M.tech Structural Engg Fea Important Questions

MTech (Struct.
Engg) FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 2013

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS FINITE
ELEMENT ANALYSIS
Q1. WRITE DOWN THE VARIOUS STEPS IN FINITE ELEMENT
ANALYSIS.
The following !e" #$e "e$fo$%e& fo$ fini!e ele%en! #n#l'i.
1. Discretisation of the continuum: The (on!in))% i &i*i&e& in!o #
n)%+e$ of ele%en! +' i%#gin#$' line o$ )$f#(e. The in!e$(onne(!e&
ele%en! %#' h#*e &iffe$en! i,e #n& h#"e.
-. Identification of variables: The ele%en! #$e #)%e& !o +e
(onne(!e& #! !hei$ in!e$e(!ing "oin! $efe$$e& !o # no&#l "oin!. A!
e#(h no&e. )n/nown &i"l#(e%en! #$e !o +e "$e($i+e&.
0. Choice of approximating functions: Di"l#(e%en! f)n(!ion i !he
!#$!ing "oin! of !he %#!he%#!i(#l #n#l'i. Thi $e"$een! !he *#$i#!ion
of !he &i"l#(e%en! wi!hin !he ele%en!. The &i"l#(e%en! f)n(!ion %#'
+e #""$o1i%#!e& in !he fo$% # line#$ f)n(!ion o$ # highe$2o$&e$ f)n(!ion.
A (on*enien! w#' !o e1"$e i! i +' "ol'no%i#l e1"$eion. The h#"e
o$ geo%e!$' of !he ele%en! %#' #lo +e #""$o1i%#!e&.
3. Formation of the element stiffness matrix: Af!e$ (on!in))% i
&i($e!ie& wi!h &ei$e& ele%en! h#"e. !he in&i*i&)#l ele%en! !iffne
%#!$i1 i fo$%)l#!e&. 4#i(#ll' i! i # %ini%i,#!ion "$o(e&)$e wh#!e*e$
%#' +e !he #""$o#(h #&o"!e&. Fo$ (e$!#in ele%en!. !he fo$% in*ol*e #
g$e#! &e#l of o"hi!i(#!ion. The geo%e!$' of !he ele%en! i &efine& in
$efe$en(e !o !he glo+#l f$#%e. 5oo$&in#!e !$#nfo$%#!ion %)! +e &one
fo$ ele%en! whe$e i! i ne(e#$'.
6. Formation of overall stiffness matrix: Af!e$ !he ele%en! !iffne
%#!$i(e in glo+#l (oo$&in#!e #$e fo$%e&. !he' #$e #e%+le& !o fo$%
!he o*e$#ll !iffne %#!$i1. The #e%+l' i &one !h$o)gh !he no&e
Page 1 of 72
MTech (Struct. Engg) FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS 2013
whi(h #$e (o%%on !o #&7#(en! ele%en!. The o*e$#ll !iffne %#!$i1 i
'%%e!$i( #n& +#n&e&.
8. Formation of the element loading matrix: The lo#&ing fo$% #n
een!i#l "#$#%e!e$ in #n' !$)(!)$#l enginee$ing "$o+le%. The lo#&ing
ini&e #n ele%en! i !$#nfe$$e& #! !he no&#l "oin! #n& (oni!en!
ele%en! %#!$i1 i fo$%e&.
9. Formation of the overall loading matrix: Li/e !he o*e$#ll !iffne
%#!$i1. !he ele%en! lo#&ing %#!$i(e #$e #e%+le& !o fo$% !he o*e$#ll
lo#&ing %#!$i1. Thi %#!$i1 h# one (ol)%n "e$ lo#&ing (#e #n& i! i
ei!he$ # (ol)%n *e(!o$ o$ # $e(!#ng)l#$ %#!$i1 &e"en&ing on !he n)%+e$
of lo#&ing (#e.
:. Incorporation of boundary conditions: The +o)n&#$' $e!$#in!
(on&i!ion #$e !o +e i%"oe& in !he !iffne %#!$i1. The$e #$e *#$io)
!e(hni;)e #*#il#+le !o #!if' !he +o)n&#$' (on&i!ion. One i !he i,e
of !he !iffne %#!$i1 %#' +e $e&)(e& o$ (on&ene& in i! fin#l fo$%. To
e#e (o%")!e$ "$og$#%%ing #"e(! #n& !o eleg#n!l' in(o$"o$#!e !he
+o)n&#$' (on&i!ion. !he i,e of o*e$#ll %#!$i1 i /e"! !he #%e.
<. Solution of simultaneous equations: The )n/nown no&#l
&i"l#(e%en! #$e (#l()l#!e& +' !he %)l!i"li(#!ion of fo$(e *e(!o$ wi!h
!he in*e$e of !iffne %#!$i1.
1=. Calculation of stresses or stress-resultants: No&#l
&i"l#(e%en! #$e )!ili,e& fo$ !he (#l()l#!ion of !$ee o$ !$e2
$e)l!#n!. Thi %#' +e &one fo$ #ll ele%en! of !he (on!in))% o$ i! %#'
+e li%i!e& !o o%e "$e&e!e$%ine& ele%en!. Re)l! %#' #lo +e
o+!#ine& +' g$#"hi(#l %e#n. I! %#' &ei$#+le !o "lo! !he (on!o)$ of !he
&efo$%e& h#"e of !he (on!in))%.
