
+ine . only (1) 1
*etons third la)
+ine 2 ?3 1F 2 (1) 1
Assumption)
*o 0net1 e/ternal !orcesBno !rictionBdrag (1)
Dn line . 0he assumes the !orce e/erted by the other trolley is
the resultant !orce1 4?nly i! 1
st
mar( earned5 (1) 2
Description o! ho it could be chec(ed e/perimentally that momentum is conserved in a
collision beteen to vehicles)
'uitable collision described and speci!ic eGuipment to
measure velocities 4e.g. light gates5 (1)
@easure velocities be!ore and a!ter collision (1)
%o velocities calculated 4e.g. ho light gates used5 (1)
@easure masses B use (non massesBeGual masses (1)
Calculate initial and !inal moment a and compare ?3
!or eGual trolleys in inelastic collision, then
1
= A
2
(1) @a/ -
[2]

10. Calculation o! ho long heel ta(es to complete one revolution)
#ime = 2 = 80 mB0.20 m s
:1
(1)
= 1600 sB1<<- sB.1.- min (1) 2
Change in passengers velocity)
Direction changes ?3 up 0*1 don 0'1 ?3 9 : (1)
?3 1<0H (1) 2
0.-0 m s
:1
40.-0 m s
:1
ithout direction = 2B25

Calculation o! mass)
0I1pe = mgh
m = <0 = 10
.
JB6.<1 m s
:2
= 120 m1 (1)
4#his mar( is !or rearranging the !ormula7 accept 10 instead (1)
o! 6.<1 and 80 instead o! 120 but do not e.c.!. to ne/t mar(5
m = 8< (g (1) .

'(etch graph)
I C E B ( J I C E B ( J
< 0 < 0
6 2 0 6 2 0
t / s t / s
? 3
+abelled a/es and line shoing CE increasing ith time
'inusoidal shape (1)
0620 s, <0 (J1 (1)
4Accept hal! the time they calculated at start o! Guestion (1)
instead o! 620 s as e.c.!.5
4CE v h 0B.5 .

$hether it is necessary !or motor to supply the gpe)
*o, because passenger on other side is losing gpe (1)
D! heel eGually loaded ?3 balanced ith people (1)
?3
Kes, because no other passengers (1)
so uneGually loaded (1) 2
[12]

11. E/planation)
Changing directionBith no !orce goes straight on 0along tangent1 (1)
AccelerationBvelocity changeBmomentum change (1) 2
Ddenti!ication o! bodies)
A) Earth 4Not Earths gravitational !ield5 (1)
B) scales 4Not EarthBground5 (1) 2

Calculation o! angular speed)
Angular speed = correct angle L correct time 4any correct units5 (1)
= -.- = 10
:.
rad min
:1
B 0.28 rad h
:1
B 2rad day
:1
etc (1) 2

Calculation o! resultant !orce)
;orce = mr
2
(1)
= 22 (g = 8-00 =10
.
m = 0>.. = 10
:2
rad s
:1
1
2
(1)
= 1.6 * (1) .
4*o e.c.! here unless in rad s
:1
5
Calculation o! value o! !orce B)
;orce B = 2.6* : 1.6* (1)
= 2.> * (1) 2
4e.c.!. e/cept here 3.; = 05
;orce)
'cales read 2.> * 0same as B1 4allo e.c.!.5
*etons .rd laB!orce student e/erts on scales (1) 1
[12]

12. @omentum) mass = velocity 4accept de!ined symbols5 1
Chysical Guantity)
0*et1 !orce (1)
on lorry (1) 2
4M3ate o! change o! momentumN scores one only5
@agnitude)
s -0
81*s
= 1.2 0.1 = 10
-
*

Iradient measurements (1)
Correct calculation (1) 2
4Accept 1.- : 1.> to 2 s.!.5
E/planation o! shape)
;orce decreases as speed increases (1)
4Allo Mrate o! change o! momentumN5

Any one o!)
Air resistance increases
#ransmission !riction increases
Engine !orce reduces 2
[3]
13. @omentum o! driver)
Correct use o! p = m 4?3 ith numbers5 (1)
= 1200 * s ?3 1200 (g m s
:1
(1) 2
Average resultant !orce)
Correct choice o! F = t = p ?3 F = ma (1)
F = 0.0> 0s1 = 1200 0* s1 F = 20 = -26B20 = .0B0.0> (1)
= 21 (* = 21 (* (1) .

4Dgnore sign o! anser5
$hy resultant !orce is not the same as !orce e/erted on driver by seatbelt)
Air bags B!loorB!rictionBseatBsteering heel (1)
4*amed !orce other than eightBreaction5 1
[1]

14. Crinciple o! conservation o! linear momentum)
4*ot Oust eGuation : symbols must be de!ined5
'um o! momentaBtotal momentum remains constant (1)
4EGuation can indicate5
4*ot MconservedN5
D! no 0resultant1 e/ternal !orce acts (1)
4Not MclosedBisolated systemN5
2
+as o! @otion)
2
nd
and .
rd
las (1)
1
Description)
@easure velocitiesBspeeds be!ore and a!ter collision (1)
'uitable techniGue !or measuring velocity
e.g. tic(er tapeBtic(er timer
light gate0s1
motion sensor (1)
4*ot stop cloc( or Oust datalogger5
%o velocity is !ound !rom their techniGue
4*eed distance L time 9 identi!y distance and time. Could get ith (1)
stopcloc( method.5 (1)
a!ter
= A
be!ore
B calculate m be!ore and a!terBchec( e.g. m
1
1
= 0m
1
9 m
2
1
2
-

3eason !or discrepancy)
;rictionBair resistance (1)
4Dgnore any re!erence to energy5 (1)
E/planation)
#he Earth 0plus car1 recoils (1)
$ith same momentum as the car had (1)
2
[10]

15. Calculation o! minimum height x )
a =
r
2
(1)

r
2
g at top (1)
At top) A m
2
= mgx 4?3 mgh 1 mar(5 (2)

2
= 2gx 0*ote) derived !rom
2
= u
2
+ 2as = 01
4;or
2
= 2g0x 9 11 (1)0speed at bottom15
2gx/r g at top
x rB2
x 0.22 m
4 or =5 (1)
[5]

16. Calculation o! total momentum)
Dn 1 s, p = 1-00 J B. = 10
<
m s
:1
= -.> = 10
:8
* s 0(g m s
:1
1
4*o u.e.5 2

;orce e/erted on hole sail)
@omentum changeBtime 4?3 symbols5 (1)
= -.> = 10
:8
= 1.2 = 10
8

= >.0 0>.11 * (1) 2

E/planation o! hy !orce is doubled)
Chotons bounce bac( (1)
'o their change o! momentum is doubled (1) 2

Calculation o! ma/imum increase in speed)
a = F/m = >B1200 m s
:2
4allo e.c.!.5 (1)
0= 0.008 m s
:2
1
= a t = 0.008 m s
:2
= 80- <00 s (1)
= .200 m s
:1
(1) .
[2]
17. Discussion)
*o eGuilibrium or there is a resultant !orce (1)
Direction changing or otherise ould move in a straight line
0or o!! at an tangent1 (1)
acceleration or velocity changing (1)
;orce toards centre or centripetal (1)
#he tension provides this !orce 4conseGuent5 (1)
4?3 !or last 2 mar(s) eight o! ball acts donards (1)
vertical component o! tension balances it (1)5 2

