Jean Watson

PHILOSOPHY & SCIENCE OF CARING

METAPARADIGM
Person human body has needs to be valued
Environment conducive to holistic healing
Health view: a holistic approach; able to fully function
Nursing contact and bond between 2 individuals = foundation of
Nursing (thoughtful interactions)
Sw Virginia, Lewis Gale School of Nursing (1961)
Pas president of (NLN) National League of Nursing
Husbands death
Caritas Process = Latin to cherish, give special attention
Caring Theory (1979)
Images of Nurses
- Underpaid
- Females
- Sex symbols
Good nurses is not just her skill but how well she interacts with
the client and family while providing care

Madeleine Leininger
TRANSCULTURAL THEORY OF NURSING
METAPARADIGM
Person capable of being concerned about others
Environment concepts of world view, social norms/structures,
environmental context.
Health state of well-being; reflects ability of individual to
perform their daily task/roles
Nursing learned humanistic art and science on personal
behaviors and
July 13, 1925, Sutton Nebraska
Death: August 12, 2012 (87)
1
st
prof. nurse to earn a doctorate = Anthropology
Transcultural Nursing: a learned branch of nursing; focuses on
comparative study and analysis of cultures. Goals: congruent
care for cultural values, beliefs and practice.
Diversity: perceive, know care in different ways
Universality: commodities of care
Sunrise Model (4 Levels): illustrate the major components of
Leneingers theory
functions. Use 3 Modes of action
Culture: beliefs, values
Care: improve a persons condition
Culture care: values and beliefs that enable other
person/individual to maintain/improve well-being
- Diverse care: different patterns of care for specific culture
- Universal care: commodities of similarities in meaning of care
between different cultures.
World view: the outlook of a person/group based on a
view of the world/universe
Social culture: organizational factors of a part. Culture
and how these give meaning and order to the culture
Environmental context: any event, situation or
experience that give meaning to human expressions
Folk Health or well-being systems: refers to care
practices that have a special meaning in the culture.
3 Modes of Nursing Action to deliver care:
- CC peservation/maintenance
- CC accommodation/negotiation
- CC restructuring/repatterning


Dorothea Orem
SELF CARE DEFICIT THEORY
METAPARADIGM
Person individual with physical and emotional requirements
Environment clients surroundings
Health structural and functional and soundness and wholeness
of individual
Nursing acts of specially trained and able individual
1914 Baltimore Maryland June 22, 2007 (92)
Self-care deficit theory: each person possesses the
ability and responsibility to care for themselves and
dependents
Self-care: the ability to perform activities and meet
personal need which the goal of maintaining health and
wellness of mind, body and spirit.
3 COMPONENTS:
1. Universal self-care needs: important/essential to
health and vitality (air, water, food, elimination,
activity and rest, solitude and social interactions,
prevention of harm and promotion of normality.
2. Developmental Self-care need teaching
(interventions and teachings designated to return a
person to or sustain a level of optimal health and
well-being
3. Health Deviation self-care encompasses the
variations in self-care which may occur as a result
of disability, illness or injury.
Self-care deficit when a person experiences the
inability to do self-care due to limitations
Nursing Systems the ability of the nurse to aid the
person in meeting current and potential self-care
demands. Focused on person.
Support modalities:
- Total compensatory support
- Partial compensatory support (nurse-client
share self-care requirements)
- Educative/supportive compensatory
support(nurse as teacher/resource person)

Martha Rogers
SCIENCE OF UNITARY HUMAN BEINGS
METAPARADIGM
Person an open system; irreducible, indivisible.
Environment the field coexist and are integral; infinite; identified
by wave patterns
Health passive health; wellness and absence of disease; defined
by the culture or individual manifestaions of patterns
Nursing learned profession; science and art; empirical science
Knoxville General Hospital School of Nursing (1936)
CONCEPTIAL MODEL
Humans are view = integral with the universe
Unitary human being + environment = 1 (inseperable,
open, integral)
4 BASIC CONCEPTS:
1. Energy Field fundamental unit of living and non-
living; dynamic nature
2. Openness transcend time and space; no one can
hinder the energy
3. Pattern characters of an EF perceived as a single
veniie; change continuously
4. Pandimensionality man and environment not
bound by time or space; four dimensionality;
infinite domain without limit.
Unitary: being a whole which cannot be broken into
parts/irreducible
Nursing takes place along a space-time continuum

Imogene M. King
INTERACTING SYSTEM FRAMEWORK AND GOAL ATTAINMENT
THEORY
METAPARADIGM
Person who makes choices
Environment process of balance
Health ability of a person to adjust to the stressor
Nursing an act wherein the nurse interacts and communicates
with the client, health promotion
West Point Iowa St. Petersburg, Floride
American
St. Johns Hospital of Nursing St. Louis, Missouri
living legend by American Academy of Nursing (2005)
Goal Attainment Theory: bring person closer to a
healthy state
3 HEALTH NEEDS:
1. Needs for Information
2. Care of Illness prevention
3. Total Care when Incapacitated
NURSE AND PERSON INTERACT TOWARD A GOAL
1. Action
2. Reaction
3. Interaction
4. Open system
INTERACTING SYSTEMS FRAMEWORK: emphasize
interaction between nurses
1. Personal system
2. Interpersonal system
3. Social system

Hildegard Peplau
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
METAPARADIGM
Person man/organism that lives in an unstable balance of a
given problem
Environment forces outside the organism
Health symbolizes movement of the personality and other
ongoing human processes that dissect the person towards
creative, productive and community living.
Nursing
Psychodynamic nursing
Reading Pennsylvania September 1, 1909
WWII: member of Army Nurse Corps
4 PHASES OF RELATIONSHIPS:
1. Orientation- person and nurse mutually identifies
the problem
2. Identification- person accepts help
3. Exploitation- person makes us of the nurses help
4. Resolution- person accepts new goals and frees self
from the relationship
6 NURSING ROLES OF THE NURSE:
1. Counselling role
2. Leadership role
3. Surrogate role
4. Stranger
5. Resource person
6. Teaching role



Ida Jean Orlando
NURSING PRACTICE THEORY
METAPARADIGM
Person vulnerable = affected by factors
Environment any aspect that can cause patient to become
distressed
Health freedom from mental/physical discomfort and feelings of
inadequacy
Nursing distinct profession that functions autonomously
(independently) = meet patients needs
Nursing process theory: a systematic rational method of
panning and providing individualized nursing care.
HOLISTIC: all aspect
1. Physical
2. Psychosocial
3. Spiritual
4. Emotional
5. Developmental
5 COMPONENTS OF NURSING PROCESS
A. Assessment (data) : head-to-toe; listening to
patients comments, questions; observe reactions
and interactions with others;
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning (goals) : establishment of client
goals/outcomes; improve quality of life
D. Implementation (actions) : carry out the plan of
care; change plan; documents care;
E. Evaluation (met): measure extent to which client
goals have been met; success of goal and
interventions.

Joyce Travelbee
INTERPERSONAL ASPECTS OF NURSING THEORY
METAPARADIGM
Person unique, irreplaceable, CHANGING HUMAN BEING
Environment condition and experiences
Health measured by subject and objective health
Nursing interpersonal process; interaction to find meaning in
these experiences

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Systematic ordered sequence/organized
2. Dynamic active
3. Interpersonal client-centered than task-centered
to work to enhance clients strength and meet
human needs
4. Goal-directed
5. Universally applicable
Psychiatric nursing instructor
Communication: vehicle through which nurse-patient
relationships are established