Page 2 of 72
Q-. WHAT ARE NATURAL 5OORDINATES>
Page 3 of 72
N#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e% i +#i(#ll' # lo(#l (oo$&in#!e '!e% whi(h
#llow !he "e(ifi(#!ion of # "oin! wi!hin !he ele%en! +' # e! of
&i%enionle n)%+e$ whoe %#gni!)&e ne*e$ e1(ee& )ni!'. Thi
(oo$&in#!e '!e% i fo)n& !o +e *e$' effe(!i*e in fo$%)l#!ing !he
ele%en! "$o"e$!ie in fini!e ele%en! fo$%)l#!ion. Thi '!e% i &efine&
in )(h !h#! !he %#gni!)&e #! no&#l "oin! will h#*e )ni!' o$ ,e$o o$ #
(on*enien! e! of f$#(!ion. I! #lo f#(ili!#!e !he in!eg$#!ion !o (#l()l#!e
ele%en! !iffne.
E1#%"le?
1 !ne Dimensional "ine #lements
The line ele%en! #$e )e& !o $e"$een! "$ing. !$). +e#% li/e
%e%+e$ fo$ !he fini!e ele%en! #n#l'i ")$"oe. S)(h ele%en! #$e
;)i!e )ef)l in #n#l',ing !$). (#+le #n& f$#%e !$)(!)$e.
He$e. !he n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e of #n' "oin! P (#n +e &efine& # follow.
Page 4 of 72
Whe$e. 1 i $e"$een!e& in 5#$!ei#n (oo$&in#!e '!e%. Si%il#$l'. 1@l
(#n +e $e"$een!e& # A in n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e%. Th) !he #+o*e
e1"$eion (#n +e $ew$i!!en in !he fo$% of n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e% #
gi*en +elow.
Now. !he $el#!ionhi" +e!ween n#!)$#l #n& 5#$!ei#n (oo$&in#!e (#n
+e e1"$ee& #?
Si%il#$l'. fo$ !h$ee no&e line ele%en!. !he h#"e f)n(!ion (#n +e &e$i*e&
wi!h !he hel" of n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e% whi(h %#' +e e1"$ee& #
follow?
Page 5 of 72
$ %&o Dimensional %riangular #lements
The n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e% fo$ # !$i#ng)l#$ ele%en! i gene$#ll'
(#lle& # !$i#ng)l#$ (oo$&in#!e '!e%. The (oo$&in#!e of #n' "oin! P
Page 6 of 72
ini&e !he !$i#ngle i x, y in 5#$!ei#n (oo$&in#!e '!e%. He$e. !h$ee
(oo$&in#!e. L
1
. L
2
#n& L
3
(#n +e )e& !o &efine !he lo(#!ion of !he "oin!
in !e$% of n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e '!e%. The "oin! P (#n +e &efine& +' !he
following e! of #$e# (oo$&in#!e?
Whe$e.
1
B A$e# of !he !$i#ngle P-0
-
B A$e# of !he !$i#ngle P10
0
B A$e# of !he !$i#ngle P1-
ABA$e# of !he !$i#ngle 1-0
Th).
B
1
C
-
C
0

#n&
1
C
-
C
0
B1
Page 7 of 72
The$efo$e. !he n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e of !h$ee no&e will +e? no&e 1 D1.=.=EF
no&e - D=.1.=EF #n& no&e 0 D=.=.1E.
Page 8 of 72
The #$e# of !he !$i#ngle (#n +e w$i!!en )ing 5#$!ei#n
(oo$&in#!e (oni&e$ing 1. ' # (oo$&in#!e of #n #$+i!$#$' "oin!
P ini&e o$ on !he +o)n&#$ie of !he ele%en!?
The $el#!ion +e!ween !wo (oo$&in#!e '!e% !o &efine "oin! P
(#n +e e!#+lihe& +' !hei$ no&#l (oo$&in#!e #?
Whe$e
Page 9 of 72
The in*e$e +e!ween n#!)$#l #n& 5#$!ei#n (oo$&in#!e %#' +e
e1"$ee& #?
Q0. HOW TO DERIVE SHAPE FUN5TIONS FROM AREA
5OORDINATES>
5oni&e$ing # line#$ &i"l#(e%en! *#$i#!ion of # !$i#ng)l#$
ele%en! # hown in Fig)$e. !he &i"l#(e%en! #! #n' "oin! (#n
+e w$i!!en in !e$% of i! #$e# (oo$&in#!e.
Page 10 of 72
He$e. A i !he !o!#l #$e# of !he !$i#ngle. I! i i%"o$!#n! !o no!e
!h#! !he #$e# (oo$&in#!e #$e &e"en&en! # G
1
C G
-
C G
0
B1 . I!
%#' +e een f$o% fig)$e !h#! #! no&e 1. L
1
B 1 while L
-
B L
0
B =.
Si%il#$l' fo$ o!he$ !wo no&e? #! no&e -. L
-
B 1 while L
1
B L
0
B =.
#n& L
0
B 1 while L
-
B L
1
B =. Now. )+!i!)!ing !he #$e#
(oo$&in#!e fo$ no&e 1. - #n& 0. !he &i"l#(e%en! (o%"onen!