;ree"body diagram)
$BeightBmgBgravitational Pattraction 4not Pgravity5 (1) 1
[1]

18. E/periment
2 light gates (1)
Iate gives time trolley ta(es to pass 4 not Oust Pthe time5 (1)
'peed = length o! PinterrupterBtime ta(en (1)
?3
2 tic(er timers (1)
Dots at (non time intervals (1)
'peed = length o! tape sectionBtime ta(en (1) .
4ruler 9 cloc( could obtain third mar( only, speci!ying a lengthBtime5

#otal momentum o! trolleys
Qero (1)
Dt as Rero initially or momentum is conserved 4conseGuent5 (1) 2
'peed v o! A
Sse o! momentum = mass = velocity (1)
Sse o! mass = speed 0A1 = mass = speed 0B1 (1)
1.< m s
1
4ignore "ve signs5 (1) .
[!]
19. Diagrams shoing !orces)
D i a g r a m 1 D i a g r a m 2
(1) (1) 2

4Each diagram, one arro only5

Discussion re arti!icial gravity
Any !our !rom)
centripetal !orce, in conte/t
!orces !elt by astronaut both MupardN
so !eels li(e eightBgravity
a
2
Br B F = m
2
B r B a =
2
r B F = m
2
r B F = m
=
2
2
2
2
2
10
2 10 - - 2 ) / (
t
r
r /
t
r

,
_

4Any one5 or calculate or
= 2.0 m s
:2
4*o u.e.5
arti!icial !ield varies ith B radius (1) (1) (1) (1) -

1.8 * (g
:1
4to one signi!icant !igure5 ?3 other Ousti!ication 4e.c.!5 (1) 1
[3]

20. %o ions are accelerated
Electric !ield e/ists beteen 9, : electrodes (1)
!orce on ions B !orce acceleration (1) 2

'peed o! /enon atom
eT = A m
2
BeT =
(
(1)
=
m B eT 2
(1)
=
1
22
16
ms
10 2 . 2
1 222 1080 0 10 8 . 1 2

+
(1)
= -.. =10
-
m s
:1
4*o u.e.5 (1) -
#hrust on space probe
;orce = rate o! change o! momentum (1)
= 2.1 = 10
:8
= -. 000 * (1)

= 0.060 * (1) .
4Ssing - = 10
-
m s
:1
gives F = 0.0<- *5

3eason !or reduced thrust
Uenon ions attracted bac( ?3 similar (1) 1

$hy ion drives maybe pre!erable
Any to !rom)
less !uel reGuired in total
!or e/ample, 88 (g !or a year
thrust provided !or longerB!uel lasts longerBaccelerates !or longer
loer payload !or initial launchBion drive lighter (1) (1) 2
[12]

21. Angular speed
Conversion o! 61 into seconds : here or in a calculation (1)
Sse o! ! = 2B allo != .80B
= 1.12 : 1.20 = 10
:.
rad s
:1
B8.6 = 10
:2
rad min
:1
B0.088 deg s
:1
(1) .

Acceleration
Sse o! a = r
2
B
2
B r (1)
Adding 8.>0 0(m1 to 210 0(m1B 82<0 0(m1 (1)
a = <.2 to 6.2 m s
:2
4*o e.c.!. !or 210 missed but allo !or in rad s
:1
5 (1) .

3esultant !orce
3ecallBSse o! F = ma (1)
F = .2 :.6 * 4Allo e.c.! their a above only5 (1)
#oards 0centre o! the1 Earth (1) .
[2]
22. E/planation o! Celton heel
Vuote o! F = mBt 4or in ords5 (1)
*egative momentBvelocity a!ter (1)
Dncreased 0tice1 momentum B velocity changeBm " mu compared
ith !alling o!! plane paddle (1)
Ddea o! doubled (1) @a/ .

Cercentage e!!iciency o! station
Energy available = mgh (1)
Coer input = 2>0 = 6.< = 220 (1)
E!!iciency = 200 000 = 100 B 881 200 = >8 0E1 (1) .

?ther desirable properties
;or e/ample)
%ard : does not earBscratchBdent (2)
#ough : can ithstand dynamic loadsBplastic de!ormation (2)
'trong : high brea(ing stressB!orce (2)
'mooth : lo !riction sur!ace (2)
Durable : properties do not orsen ith time (2) @a/ -

#ime to repay initial investment
Each hour orth 200 = 0.0->- = W2..>0 ?3 total no o! ($ h
reGuired 1.000000B0.0->- = 2.1 = 10
>
*o. o! hours to repay = 1 000 000 B2..>0 ?3 2.1 = 10
>
B200
2- = .82 = -.< years to repay debt (1)
Assumption
Constant poer production B no interest charges B no repair costs
no ages !or employees (1) -
[14]

23. $hy person moving in a circle must have an acceleration
Acceleration due to changing direction
?3
D! not it ould continue in straight line (1) 1
Centripetal acceleration
a=
2
2
?3rw
r
v
(1)
1 s rad 0 10 . . >
?3
1 ms 0 -82
80 80 2-
10 - . 8 2 2
1 2
1
8
w
!
#r
v
(1)
a = 0.0.- 0m s
"2
1 4 no u.e.5 (1) .

$hich !orce is the larger
mg is larger than $/$ is smaller than mg (1)
mg % $ B centripetalBacceleratingBresultant !orce acts toards centre (1) 2

Di!!ering apparent !ield strength
00.0.- L 6.<11 = 100E
= 0..2E
?3 00.0. L 6.<11 = 100E = 0..1 E 4*?# 0..E5 (1) 1
[1]

24. Angular speed
Sse o! = 2/! 1
= 1.2 = 10
:.
4min 2 signi!icant !igures1 4*o ue as units given5 1

;ree"body !orce diagram
Cull o! EarthB$eightBmgBIravitational Cull 1
$hy satellite is accelerating
3esultantB*etBSnbalanced !orce on satellite must have an
acceleration ?3 ; = ma. 1

@agnitude o! acceleration
Sse o! a =
2
r ?3
2
L r 1
a = 6..8"6.-2 ?3 8.2 m s
:2
1
4Depends on hich value used5
[1]
25. @omentum and its unit
@omentum = mass = velocity 1
(g m s
:1
or * s 1
@omentum o! thorium nucleus be!ore the decay
Qero 1
'peed o! alpha particleBradium nucleus and directions o! travel
Alpha particle because its mass is smallerBlighter 1
'o higher speed !or the same 0magnitude o!1 momentum
?3 *. argument 1
?pposite directionsBalong a line 1
[1]