#! no&e (#n +e w$i!!en #
Th). f$o% !he #+o*e e1"$eion. one (#n o+!#in !he )n/nown
(oeffi(ien! G?
OR
Page 11 of 72
The #+o*e e1"$eion (#n +e w$i!!en in !e$% of in!e$"ol#!ion
f)n(!ion #

Si%il#$l'. !he &i"l#(e%en! *#$i#!ion * in Y &i$e(!ion (#n +e
e1"$ee& # follow.
Th). fo$ !wo &i"l#(e%en! (o%"onen! ) #n& * of #n' "oin!
ini&e !he ele%en! (#n +e w$i!!en #?
Th). !he h#"e f)n(!ion of !he ele%en! will +e(o%e
Page 12 of 72
Q3. SHAPE FUN5TIONS OF TRIANHULAR ELEMENT IN
TERMS OF 5ARTESIAN 5OORDINATES.
In!e$"ol#!ion f)n(!ion (#n +e w$i!!en # DRefe$ No!eE
Page 13 of 72
Q3. SHAPE FUN5TIONS OF RE5TANHULAR ELEMENT IN
TERMS OF 5ARTESIAN 5OORDINATES.
A)%e !he &i"l#(e%en! fiel& #?
A""l'ing no&#l (on&i!ion. !he #+o*e e1"$eion %#' +e w$i!!en
in %#!$i1 fo$% #
Page 14 of 72
The )n/nown "ol'no%i#l (oeffi(ien! %#' +e o+!#ine& f$o% !he
#+o*e e;)#!ion wi!h !he )e of no&#l fiel& *#$i#+le.
Th). !he fiel& *#$i#+le #! #n' "oin! ini&e !he ele%en! (#n +e
&e($i+e& in !e$% of no&#l *#l)e #
F$o% !he #+o*e e1"$eion. !he h#"e f)n(!ion N
i
(#n +e
&e$i*e& #n& will +e # follow.
Page 15 of 72
Now. )+!i!)!ing !he no&#l (oo$&in#!e in !e$% of D1
1
. '
1
E #
DI#. I+E #! no&e 1F D1
-
. '
-
E # D#. I+E #! no&e -F D1
0
. '
0
E # D#. +E
#! no&e 0 #n& D1
3
. '
3
E # DI#. +E #! no&e 3 !he #+o*e e1"$eion
(#n +e $e2w$i!!en #?
Q6. WHAT ARE LAHRANHEJS AND SERENDIPITY
ELEMENTS>
"agrange's element? In!e$n#l No&e P$een!. Two &i%enion#l
L#g$#nge ele%en! (on!#in in!e$n#l no&e whi(h #$e no!
(onne(!e& !o o!he$ no&e.
E1#%"le? Nine No&e& Re(!#ng)l#$ Ele%en! #n& 18 No&e&
Re(!#ng)l#$ Ele%en!
Page 16 of 72
Serendipity #lement:
Highe$ o$&e$ L#g$#nge ele%en! (on!#in in!e$n#l no&e. whi(h
&o no! (on!$i+)!e !o !he in!e$2ele%en! (onne(!i*i!'. Howe*e$.
!hee (#n +e eli%in#!e& +' (on&en#!ion "$o(e&)$e whi(h
nee& e1!$# (o%")!#!ion. The eli%in#!ion of !hee in!e$n#l
no&e $e)l! in $e&)(!ion in i,e of !he ele%en! %#!$i(e.
Al!e$n#!i*el'. one (#n &e*elo" h#"e f)n(!ion of !wo
&i%enion#l ele%en! whi(h (on!#in no&e onl' on !he
+o)n&#$ie. Thee ele%en! #$e (#lle& e$en&i"i!' ele%en!.
E1#%"le? 32 No&e& . :2 No&e& #n& 1- No&e& Re(!#ng)l#$
ele%en!.
Tho)gh +' )ing e$en&i"i!' ele%en! %#!$i1 i,e (#n +e
$e&)(e& +)! i! i o+e$*e& !h#! !he L#g$#nge ele%en! h#*e #
+e!!e$ &eg$ee of (o%"le!ene in "ol'no%i#l f)n(!ion (o%"#$e
!o e$en&i"i!' ele%en! DLee$ n)%+e$ of "#$#i!i( !e$%E.
The$efo$e. L#g$#nge ele%en! "$o&)(e (o%"#$#!i*el' f#!e$ #n&
+e!!e$ #(()$#('.
Q8. WHAT IS HEOMETRI5 INVARIAN5E>
Di"l#(e%en! h#"e ho)l& no! (h#nge wi!h # (h#nge in lo(#l
(oo$&in#!e '!e%. Thi (#n +e #(hie*e& if "ol'no%i#l i
+#l#n(e& in (#e #ll !e$% (#nno! +e (o%"le!e&. Thi K+#l#n(e&J
$e"$een!#!ion (#n +e #(hie*e& wi!h !he hel" of P#(#l !$i#ngle
Page 17 of 72
in (#e of !wo2&i%enion#l "ol'no%i#l. Fo$ e1#%"le. fo$ #
"ol'no%i#l h#*ing fo)$ !e$%. !he in*#$i#n(e (#n +e o+!#ine& if
!he following e1"$eion i ele(!e& f$o% !he P#(#l !$i#ngle.
The geo%e!$i( in*#$i#n(e (#n +e en)$e& +' !he ele(!ion of !he
(o$$e"on&ing o$&e$ of !e$% on ei!he$ i&e of !he #1i of
'%%e!$' of P#(#lJ T$i#ngle hown in fig)$e.
Q8. WHAT IS ISOPARAMETRI5 FORMULATION AND
MENTION ITS ADVANTAHES IN FEA>
The !wo o$ !h$ee &i%enion#l ele%en! #$e of $eg)l#$ geo%e!$'
De.g. !$i#ng)l#$ #n& $e(!#ng)l#$ ele%en!E h#*ing !$#igh! e&ge.
Hen(e. fo$ !he #n#l'i of #n' i$$eg)l#$ geo%e!$'. i! i &iffi()l! !o
)e )(h ele%en! &i$e(!l'. If we )e !$i#ng)l#$ ele%en! fo$
%ehing # ()$*e& )$f#(e. !he $e)l! i hown in fig)$e #.
Page 18 of 72
Tho)gh. !$i#ng)l#$ ele%en! (#n )i!#+le #""$o1i%#!e !he
(i$()l#$ +o)n&#$' of !he (on!in))%. +)! !he ele%en! (loe !o
!he (en!e$ +e(o%e len&e$ #n& hen(e #ffe(! !he #(()$#(' of
fini!e ele%en! ol)!ion. One "oi+le ol)!ion !o !he "$o+le% i
!o $e&)(e !he heigh! of e#(h $ow of ele%en! # we #""$o#(h !o
!he (en!e$. 4)!. )nne(e#$' $efining of !he (on!in))%
gene$#!e $el#!i*el' l#$ge n)%+e$ of ele%en! #n& !h)
in($e#e (o%")!#!ion !i%e. Al!e$n#!i*el'. when %ehing i
&one )ing $e(!#ng)l#$ ele%en! # hown in Fig)$e +.. !he #$e#
of (on!in))% e1(l)&e& f$o% !he fini!e ele%en! %o&el i
ignifi(#n!l' #&e;)#!e !o "$o*i&e in(o$$e(! $e)l!.
Page 19 of 72
In o$&e$ !o i%"$o*e !he #(()$#(' of !he $e)l! one (#n gene$#!e
%eh )ing *e$' %#ll ele%en!. 4)!. !hi will ignifi(#n!l'
in($e#e !he (o%")!#!ion !i%e. Ano!he$ "oi+le w#' i !o )e #
(o%+in#!ion of +o!h $e(!#ng)l#$ #n& !$i#ng)l#$ ele%en!.
4)! )(h !'"e of (o%+in#!ion %#' no! "$o*i&e !he +e! ol)!ion
in !e$% of #(()$#('. in(e &iffe$en! o$&e$ "ol'no%i#l #$e )e&
!o $e"$een! !he fiel& *#$i#+le fo$ &iffe$en! !'"e of ele%en!.
Alo !he !$i#ng)l#$ ele%en! %#' +e len&e$ #n& !h) (#n #ffe(!
!he #(()$#('. In Fig)$e (. !he #%e (on!in))% i &i($e!i,e& wi!h
$e(!#ng)l#$ ele%en! ne#$ (en!e$ #n& wi!h fo)$2no&e
;)#&$il#!e$#l ele%en! ne#$ +o)n&#$'. Thi fo)$2no&e
;)#&$il#!e$#l ele%en! (#n +e &e$i*e& f$o% $e(!#ng)l#$ ele%en!
)ing !he (on(e"! of %#""ing. Uing !he (on(e"! of %#""ing
$eg)l#$ !$i#ng)l#$. $e(!#ng)l#$ o$ oli& ele%en! in n#!)$#l
(oo$&in#!e '!e% D/nown # "#$en! ele%en!E (#n +e
!$#nfo$%e& in!o glo+#l 5#$!ei#n (oo$&in#!e '!e% h#*ing
#$+i!$#$' h#"e Dwi!h ()$*e& e&ge o$ )$f#(eE.
Page 20 of 72
Fig)$e hown +elow how !he "#$en! ele%en! in n#!)$#l
(oo$&in#!e '!e% #n& !he %#""e& ele%en! in glo+#l 5#$!ei#n
'!e%.
Page 21 of 72
The geo%e!$' of #n ele%en! %#' +e e1"$ee& in !e$% of !he
in!e$"ol#!ion f)n(!ion # follow.
Whe$e.
nBNo.of No&e.
N
i
BIn!e$"ol#!ion F)n(!ion
1
i
.'
i
.,
i
B5oo$&in#!e of No&#l Poin! of !he Ele%en!
A !he #%e h#"e f)n(!ion #$e )e& fo$ +o!h !he fiel& *#$i#+le
#n& &e($i"!ion of ele%en! geo%e!$'. !he %e!ho& i /nown #
io"#$#%e!$i( %#""ing. The ele%en! &efine& +' )(h # %e!ho&
i /nown # #n io"#$#%e!$i( ele%en!. Thi %e!ho& (#n +e )e&
!o !$#nfo$% !he n#!)$#l (oo$&in#!e of # "oin! !o !he 5#$!ei#n
(oo$&in#!e '!e% #n& *i(e *e$#.