26. Deceleration o! Earth
F = m B t = > = . = 10
-
* 4EGuation or substitution5 (1)
=2.1 = 10
2
* (1)
a = F/m = 2.1 = 10
2
B8.0 = 10
2-
4EGuation or substitution5 (1)
= ..2 = 10
:20
m s
:2
(1) -
?3
in 1 second) !or debris = . = 10
-
m s
:1
a = . = 10
-
m s
:2
F = ma = > (g = . = 10
-
ms
:2
= 2.1 = 10
2
* (1) (1)
F on Earth = F on debris
a
earth
= F/m =
(g 10 8
* 10 1 . 2
2-
2
= ..2 = 10
:20
m s
:2
(1) (1)
?3 Conservation o! momentum X (1)
or m
1
u
1
+ m
2
2
= m
.
.
etc X
8 = 10
2-
= . = 10
-
09 > = 01 = 08 = 10
2-
9 >1 =
.
(1)
?3 An anser 0..2 = 10
:20
m s
:2
1 calculated !rom any speci!ic (1) (1) (1)
arbitrary time5 (1)
Comment) negligible (1) 1
4?3 energy loss negligible5
[5]
27. Direction o! centripetal acceleration
#oards centreBdonardsBinards (1) 1
E/planation
F=ma
a and F in same direction (1) 1

3esultant !orce
=
!
r 2
=
2 . -
< 2
4EGuation ?3 substitution5 (1)
= 11.2 m s
:1
(1)
F =
r
mv
2
=
<
2 . 11 80
2

= 6.8 * (1)
?3 w =
!
2
=
2 . -
2
= 1..68 rad s
:1
(1)
F = mrw
2
0Y1
= 80 = < = 1.-
2
0Y1 40Y1 EGuation ?3 substitution5 (1)
= 6.8 * (1) -

Calculation o! eight
& = mg= 80 = 6.<1
= 2<6 * (1) 1
Calculation o! magnitude o! push
F
net
= & 9 P
P = F % &= 6.8 : 2<6
= .-> * (1) 1
Diagram
& (1)
P (1) 2
[10]
28. @agnitude o! F
F = m
2
Br (1)
#oards the centre (1) 2
Calculation
0i1 6.0> = 10
.
* (1)
0ii1 $ = mg : m
2
B r (1)
'ubstitutions (1)
2..> = 10
.
*
4Calculation o! m
2
B r ma/ 15 (1) -
E/planation
3eGuired centripetal !orce Z mg 0so cannot be provided1 (1) 1
Critical speed
Sse o! (m)g = (m)
2
B r (1)
12.> m s
:1
(1) 2

Apparently eightless
#his means no !orce e/erted onBby surroundings ?3 $ = 0 ?3 only
!orce acting is eight (1)
$hen car ta(es o!! it is in !ree !all 4conseGuent5 (1) 2
[11]

29. @ass o! head o! mallet
'electing density / volume (1)
Correct substitutions (1)
@ass = 1.12 0(g1 4. signi!icant !igures, minimum5 (1) .
@omentum change
p = m used (1)
p = 1.12 or 1.2 (g 0-.20 9 0.2<1 m s
:1
(1)
= 2.20 B 2.>- (g m s
:1
B* s (1) .

Average !orce
#heir above B 0.012 s (1)
F = -2<B->< * 4e.c.!. p above5 (1) 2
Talue !or !orce
%andle massBeightB head eightB!orce e/erted by user 0handle1
neglected (1) 1
E!!ectiveness o! mallet ith rubber head
t goes upBp goes up (1)
less !orce' less e!!ectiveBmore !orce, more e!!ective 4conseGuent5 (1) 2
[11]

30. 'peed o! rim o! drum
v = r or v = 2rB! 4either used5 (1)
=
s 80
min rev <00 2
:1

?3 ! =
1 :
min rev <00
s 80
(1)
= 1<.- m s
:1
4. s! min.5 0no ue1 (1) .
Acceleration
Sse o! a = r
2
?3 a = v
2
/r (1)
1.2 = 10
.
ms
:2
(1) 2
Addition o! arro and e/planation
Arro labelled A toards centre o! drum (1)
Cush o! drum on clothingBnormal contact e/erted by drum on clothing (1) 2
4*ormal reaction accepted5
Arro o! path
Arro labelled B tangential to drum, !rom C, in anticloc(ise direction (1) 1
[!]

31. Discussion o! type o! collision
Dnelastic (1)
Energy heat at impactBplastic de!ormation (1) 2

@omentum vector diagram
Diagram 4right:angle triangle ith arros on to perpendicular sides5 (1)
+abelling (1) 2
@ a s s ) 2 . < = 1 0 ( g = . 2 0 0 0 m s
0 = 2 . 0 = 1 0 * s 1
C a s t a l i a
1 . 2 = 1 0 ( g = 2 2 0 0 0 m s
0 = . = 1 0 * s 1
: 1 2
1 8
: 1
8
: 1
1 1
Calculation o! change in direction
Bsin Btan =
000 22 10 2 . 1
000 .2 10 < . 2
12
8

= 8.>> 10
:8
(1)
= 8.< 10
:8
rad ?3 ..6 10
:-
degrees ?3 1.- seconds (1) 2

;ormula !or net !orce in terms o! momentum
F = d /d t 0m1 ?3 ords (1) 1
Calculation o! number o! roc(ets reGuired
N F t = 2 10
11
?3 N = 2 10
11
B 0> 10
8
1.01 (1)
N = 220 4must be a hole number5 (1) 2
[2]

32. 3esultant !orce
Direction o! travel changing (1)
Telocity changingBaccelerating (1)
;orce is toards centre o! circle (1) .
$hy no sharp bends
3elate sharpness o! bend to r (1)
3elate values o! , r and F (1) 2
4e.g. i! r large, can be large ithout !orce being too largeBi! r small,
must be small to prevent !orce being too large5
Bobsleigh
Ncos = mg (1)
Nsin (1)
= m
2
Br or ma(1)
Croo! success!ully completed 4conseGuent on using correct !ormula5 (1) -
Calculation o! angle
>> ><H (1) 1
[10]
33. @omentum o! neutron
Sse o! p = m (1)
p = 2.0. 10
:20
* sB(g m s
:1
(1) 2
'peed o! nucleus
#otal mass attempted to be !ound (1)
Conservation o! momentum used (1)
= 2.01 10
8
m s
:1
4ec! !rom p above only5 (1) .
$hether collision as elastic
Sse o! (.e. = A m
2
(1)
(e = >.-2 10
:1.
0J1 B 2.08 10
:1-
0J1 0ec!1 (1)
A correct comment based on their to values o! (e. (1) .
[!]

34. 'peed o! car 2
2
[ u
2
= 2as
0[1u
2
= 0[1 2 = ..-. = 2..6 4substitution or rearrange5 0m s
:1
1 (1)
u = 12.< 0m s
:1
1 4value5 (1) 2

@agnitude o! the momentum o! car 2
p = m (1)
= 1-.0 = 12.< 01.1 0(g m s
:1
1
= 1< .00 01< 8001 * s or (g m s
:1
(1) 2

Calculation o! easterly component o! momentum
Component = momentum = cos ( (1)
Car 1) 2. <00 *s = cos -2
= 18 <00 * s (1)
Car 2) 1< .00 01< 8001 * s = cos .0 = 12 <00 018 1001 * s (1) .