Page 22 of 72
(umerical )roblem:
Determine the Cartesian coordinate of the point P (= 0.8,
= 0.9) as shown in Figure.
The relaton !et"een t"o coor#nate $%$te&$
can !e re're$ente# through ther nter'olaton
functon$. Therefore( the )alue$ of the
nter'olaton functon at 'ont P "ll !e
Page 23 of 72
Thu$ the coor#nate of 'ont P n *arte$an
coor#nate $%$te& can !e calculate# a$
h!s the coordinate of point P (= 0.8, = 0.9) in
Cartesian coordinate s"stem wi## $e %.&'(, %.'%.
Import!t" +egar#le$$ of the nu&!er of
no#e$ or 'o$$!le cur)ature of e#ge$( the
$ol# ele&ent $ ,u$t l-e a 'lane ele&ent
"hch $ &a''e# nto the $'ace of natural co.
or#nate$( .e(
/0. *once't of 1aco!an &atr2 an# t$ utlt%.
A )aret% of #er)at)e$ of the nter'olaton
functon$ "th re$'ect to the glo!al
coor#nate$ are nece$$ar% to for&ulate the
ele&ent $t3ne$$ &atrce$. A$ the !oth
ele&ent geo&etr% an# )araton of the $ha'e
functon$ are re're$ente# n ter&$ of the
natural coor#nate$ of the 'arent ele&ent(
$o&e a##tonal &athe&atcal o!$tacle ar$e$.
For e2a&'le( n ca$e of e)aluaton of the
$tran )ector( the o'erator &atr2 $ "th
Page 24 of 72
re$'ect to 2 an# %( !ut the nter'olaton
functon $ "th and . Therefore( the o'erator
&atr2 $ to !e tran$for&e# for ta-ng
#er)at)e "th and . The relaton$h'
!et"een t"o coor#nate $%$te&$ &a% !e
co&'ute# !% u$ng the chan rule of 'artal
#3erentaton a$
The a!o)e e4uaton$ can !e e2're$$e# n
&atr2 for& a$ $ho"n !elo"5

The &atr2 617 $ #enote# a$ 1aco!an &atr2
"hch $5
Snce for $o'ara&etrc for&ulaton$
Page 25 of 72
8ence
"here( n $ the nu&!er of no#e$ n an
ele&ent.
S&larl% one can calculate the other ter&$ 1
12
(
1
21
an# 1
22
of the 1aco!an &atr2. 8ence(
Snce
Page 26 of 72
8ence
Su''o$e
$ the ele&ent &atr2 re're$entng
the n)er$e of 617
Therefore
S&larl%( for t#r$$ %&m$!'&o!( )'$( the
follo"ng relaton e2$t$ !et"een the
Page 27 of 72
#er)at)e o'erator$ n the glo!al an# the
natural coor#nate $%$te&.
9here(
or
Page 28 of 72
Page 29 of 72
/:. E;AL<ATE T8E STIFFNESS MAT+I= F>+
IS>PA+AMET+I* ELEMENT.
9e ha)e $een that
For t"o #&en$onal 'lane $tre$$?$tran
for&ulaton( the $tran )ector can !e
re're$ente# a$
Page 30 of 72
>r u$ng 617 &atr2 "e can "rte5
The a!o)e e2're$$on can !e re"rtten n
&atr2 for& a$5
Page 31 of 72
For an n no#e ele&ent the #$'lace&ent u
can !e re're$ente# a$(
an# $&larl% for ) @ ".
Therefore(
Therefore the $tran &atr2 can !e "rtten a$5
Page 32 of 72
*o&'arng the a!o)e e4uaton "th $tran
#$'lace&ent e4uaton5
9e get the 6A7 &atr2 a$5
It $ nece$$ar% to tran$for& ntegral$ fro&
*arte$an to the natural coor#nate$ a$ "ell
for calculaton of the ele&ental $t3ne$$
Page 33 of 72
&atr2 n $o'ara&etrc for&ulaton. The
#3erental area relaton$h' can !e
e$ta!l$he# fro& a#)ance# calculu$ an# the
ele&ental area n *arte$an coor#nate can !e
re're$ente# n ter&$ of area n natural
coor#nate$ a$5
8ere
$ the #eter&nant of the 1aco!an &atr2. The
$t3ne$$ &atr2 for a t"o #&en$onal ele&ent
&a% !e e2're$$e# a$ 5
The a!o)e e2're$$on n *arte$an coor#nate
$%$te& can !e change# to the natural
coor#nate $%$te& a$ follo"$ to o!tan the
ele&ental $t3ne$$ &atr2
Page 34 of 72
N*m$r&)( Pro+($m"
*alculate the 1aco!an &atr2 an# the $tran
#$'lace&ent &atr2 for four no#e t"o
#&en$onal 4ua#rlateral ele&ent$
corre$'on#ng to the gau$$ 'ont (0.B003B(
0.B003B) a$ $ho"n n Fgure
The 1aco!an &atr2 for a four no#e ele&ent $
g)en !%(
For the four no#e ele&ent one can Cn# the
follo"ng relaton$.
Page 35 of 72
No"( for a four no#e 4ua#rlateral ele&ent(
the 1aco!an &atr2 "ll !eco&e5
P!tting the )a#!es of * a$ 0.B003B an# 0.B003B
re$'ect)el%( one "ll o!tan the follo"ng.
Page 36 of 72
Page 37 of 72
/D. 98AT A+E IS>PA+AMET+I*(
S<APA+AMET+I* ANE S<PE+PA+AMET+I*
ELEMENTSF
If the $ha'e functon$ (N
) u$e# to re're$ent
the )araton of geo&etr% of the ele&ent are
the $a&e a$ the $ha'e functon$ (NG
) u$e# to
re're$ent the )araton of the #$'lace&ent
then the ele&ent$ are calle# $o'ara&etrc
ele&ent$. For e2a&'le( the coor#nate$ (2(%)
n$#e the ele&ent are #eCne# !% the $ha'e
functon$ (N
) an# #$'lace&ent (u()) n$#e

Page 38 of 72
the ele&ent are #eCne# !% the $ha'e
functon$ (NG
) a$ !elo".
If N
H NG
( then the ele&ent $ calle#

$o'ara&etrc.
If the geo&etr% of ele&ent $ #eCne# !%
$ha'e functon$ of or#er hgher than that for
re're$entng the )araton of #$'lace&ent$(
then the ele&ent$ are calle#
'*p$rprm$tr&),
If the geo&etr% of ele&ent $ #eCne# !%
$ha'e functon$ of or#er lo"er than that for
re're$entng the )araton of #$'lace&ent$
then the ele&ent$ are calle#
'*+prm$tr&)
Page 39 of 72
/10. 98AT A+E T8E EIFFE+ENT TYPES >F
ELEMENTS <SEE IN FEAF
;arou$ t%'e$ of ele&ent$ u$e# n Cnte
ele&ent anal%$$ are g)en !elo"5
1) >ne #&en$onal ele&ent$ (Aea& @
a2al ele&ent( tru$$( ''e( $'rng)
a. T"o no#e ele&ent
!. Three no#e ele&ent
2) T"o #&en$onal ele&ent$ (Sla!$(
Plate$( $hell$)
a. Trangular ele&ent
Page 40 of 72
!. +ectangular ele&ent
c./ua#rlateral ele&ent
#. /ua#rlateral for&e# !% t"o
trangle$
e. /ua#rlateral for&e# !% four
trangle$
Page 41 of 72
3) Three #&en$onal ele&ent$ (for 3E
'ro!le&$( l-e te&'erature( $tre$$( Io"
)eloct%)
a. Tetrahe#ron
!. +ectangular !rc- ele&ent
/11. N<ME+I*AL INTEJ+ATI>N IN FEA.
The ntegraton$( "e generall% encounter n
Cnte ele&ent &etho#$( are 4ute co&'lcate#
Page 42 of 72
an# t $ not 'o$$!le to Cn# a clo$e# for&
$oluton$ to tho$e 'ro!le&$. E2act an#
e2'lct e)aluaton of the ntegral a$$ocate#
to the ele&ent &atrce$ an# the loa#ng
)ector $ not al"a%$ 'o$$!le !ecau$e of the
alge!rac co&'le2t% of the coeKcent of the
#3erent e4uaton (.e.( the $t3ne$$ nIuence
coeKcent$( ela$tct% &atr2( loa#ng
functon$ etc.). In the Cnte ele&ent anal%$$(
"e face the 'ro!le& of e)aluatng the
follo"ng t%'e$ of ntegraton$ n one( t"o an#
three #&en$onal ca$e$ re$'ect)el%. The$e
are nece$$ar% to co&'ute ele&ent $t3ne$$
an# ele&ent loa# )ector.
A''ro2&ate $oluton$ to $uch 'ro!le&$ are
'o$$!le u$ng certan nu&ercal techn4ue$.
Se)eral nu&ercal techn4ue$ are a)ala!le( n
&athe&atc$ for $ol)ng #eCnte ntegraton
'ro!le&$( nclu#ng( &#.'ont rule(
tra'eLo#al.rule( S&'$onM$ 1?3r# rule(
S&'$onM$ 3?:th rule an# Jau$$ /ua#rature
for&ula. A&ong the$e( Jau$$ /ua#rature
techn4ue $ &o$t u$eful one for $ol)ng
'ro!le&$ n Cnte ele&ent &etho#.
Page 43 of 72
The conce't of Jau$$ /ua#rature $ Cr$t
llu$trate# n one #&en$on n the conte2t of
an ntegral n the for& of
To tran$for& fro& an ar!trar% nter)al of 2
1
N
2 N 2
2
to an nter)al of .1 N N 1( "e nee# to
change the ntegraton functon fro& f(2) to
() according#". h!s, for a #inear )ariation in one
dimension, one can write the fo##owing re#ations.