$hether car 1 as speeding be!ore accident
0'um o! to easterly components1 \ .. 000 * s 4ec!5 (1)
0L mass o! car 11 \ 18.< m s
:1
4ec!5 (1)
Conclusion related to speed limit 01>.< m s
:1
1 (1) .
E/planation o! ho investigator could use conservation la
Any to !rom)
@omentum conservation
A!ter collision there is signi!icant northerly momentum
Be!ore collision car 1 had no northerly momentumBonly car 2
had northerly momentum (1) (1) 2
[12]

35. 0a1 3esultant !orce reGuired
#he direction o! speed ?3 velocity is changing (1)
#here is an accelerationBrate o! change in momentum (1) 2

0b1 0i1 Angular speed
Sse o! an angle divided by a time (1)
>.. = 10
:2
rad s
:1
?3 0.28 rad h
:1
?3 -.2 = 10
:.

o
s
:1
?3 12
o
h
:1
(1) 2
0ii1 3esultant !orce on student
Sse o! F = mr]
2
?3 v = r] ith F =
r
mv
2
(1)
2.0 * (1) 2
0iii1 'cale reading
Evidence o! contact !orce = mg [ resultant !orce (1)
$eight o! girl = 2<< 0*1 ?3 2<6 0*1 ?3 80 = 6.<1 0*1 (1)
'cale reading = 2<8 * ?3 2<> * 4ec! their mg [ their F5 (1) .
[2]

36. Direction
;orce centreBperpendicular to velocityBmotion (1) 1
4Accept sideaysBinards5

$hy !orce reGuired
2 o!)
Changing direction Bcharging velocity (1)
Acceleration (1)
3e!erence to or e/planation in terms o! *D or *DD (1) @a/ 2

$hat provides !orce
;riction beteen tyres and road sur!ace (1) 1
@a/imum speed
F = mv
2
/r 4Accept F = mr)
2
5 (1)
v =
m
Fr
OR
180
1- ->0
(1)
= 8.- m s
:1
(1) .

$hy s(id occurs
'maller r (1)
F(mv
2
/r) 0reGuired1 increases B use o! F = mv
2
/r to deduce v decreases (1)
?nly ->0 * 0available1 B the !orce is the same (1) .

E/planation
0m increased 1 F 0needed1 increases (1)
ED#%E3 only ->0 * available or the !orce is the same *?
OR !riction increases as mass increases0 KE'1 (1) 2
[12]

37. 0a1 3adius o! circular path
Correct use o! v =
!
r 2
0allo substitution o! their !1 (1)
3adius = >0 : <0 m 0>-.-< m1 (1) 2

0b1 3esultant !orce
r
mv
F
2
4seen or used5 (1)

;orce = 0.0< * 00.0>> *1 4Allo ec! o! their radius.5 (1)
#oards the centre o! the circular path B toards hub. (1) .

0c1 ;orces on the man
0i1 ;orce C ) *ormal contactBreaction !orce B E@ !orce B push o! (1)
capsule or !loor on man
;orce V ) Cull o! Earth on man B eight B gravitational pull (1) 2

0ii1 3esultant !orce 0to centre1 (1)
0at A provided by1 !riction (1) 2
0iii1 at B resultant provided 0by !orce V being greater than C1 (1) 1
[10]

38. 0a1 ;rom hat height&
Sse o! mgh and A mv
2
(1)
4ignore poer o! 10 errors5
mg h = A mv
2
(1)
4shon as !ormulae ithout substitution, or as numbers substituted
into !ormulae5
Anser 40.<021 m5 (1)

4Dt is possible to get 0.< m by a rong method)
D! v
2
= u
2
+ 2as is used, aard 0 mar(s
D! you see v
2
Ba then apply bod and up to 2B. mar(s : the 2
nd
and .
rd
.
mar(s. *ote that v
2
Bg is correct and gains the !irst 2 mar(s, ith the
.
rd
mar( i! 0.< m is calculated5
<0 = 010
:.
1 (g = 6.<1 * (g
:1
= h = A = <0 0= 10
:.
1 (g = 0- m s
:1
1
2
h =
1 .
2 1 .
(g * 1 < . 6 (g 10 <0
1 ms - 0 (g 10 <0 2 . 0

= 0.<021 m

0b1 0i1 +a o! conservation o! linear momentum
Crovided no e/ternal 4otherBresultantBoutside5 !orce acts (1)
#he total momentum 0o! a system1 does not change B total momentum (1)
be!ore0collision1 = total momentum a!ter 0collision1 2
4#otal seen at least once5 4Dgnore all re!erences to elastic and inelastic5
4Do not credit simple statement that momentum is conserved5

0ii1 'peed o! truc(s a!ter collision
Any correct calculation o! momentum (1)
Sse o! conservation o! momentum leading to the anser 1..0.1 m s
:1
(1)
<0 = 010
:.
1 (g = - m s
:1
= 2-0 = 010
:.
1 (g = u, giving u = 1..0.1 m s
:1
2
0c1 #ime !or truc(s to stop
4Do not penalise candidates !or using a total !rictional !orce o! 0..8 *.
.B. possible5
Either
Correct use o! poer = f = v and A mv
2
(1)
4Do not penalise poer o! 10 errors or not dividing by 2 in ! = T eGuation5
Sse o! energy divided by poer (1)
Anser in range 2.8 s to 2.> s (1)
4ec! their value !or u*
C = 0.12 * =
2
.. . 1
m s
:1
= 0.0<$

Ê = A = 0.1 = <0 = 010
:.
1 (g = 01... m s
:1
1
2
= 0.21 J
$ 0.0<
J 21 . 0
poer
Energy
t = 2.8021 s
4accept 2.8 or 2.> as rounding5 .

OR
Sse o! F = ma (1)
Sse o! either v = u 9 at +,e or a =
t
v
(1)
0:10.12 * = 0.1 = <0 = 010
:.
1 (g = a 0a = 0:10.2 m s
:2
1
0 = 1... m s
:1
: 0.2 m s
:2
= t or 0:10.2 m s
:2
=
t
:1
s m 11... 0
t = 2.8081 s
OR
'elect Ft = p (1)
'ubstitution 0:10.12t = 0:.1 = <0 = 010
:.
1 (g = 1... m s
:1
(1)
Allo omission o! any brac(eted value5
[10]

39. 'mo(e detectors
3ecognition that mass alpha = - (1)
Ddea o! " - to !ind resulting nucleus mass 42.>5 (1)
-u
daughter product
= mv
alpha
or momentum eGuations in conte/t (1)
v
alpha
= 260.221 u
daughter product
4allo ec! incorrect masses eg - and 2-1 ) 80.225 (1)
Sse o! A mv
2
#o give ratio = 260.221 4allo ec! as long as rounds (1)
to 80 7 must have speeds sub 7 valid use o! p
2
B2m5
Energy)
= m.
2
B energy must have come !rom mass (1)
#otal mass a!ter is a 0little1 less than be!oreBmass lossB
mass de!ectBbinding energy (1) ma/ 8
[1]

40. 'peed o! sphere
@omentum conserved 4stated or implied5 _ (1)
Correct subs +.%.' or 3.%.' o! conservation o! momentum eGuation (1) .
Correct anser 4` = 1.-.0m s
:1
15 (1)
E/ample o! calculation)
2- = 2.2> 09 01 = 2- = ` 9 26 = 2.12 0g m s
:1
1
1.<.>< = 2- = ` 9 81.-<
` = 1.-.0m s
:1
1
Elastic or inelastic collision
3ecall ^.E) 1B2m/
2
(1)
Correct values !or both Ês 41><0mJ1, 1200mJ1, no ue5(1)
Conclusion consistent ith their results !or Ê(1) .
4ma/ 1 i! only ords used and inelastic a energy lost implied5
= A = 2- = 2.2>
2
= 1>< mJ
;inal total ^.E) A = 26 = 2.12
2
9 A = 2- = 1.-.
2
mJ
= 82 mJ 9 22 mJ
= 120 mJ
Dnelastic

Average speed o! the spheres
3ecall ` = 2br B t (1)
Correct anser 42.6 m s
:1
5 (1) 2
` = 2br B t = b = 0.1> = 2 m B 0..> s
= 2.6 m s
:1
or 260 cmBs

Calculation o! centripetal !orce
3ecall F = m`
2
B r ?3 mr)
2
?3 m ` ) (1)
Correct anser 41.-. *, ec! !or their ` 5 (1) 2
F = m`
2
B r
= 0.026 = 2.6
2
B 0.1> * 4atch out !or 26 tice5
= 1.-. * 4ec!5

#ension
$eight o! sphere 0= mg = 0.026 = 6.<1 * = 10.2< * (1)
! = F : & ?3 F = ! 9 & 4using their values !or F and !5 (1) 2
= 1.-. % 0.2< 0*1
! = 1.12 *
[12]
41. E/planation
#here is a resultant 0or net or unbalanced1 !orce (1)
Clus any . o! !olloing):
Direction o! motion is changing (1)
Telocity is changing (1)
Telocity change implies acceleration (1)
;orce produces acceleration by F = ma 0or *21 (1)
;orce 0or acceleration1 is toards centre B there is a centripetal (1)
!orce 0or acceleration1 B no !orce 0or acceleration1 parallel to motion
*o or( done, so speed is constant (1) @a/ .
[4]

42. 0a1 *etons 'econd +a o! @otion
0#he1 !orce 0acting on a body1 is proportionalBeGual to the rate o! (1)
change o! momentum (1)
and acts in the direction o! the momentum change
4accept symbols i! all correctly de!ined !or the !irst o! these mar(s5
4ignore any in!ormation that is given that is not contradictory5 2

0i1 Calculate the mass
Correct calculation !or volume o! air reaching tree per second
4Do not penalise unit error or omission o! unit5 (1)
Correct value !or mass o! air to at least . sig !ig 42-8 (g. *o ue.5 (1)
4D! 1.2. = 10 = 20 = 2-8 (g is seen give both mar(s.
Any order !or the numbers5
E/ample
20 ms
:1
= 10m
2
= 200 m
.
1.2. (g m
:.
= 200 m
.
= 2-8 (g

0ii1 Calculate the momentum
Anser) 4 02-8 (g = 20 m s
:1
=1 -620 (g m s
:1
5
4Accept 0220 (g = 20 m s
:1
=1 2000 (g m s
:1
. Accept -600 (g m s
:1
. (1) 2
Ec! value !or mass. Dgnore signs in !ront o! values.5

0iii1 @agnitude o! the !orce
Anser) 4F = -620 * or 2000 * or -600 *.5
4Ec! value !rom b0ii1. Dgnore signs in !ront o! values5 (1) 2
[1]
43. 0a1 $ dran 410H to vertical5 (1)
0 dran 410H to horiRontal5 (1)
drag !orce 0 = 1-0 : 122 * 41->.8 * by calc is ?^5 (1) .

0b1 3esolve vertically (1)
correct value (1)
eg P cos -0H = <20 *
P = 1100 * 2

0c1 0i1 velocity not constant B direction changing (1)
4*?# Mi! no !orce, goes straightN5
acceleration 0toards centre o! circle1 (1) (An 2)
F = ma (1) 2

0ii1 PBpush o! ice 0on sled1 (1)
horiRontal component (1) 2
4Madditional centripetal !orceN = 05

0d1 3ecall circular motion !ormula (1)
resolve horiRontally (1)
correct value (1)
4incorrect !orce is eop5
4also possible) $.tan-0 = mv
2
Br (1)(1)5
eg F = P sin -0 = >1. 08-.1 0*1 4!ormula or value5
$ = mv
2
BF
= <> = .2
2
B >1. 08-.1 0m1
radius = 1-6 01881 m .
[12]

44. 0a1 E
^
o! helium nucleus
Sse o! E
^
=
2
1
mv
2
(1)
Anser 4 ..1 = 10
:12
J. *o ue. @in 2 sig !ig reGuired5 (1) 2
eg E
^
=
2
1
= 8.82 = 10
:2>
(g = 06.82 = 10
2
m s
:1
1
2
= ..068 = 10
:12
J

0b1 0i1 +oss o! E
^
o! proton 4ec! their value !or E^ o! helium nucleus5
. = 10
:12
J or ..1 = 10
:12
J (1) 1
0ii1 'peed o! proton a!ter collision
4ec! their value !or loss o! E^ o! proton, !"t not i# the ha$e
gi$en it a% &ero5
Calculation o! initial E
^
o! proton (1)
'ubtraction o! ..1 = 10
:12
J 4= 1.> = 10
:12
J5 (1)
Anser 401.-0 : 1.201 = 10
8
m s
:1
5 (1)
eg E
^
=
2
1
1.8> = 10
:2>
(g = 02.- = 10
8
m s
:1
1
2
0= -.< = 10
:12
J1
E
^
a!ter collision = -.< = 10
:12
J : ..1 = 10
:12
J 0= 1.> = 10
:12
J1
v =
,
_
(g 10 8> . 1 2 . 0
J 10 > . 1
2>
12
= 1.-. = 10
8
m s
:1

Or
Sse o! the principle o! conservation o! momentum. (1)
Correct e/pression !or the total momentum a!ter the collision (1)
Anser 4 01.-0 : 1.201 = 10
8
m s
:1
5 (1)
Eg 1.8> = 10
:2>
(g = 2.- = 10
8
m s
:1
= 8.82 = 10
:2>
(g = 06.82 = 10
2
m s
:1
1 9 1.8> = 10
:2>
(g = T
T = :1.-- = 10
8
m s
:1
4;or both these solutions allo the second mar(ing point to .
candidates ho incorrectly rite)
the mass o! the proton as 1.8 = 10
:2>
(g or 1.> = 10
:2>
(g,
or the mass o! the helium as 8.8 = 10
:2>
(g or 8.> = 10
:2>
(g
or the velocity as 6.8 = 10
2
m s
:1
or 6.> = 10
2
m s
:1
5

0c1 ?ther !actor conserved
@omentum B mass B charge B total energy (1) 1
[3]

45. 0a1 @omentum at impact
p = mv seen or used (1)
Anser 411 (g m s
:1
5 (1) 2
eg momentum = 0.-2 (g = 2> m s
:1
= 11..- (g m s
:1

0b1 @omentum at release
@inus (1)
<.- (g m s
:1
(1) 2
0c1 0i1 Average !orce0ec! momenta values1
Sse o! F =
t
p
ie !or using a momentum value divided by (1)

0.22
Adding momentum values (1)
Anser 4<<.0 * : <6.< *5 (1)
F =
s 22 . 0
s m (g . . 11 s m (g - . <
1 1

; = 0:1 <6.2 *
Or
Sse o! ; = ma (1)
Adding velocities to calculate acceleration (1)
Anser 4<<.0 * : <6.< *5 (1)
Eg acceleration =
s 22 . 0
s m 2> s m 20
1 1

0= :21..8 m s
:2
1
;orce = 0.-2 (g = :21..8 m s
:2
= 0:1<6.>021 * .