Nu&ercal ntegraton !a$e# on Jau$$
/ua#rature a$$u&e$ that the functon () wi##
$e e)a#!ated o)er an inter)a# +, N N 1. *on$#erng
an one.#&en$onal ntegral( Jau$$
/ua#rature re're$ent$ the ntegral () in the
form of
Page 44 of 72
-here, the
1
,
2
,
3
, ...,
n
re're$ent$ n nu&!er$ of
'ont$ -no"n a$ Jau$$ Pont$ an# the
corre$'on#ng coeKcent$ "
1
( "
2
( "
3
( O( "
n
are -no"n a$ "eght$. The locaton an#
"eght coeKcent$ of Jau$$ 'ont$ are
calculate# !% Legen#re 'ol%no&al$. 8ence
th$ &etho# $ al$o $o&et&e$ referre# a$
Jau$$.Legen#re /ua#rature &etho#. The
$u&&aton of the$e )alue$ at n $a&'lng
'ont$ g)e$ the e2act $oluton of a 'ol%no&al
ntegran# of an or#er u' to 2n.1. For e2a&'le(
con$#erng $a&'lng at t"o Jau$$ 'ont$ "e
can get e2act $oluton for a 'ol%no&al of an
or#er (2P2.1) or 3. The u$e of &ore nu&!er
of Jau$$ 'ont$ ha$ no e3ect on accurac% of
re$ult$ !ut ta-e$ &ore co&'utaton t&e.
O!$- Po&!t Form*(
*on$#erng n H 1 then(
T.o-Po&!t Form*(
If "e con$#er n H 2( then
Page 45 of 72
Jau$$ 'ont$ an# corre$'on#ng "eght$
N*m$r&)( Pro+($m"
E)aluate
u$ng one( t"o an# three 'ont gau$$
/ua#rature.
Aefore a''l%ng the Jau$$ /ua#rature
for&ula( the e2$tng l&t$ of ntegraton
$houl# !e change# fro& 60( 17 to 6.1( Q17.
A$$u&ng(
the u''er an# lower #imit can $e changed. i.e., at . =
0, = +, and at . = ,, = /,. h!s, p!tting these
conditions and so#)ing for a * $, we get a = +, and $ = &.
he re#ation $etween two coor#nate $%$te&$ "ll
!eco&e
Therefore the ntal e4uaton can !e "rtten
a$
Page 46 of 72
U'&!/ o!$ po&!t /*'' Q*%rt*r$"
U'&!/ T.o po&!t /*'' Q*%rt*r$"
U'&!/ T#r$$ po&!t /*'' Q*%rt*r$"
Page 47 of 72
/12. EEFINE STATI* *>NEENSATI>N.
The hgher or#er Lagrangan ele&ent$ (.e.(
nne no#e( $2teen no#e rectangular ele&ent)
contan nu&!er of nternal no#e$. Th$ $
nece$$ar% $o&et&e$ for the co&'letene$$ of
the #e$re# 'ol%no&al u$e# n #$'lace&ent
functon for #er)aton of nter'olaton
functon. The$e nternal no#e$ are not
connecte# to the a#,onng ele&ent$ n the
a$$e&!lage.
Page 48 of 72
Thu$( the #$'lace&ent$ of the$e no#e$ are
not re4ure# to for&ulate o)erall e4ul!ru&
e4uaton$ of the $tructure. Th$ l&t$ the
u$efulne$$ of the$e ele&ent$. A techn4ue
-no"n a$ R$tatc con#en$atonS can !e u$e#
to $u''re$$ the #egree$ of free#o&
a$$ocate# "th the nternal no#e$ n the Cnal
co&'utaton. The techn4ue of $tatc
con#en$aton $ e2'lane# !elo". The
e4ul!ru& e4uaton for a $%$te& are
e2're$$e# n the Cnte ele&ent for& a$
Page 49 of 72
9here( TFU( 6V7 an# T#U are the loa# )ector(
$t3ne$$ &atr2 an# #$'lace&ent )ector for
the entre $tructure. The a!o)e e4uaton can
!e rearrange# !% $e'aratng the rele)ant
ter&$ corre$'on#ng to nternal an# e2ternal
no#e$ of the ele&ent$.
8ere( T#
U an# T#
e
U are the #$'lace&ent
)ector$ corre$'on#ng to nternal an# e2ternal
no#e$ re$'ect)el%. S&larl%( TF
U an# TF
e
U
are force )ector$ corre$'on#ng to nternal
an# e2ternal no#e$. No"( the a!o)e
e2're$$on can !e "rtten n the follo"ng
for& $e'aratel%.
The $t3ne$$ &atr2 an# no#al loa# )ector
corre$'on#$ to the nternal no#e$ can !e
$e'arate# out an# can !e re"rtten a$5
Page 50 of 72
Su!$ttutng the )alue of T#
U o!tane# fro&
the a!o)e e4uatonW the follo"ng e2're$$on
"ll !e o!tane#.
8ere( the e4uaton$ are re#uce# to a for&
n)ol)ng onl% the e2ternal no#e$ of the
ele&ent$. The a!o)e re#uce# $u!$tructure
e4uaton$ are a$$e&!le# to ache)e the
o)erall e4uaton$ n)ol)ng onl% the !oun#ar%
un-no"n$. Thu$ the a!o)e e4uaton can !e
re"rtten a$
>r
8ere( 6V
c
7 $ calle# con#en$e# or re#uce#
$t3ne$$ &atr2 an# TF
c
U $ the con#en$e# or
e3ect)e no#al loa# )ector corre$'on#ng to
e2ternal no#e$ of the ele&ent$. In th$
'roce$$( the $Le of the &atr2 for n)er$on
"ll !e co&'arat)el% $&all. The un-no"n
#$'lace&ent$ of the e2teror no#e$( T#
e
U can
Page 51 of 72
!e o!tane# !% n)ertng the &atr2 6V
c
7.