0ii1 Direction o! !orce on diagram
3ight to le!t (1)
4Accept arro dran anyhere on the diagram. +abel not reGuired5 1

0d1 Di!!erence and similarity
Di!!erence) opposite direction B acts on di!!erent obOect (1)
'imilarity) same type o! !orce B same siRe B acts along same line B (1)
act !or same time B same %i&e impulse
4P@agnitude and PsiRe on their on is su!!icient. P#hey are eGual
is ?^. Accept7 they are both contact !orces7 they are both
electrostatic !orces5 2
[10]

46. 0a1 E/pression !or gravitational !orce)
F = 1-m/r
2
(1) 1

0b1 E/pression !or gravitational !ield strength)
g = !orce on 1 (g, so g = 1-Br
2
, or g = ;Bm so g = 1-Br
2
1
0c1 3adius o! geostationary orbit)
Ddea that a = g, and suitable e/pression !or a Guoted 4can be
in terms o! !orces5 (1)
substitution !or velocity in terms o! ! (1)
algebra to obtain reGuired result (1) .
E/ample o! derivation)
g = v
2
Br or g = )
2
r
and v = 2#rB! or ) = 2#/!
so 02#rB!1
2
Br = 1-Br
2
or 02#/!1
2
r = 1-Br
2
, leading to e/pression given

0d1 Calculation o! radius)
'ubstitution into e/pression given (1)
Correct anser 4-.2 = 10
>
m5 (1) 2
r
2
= 8.8> = 10
:11
* m
2
(g
:2
= 8.0 = 10
2-
(g = 02- = 80 = 80 s1
2
B-b
2
= >.8 = 10
22
m
.
'o r = -.2 = 10
>
m

0e1 0i1 'atellite ith greater mass)
Kes : because, in geostationary orbit, r constant so
acceleration remains the same, regardless o! mass (1)

0ii1 'atellite ith greater speed)
*o 9 suitable argument (1) 2
4e.g. !or geostationary orbit, ! and r are !i/ed, so v cannot
increase 0v = 2#rB!15

0!1 $hy satellite must be over eGuator)
Ddea that centre o! satellites orbit must be the centre o! the
Earth 0can be shon on diagram1 (1)
there must be a common a/is o! rotation !or the satellite and
the Earth B the satellites orbit must be at right angles to the
spin a/is o! the Earth (1) 2
[11]

47. 0i1 to correct arros 4ignore labelling5 (1) 1
0ii1 'ome use o! mv
2
/r ith v correctly subbed ?3
mr]
2
ith v correctly used (1)
4subbing may happen later in anser5
! cos ( = mg mg
?3 ! sin ( = mv
2
/r 4either gains (1)5 (1)
tan ( = v
2
/rg (1)
r = v
2
Bg tan (
= .0 = .0B6.<1 = tan 20 m
= 222 m (1) -
[5]

48. 0a1 'ho that
'ee Pv =
!
r 2
?3 P) =
!
r 2
(1)
'ubstitution o! 080 = 80 = 2-1s or <8-00s !or ! 0giving >.2> = 10
:2
, no u.e.1 (1)
Snit o! )
s
:1
Brad s
:1
(1) .
0b1 %eight above Earths sur!ace
'tatement B use o!
2
2
2
?3
r
m 1-
r
mv
r
m 1-

= mr)
2
(1)
4EGuations may be given in terms o! accelerations rather than !orces5
4#hird mar( 0!rom belo1 may also be aarded here i! 0r
9 h1 is used !or r5
Correct value !or r, i.e. -.20.1 = 10
>
m (1)
Sse o! h = their r % $
E
(1)
Correct anser = 0..2< : ..801 =10
>
m 4no ec!5 (1)
E/ample o! anser)
r
mv
r
m 1-
2
2

r
r
r
r
v
r
1-
2
2 2
2
1 0

1-
=
2
r
.
.
2 1 2
2- 2 2 11
.
2
1 s 10 2> . > 0
(g 10 6< . 2 (g m * 10 8> . 8

1-
r
= -.2. = 10
>
m
h = -.2. = 10
>
m : 8..< = 10
8
m
= ..26 = 10
>
m -
[3]

49. 0a1 #able
4Dgnore crosses. D! more than one tic( in a line, no mar(.5
#op line) #o the le!t (1)
Bottom line) Donards (1) 2

0b1 Calculation o! rotation period
Sse o! ! = 2#r/v or ! = 2#/) and ) = v/r (1)
Correct anser 40.0<- s5 (1)
e.g.
2b 00.2< m1B021 m s
:1
1
= 0.0<- s 2

0c1 0i1 %o the angular speed is a!!ected
) is increased, plus correct supporting argument in !ormula or ords (1)
i.e. 'ince v = r) B ! decreases B f increases B heel must turn !aster 1
0ii1 'peedometer reading
'peedometer reading is too high because !reGuency (1)
0?3 ) ?3 revs per second ?3 rate o! rotation o! heel1
is increased
4Allo ec! !rom M) decreasedN in c 0i15 1
[1]

50. 0a1 1 eGuating CE and Ê (1)
2 recall o! mv2Br (1)
. !ind centripetal !orce = 2mg (1)
- !orce on rider = centripetal !orce 9 eight ?3 !orce = .mg (1)
2 hence Mg"!orceN = . (1) 2

0b1 height not a !actor, so B is correct (1)
0some ill reach this conclusion via much longer routes1 1
[1]

51. 0a1 recall o! p = mv 4eGn or sub5 (1)
anser (1)
p = mv
= 2 = 0.02- = 0.<< 0* s1 = 0.0-202-1 * s ?3 (g m s
:1
2

0b1 recall o! Ê = 1B2mv
2
?3 p
2
B2m 4eGn or sub5 (1)
anser (1)
Ê = 1B2mv
2
= 0.2 = 2 = 0.02- = 0.<< = 0.<< 0J1 = 0.01<20<281 0J1 2

0c1 0i1 provided no e/ternal !orce acts (1)
?3 balls do not interact ithBtrans!er momentum to anything else 1

0ii1 v = momentumBmass = 0.0-202-1B0.0>2 = 0.2<.. 00.2<8>1 0m s
:1
1 (1) 1

0iii1 0.2 = 0.068 = 0.--2 ?3 0.2 Y B6 Y C6 Y C6 (1) 1

0iv1 . points !rom)
cant be one ball as too much Ê (1)
collision pretty elasticBnot much loss o! energy (1)
so ont be . or - or 2 balls (1)
2 balls gives same energy (1) @a/ .
0d1 2 points !rom
(inetic energy is lost 0as soundBthrough de!ormationBto heat1 (1)
?3 collisions not per!ectly elastic
@omentum still conserved (1)
as the total (e decreases 0column D1 more balls are in motion (1) @a/ 2
[12]

52. 0a1 Calculation o! angular speed
Sse o! = 2B! (1)
>.2> = 10
:2
42 sig !ig minimum5 (1) 2
2B02-h = .800 s h
:1
1 = >.2> = 10
2
rad s
:1

0b1 0i1 Calculation o! acceleration
Sse o! a = r
2
?3 v = r and a = v
2
Br (1)
0.0.-B0.1 m s
:2
(1) 2
08-00 = 10
J
m10>.2> = 10
:2
rad s
:1
1
2
= 0.0.- m s
:2

0ii1 Direction o! acceleration
Arro to the le!t (1)
4*o label needed on arro. D! more than one arro shon, no
mar( unless correct arro labelled acceleration5 1

0iii1 ;ree"body diagram
Arro to le!t labelled $eightB&BmgBpull o! EarthBgravitational
!orce (1)
Arro to right labelled *ormal reactionBNB$Bpush o! Earth 0?3
ground1B0normal1contact !orce (1)
4Dont accept MgravityN as label5
4@ore than to !orces ma/ 15
4Diagram correct e/cept rotated gets 1 out o! 25 2

0iv1 %o the acceleration is produced
N is less than & (1)
3esultant 0?3 net ?3 unbalanced1 !orce toards centre (1)
4Accept donard B centripetal !or toards the centre, but
not as an alternative to MresultantN5 2
[2]
53. 0a1 Ddenti!y particle
Alpha 0particle1 B %elium nucleusB
%e
-
2
B
-
2
%e
B

-
2
B
-
2
-
2
-
2
a alphaBalph B
B 1

0b1 @omentum o! particle
@omentum eGuation 4Dn symbols or ith numbers5 (1)
Either
Correct substitution into
2
1
mv
2
= energy (1)
Sse the relationship to determine the mass 48.8 = 10
:2>
(g5 (1)
Anser 46.. = 10
:20
0(g m s
:1
1 @ust be given to 2 sig !ig. *o
unit error5 (1)
Or
3earrangement o! E
(
=
2
1
mv
2
to give momentum ie
v
E 2
^
(1)
Correct substitution (1)
Anser 46.. = 10
:20
(g m s
:1
. @ust be given to 2 sig !ig. *o
unit error5 (1)
Eg
2
1
m01.-1 = 10
>
m s
:1
1
2
= 8.2< = 10
:1.
J
m =
2 1 >
1.
1 s m 10 -1 . 1 0
J 10 2< . 8 2

= 8.8 = 10
:2>
(g
momentum = 8.8 = 10
:2>
(g = 1.-1 = 10
>
m s
:1
= 6.. = 10
:20
0(g m s
:1
1
?r
@omentum =
1 >
1.
s m 10 -1 . 1
J 10 2< . 8 2

= 6.. = 10 0(g m s
:1
1 -

0c1 Consistent ith the principle o! conservation o! momentum
0'ince total1 momentum be!ore and a!ter 0decay1 = 0 (1)
'tate or sho momentum B velocity are in opposite directions (1)
4Talues o! momentum or velocity shon ith opposite signs
ould get this mar(5
Calculation ie ..<6 = 10
:22
(g = 2.- = 10
2
m s
:1
= 60..1 = 10
:20
0(g m s
:1
1 (1)
Eg ..<6 = 10
:22
(g = 2.- = 10
2
m s
:1
= 60..1 = 10
:20
(g m s
:1
.
[!]
54. Any < mar(s !rom)
3ecall o! p = mv (1)
Sse o! momentum be!ore collision = momentum a!ter collision (1)
Correct value !or speed (1)
E/ample)
1220 = 2<.0 9 .200 /22.2 = 01220 9 .2001 v
v = 28.18 m s
:1
3ecall o! (e = 1B2 mv
2
or (e = p
2
B2m (1)
#otal (e be!ore (1)
#otal (e a!ter (1)
+oss in (e (1)
3ecall o! or( = !orce = distance (1)
Correct anser !or !orce to 2 '; (1)
E/ample)
#otal (e be!ore = 1 1.< 000 J 9 -60 000 J = 1 82> 6.< J
#otal (e a!ter = 1 822 026 J
+oss o! Ê = 2<>6 J
Bra(ing !orce = 2<>6B2 = 2>8 * @a/ <
[!]

55. 0a1 0i1 $hy speed is unchanged
;orceB$eight 4not acceleration5 is perpendicular to
velocityBmotionBdirection o! travelBinstantaneous displacement
4not speed5
?3 no component o! !orceBeight in direction o! velocity etc (1)
*o or( is done
?3 *o acceleration in the direction o# 'otion (1) 2

0ii1 $hy it accelerates
Direction 0o! motion1 is changing (1)
Acceleration lin(ed to a change in velocity (1) 2

0b1 'peed o! satellite
Sse o! a = v
2
Br (1)
Correct anser 4..< to -.0 = 10
.
m s
:1
5 (1)
E/ample calculation)
v = c02.> = 10> m = 0.28 m s
:2
1
4Allo 1 mar( !or ) = 1.- = 10
:-
rad s
:1
5 2
[1]
56. 0a1 0i1 Sse o! 3 = r
2
leading to 0.<> 0m1 (1) 1

0ii1 Correct use o! = 2Bt leading to 82.< 0rad s
:1
1 (1) 1

0iii1 Correct use o! v = r = 22 m s
:1
4allo use o! sho that value5 (1) 1

0b1 0i1 'ubstitution into p = A 3v
.
(1)
.0-> 0$1 (1) 2

0ii1 Air is hitting at an angleBall air not stopped by blades (1)
Energy changes to heat and sound (1) 2

0c1 0i1 Attempts to !ind volume per second 03 = v1 (1)
-- (g s
:1
(1) 2

0ii1 Sse o! F = mvBt (1)
F = 810 * (1) 2

0d1 3ecognises that 100 $ is produced over 2- hours (1)
Estimates i! this ould !ul!il lighting needs !or a day(1)
Estimates energy used by lo energy bulbs in day(1)
Conclusion (2)
#he anser must be clear and be organised in a logical seGuence
E/ample)
#he 100 $ is an average over the hole day. @ost households ould use
light bulbs !or 8 hours a day in no more than - rooms, so this ould mean
no other energy as needed !or lighting.
- lo energy bulbs ould be -- $ !or 8 each hours so ould reGuire energy
!rom the *ational grid.
4Accept an argument based on more light bulbsBlonger hours that leads to
the opposite conclusion5 2
[11]

57. 0a1 #otal 0linear1 momentum o! a system is constant, (1)
provided no 0resultant1 e/ternal !orce acts on the system (1) 2
0b1 #he anser must be clear, use an appropriate style and be organised in a
logical seGuence
Sse o! a light gate (1)
Sse o! second light gate (1)
Connected to timer or inter!ace 9 computer 0accept Plog"it1 (1)
Cards on gliders (1)
@easure length o! cards (1)
Telocity = length L time (1) 8

0c1 @ultiplies mass = velocity to !ind at least one momentum (1)
1280 g cm s
:1
00.0128 (g m s
:1
1 be!ore and a!ter (1) 2
[10]

58. 0a1 #hey act on the same body or do not act on di!!erent bodies (1)
#hey are di!!erent types o!, or they are not the same type o!, !orce(1) 2

0b1 As the passenger or capsule or heel has constant speed (1)
there is *o resultant tangential !orce 0acting on the passenger1 (1) 2

0c1 ;riction beteen seat F person or push o! capsule all on person (1) 1
[5]

59. 0a1 0i1 measured thic(ness o! lead -"2 mm (1)
measured radius .2 " .< mm (1)
Talue beteen .< : 2> mm (1)
Eg actual radius = .2 mm = 8 mmB-.2 mm .

0ii1 Sse o! p = 45r 4 any to values sub5 (1)
Anser range 6.1 = 10
:21
" 1.- = 10
:20
* s or (g m s
:1
4allo ec!5(1) 2

0b1 #rac( gets more curved above lead B r smaller above
lead (1)
@ust be sloing don B less momentum B loses
energy (1)
Sp 4dependent on either anser above5 (1) .

0c1 Dnto page (1)
4ec! out o! page i! don in b5 1
0d1 0i1 Division by 6.11 = 10
:.1
(g (1)
Anser range 1.0 : 1.8 = 10
10
m s
:1
(1) 2

0ii1 greater than speed o! light (1)
0impossible1 so mass must have increased (1) 2
[1/]

60. 0a1 u
d
identi!ied (1) 1

0b1 Conversion o! I (1)
Conversion o! either eT or divided by c2 (1)
2.2 = 10
:2<
0(g1 (1)
eg
m = 0.1- = 10
6
= 1.8 = 10
:16
B 6 = 10
18
.

0c1 ()*
V$C i and iii : 'pelling o! technical terms must be
correct and the anser must be organised in a logical
seGuence
Electric !ields)
Electric !ield provides !orce on the chargeBproton (1)
gives energy to Bor( done B E = GTB accelerate
protons (1)
@agnetic !ields)
;orce on moving chargeBproton (1)
Croduces circular pathBcentripetal !orce (1) -

labelled diagram shoing Dees
ith E !ield indicated across gap ?3 B !ield through Dees (1)
E !ield is reversedBalternates (1) @a/ 1

0d1 ()*
V$C i and iii : 'pelling o! technical terms must be
correct and the anser must be organised in a logical
seGuence
momentum (1)
Qero B negligible momentum be!ore (1)
#o conserve momentum 0!ragments go in all
directions1 (1) .
[12]
61. 0a1 Sse o! F=mvBt or F = ma (1)
Anser = 2.0 = 10
2
* (1)
Eg F = 12000 = 2> B ..2 2

0b1 Arro don labelled mg B $ (1)
Arro up labelled eg 3 Breaction B !orce !rom seat (1)
EGual length vertical arros !rom a clear single point
B centre o! mass and MbottomN (1) .

0c1 -mg : mg ?3 .mg (1)
0m1v
2
B r seen (1)
Anser = 110 0m1 (1)
Eg .mg = mv
2
Br
r = 02>1
2
B.g .

0d1 Sse o! Ê B CE conservation (1)
Anser = 2. 0m s
:1
1 (1)
Eg A m02>1
2
= A mv
2
9 mg1.6
v
2
= A 02>1
2
: 6.<1=1.6 2

0e1 Ssing 0m1g only (1)
Anser r = 2- m 4allo ec!5 (1)
Eg mg = mv
2
Br
r = 02.1
2
B 6.<1 2
[12]

62. 0a1 0i1 Calculation o! time period (1)
Sse o! v =
t
s
d
d
or ) =
!
2
(1)
Sse o! a =
r
v
2
or a = r)
2
(1)
Correct anser (1) -
E+a',-e o# ca-c"-ation)
! =
12
80 80 22 s
= 2>80s
v =
!
r 2
=
s
m
2>80
10 6- . 8 2
8

= >.2>=10
.
ms
:1
a =
r
v
2
=
m
ms
8
2 1 : .
10 6- . 8
1 10 8 . > 0
= <.28ms
:2
?3
) =
!
2
=
s 2>80
2
= 1.06 = 10
:.
ms
:1
a = r)
2
= 8.6-=10
8
= 01.06=10
:.
1
2
= <.28 ms
:2

0ii1 mg eGuated to gravitational !orce e/pression (1)
g 0= a1 = <.. ms
:2
substituted (1)
Correct anser (1) .

E+a',-e o# ca-c"-ation)
mg =
2
r
I@m
<..ms
:2
=
( )
2
8
:2 2 11 :
m 10 6- . 8
@ (g *m 10 8> . 8
@ =
( )
2 : 2 11 :
2
8 1 :
(g *m 10 8> . 8
m 10 8.6- .ms . <

= 8.0 10
2-
(g

0b1 #he observed avelength is longer than the actual avelength B the
avelength is stretched out (1)
?ne !rom)
#he universe is e/panding (1)
0All distant1 gala/ies are moving apart (1)
#he 0recessional1 velocity o! gala/ies is proportional to distance (1)
#he !urthest out gala/ies move !astest (1) @a/ 2

0c1 0i1 A light year is the distance travelled 0in a vacuum1 in
1 year by light B em"radiation (1)
#he idea that light has only been able to travel to us !or a
time eGual to the age o! the universe. (1) 2
0ii1 0Sse o! v = %o d to sho1 6
o
=
t
1
(1)
Correct anser (1) 2
E+a',-e o# ca-c"-ation.
6
o
=
t
1
=
s
18
10 12 . . 12
1

= 2.82=10
:1<
s
:1

0iii1 #he anser must be clear and be organised in a logical seGuence
#here is considerable uncertainty in the value o! the %ubble
constant (1)
()*
Any sensible reason !or uncertainty (1)
Ddea that a guess implies a value obtained ith little supporting
evidence
?3 the errors are so large that our value is little better than a guess (1) .
[11]

63. 0a1 0#otal B sum o!1 înetic energy conserved 1

0b1 #hese diagrams could appear in part c and should be credited in 0b1 1
1
4allo !irst mar( !or any triangle or parallelogram ie do not insist on
right angle5
right angle labelled or appro/imately by eye B diagonal should be labelled
Mbe!oreN or MinitialN or appropriately recognisable as incoming particle

0c1 Ê as !ormula eg A mu
2
= A mv
2
9 A ms
2
B p
2
B2m = p
2
B2m 9 p
2
B2m 1
3ecognition o! MCythagorasN 1

0d1 0i1 Electric !ield 1
Does or( on protonBapplies a !orce BrepelBattract 1
GT B ;d B EG 1
0ii1 @ass o! incoming proton larger 0than rest mass1 (1)
Due to moving near speed o! lightBhigh
speedBhigh energyBrelativistic (1)
Alt anser ) image not in plane o! to protons a!ter the event (2) @a/ 2

0e1 ?ut o! the plane o! paper 1
[11]

64. V$C i and iii : 'pelling o! technical terms must be correct and the anser
must be organised in a logical seGuence
@omentum conservation (1)
#otalBinitial momentum = 0 (1)
@omentum o! slime eGual momentum o! bacteria (1)
0Bacteria1 moves in opposite direction 4bac(ards or !orards ?^5 (1)
?3
;orce on slime (1)
EGual and opposite !orce 0on bacteria1 (1)
Cause rate o! change o! momentum B dmvBt Bma to bacteria (1)
0Bacteria1 moves in opposite direction 4bac(ards or !orards ?^5 (1) @a/ -
[4]

65. 0a1 Conversion !rom per minute to per second 1
Conversion !rom revolutions to radians 1

E+a',-e o# ca-c"-ation
20 revolutions = 20 = 2b
B80 0= 2.1 rads s
:1
1

0b1 Sse o! r)
2
1
Anser in range 8 : 1. 1
ms
:2
1
[5]

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4EGuation ?3 substitution5 (1)

4seen or used5 (1)

ie !or using a momentum value divided by (1)

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