>nce( the )alue$ of T#
e
U are o!tane#( the
#$'lace&ent$ of nternal no#e$ T#
U can !e
foun# fro& e4uaton5
/13. S8>+T N>TE >N A=I.SYMMET+I*
ELEMENTS.
Man% three.#&en$onal 'ro!le&$ $ho"
$%&&etr% a!out an a2$ of rotaton. If the
'ro!le& geo&etr% $ $%&&etrc a!out an a2$
an# the loa#ng an# !oun#ar% con#ton$ are
$%&&etrc a!out the $a&e a2$( the 'ro!le&
$ $a# to !e a2$%&&etrc. Such three.
#&en$onal 'ro!le&$ can !e $ol)e# u$ng
t"o.#&en$onal Cnte ele&ent$. The
a2$%&&etrc 'ro!le&$ are most con)enient#"
defined $" po#ar coordinate s"stem with coordinates (r, 0,
1) as shown in Figure.
Page 52 of 72
Thu$( for a2$%&&etrc anal%$$( follo"ng
con#ton$ are to !e $at$Ce#.
1. The #o&an $houl# ha)e an a2$ of
$%&&etr% an# $ con$#ere# a$ L a2$.
&. he #oadings on the domain has to $e s"mmetric a$o!t
the a.is of re)o#!tion, th!s the" are independent of
circ!mferentia# coordinate 0.
3. The !oun#ar% con#ton an# &ateral
'ro'erte$ are $%&&etrc a!out the $a&e a2$
an# "ll !e n#e'en#ent of crcu&ferental
coor#nate.
2.is"mmetric so#ids are of tota# s"mmetr" a$o!t the a.is
of re)o#!tion (i.e., 1+a.is), the fie#d )aria$#es, s!ch as the
stress and deformation is independent of rotationa# ang#e
Page 53 of 72
0. Therefore( the Cel# )ara!le$ can !e #eCne#
a$ a functon of (r( L) an# hence the 'ro!le&
!eco&e$ a t"o #&en$onal 'ro!le& $&lar
to tho$e of 'lane $tre$$?$tran 'ro!le&$.
A2$%&&etrc 'ro!le&$ nclu#e$( crcular
c%ln#er loa#e# "th unfor& e2ternal or
nternal 're$$ure( crcular "ater tan-(
're$$ure )e$$el$( ch&ne%( !oler( crcular
footng re$tng on $ol &a$$( etc.
R$(t&o! +$t.$$! Str&! !%
0&'p()$m$!t
An a2$%&&etrc 'ro!le& $ rea#l% #e$cr!e#
n c%ln#rcal 'olar coor#nate $%$te&5 r( L and
0. 3ere, 0 meas!res the ang#e $etween the p#ane
containing the point and the a.is of the coordinate s"stem.
2t 0 = 0, the radia# and a.ia# coordinates coincide with
the g#o$a# Cartesian 4 and 5 coordinates.
Page 54 of 72
6f the #oading consists of radia# and a.ia# components that
are independent of 0 and the materia# is either isotropic or
orthotropic and the materia# properties are independent of
0, the disp#acement at an" point wi## on#" ha)e radia# u
r
an# u
L
co&'onent$. The onl% $tre$$
co&'onent$ that "ll !e nonLero are 7
rr
, 7
LL
, 7
00
and 8
rL
.
A #3erental ele&ent of the !o#% n the r.L
'lane $ $ho"n n Fgure. The ele&ent
un#ergoe$ #efor&aton n the ra#al #recton.
Page 55 of 72
Therefore( t ntate$ ncrea$e n
crcu&ference an# a$$ocate# crcu&ferental
$tran.
Let #enote the ra#al #$'lace&ent a$ u( the
crcu&ferental #$'lace&ent a$ )( an# the
a2al #$'lace&ent a$ ". Ea$he# lne
re're$ent$ the #efor&e# 'o$ton$ of the !o#%
n Fgure. The ra#al $tran can !e calculate#
fro& the a!o)e #agra& a$
r
u
u dr
r
u
u
dr
r
+ =
,
z
w
w dz
z
w
w
dz
z
+ =
,
Page 56 of 72
*on$#erng the origina# arc #ength )ers!s the deformed
arc #ength, the differentia# e#ement !ndergoes an
e.pansion in the circ!mferentia# direction. 9efore
deformation, #et the arc #ength is ass!med as ds = rd0.
2fter deformation, the arc #ength wi## $ecome ds = (r/!)
d0. h!s, the tangentia# strain wi## $e
S&larl%( the $hear $tran "ll !e
Thu$( there are four $tran co&'onent$
're$ent n th$ ca$e an# $ g)en !%
Page 57 of 72
/1X. Eer)e the $ha'e functon$ n ter&$ of
natural coor#nate $%$te&.
S#p$ 1*!)t&o! 1or T2O !o%$ +r
$($m$!t
Let u$ con$#er the natural coor#nate of the
center of the ele&ent a$ 0( an# the natural
coor#nate of the no#es , and & are +, and /,
respecti)e#". herefore, the nat!ra# coordinate at an"
point . can $e represented $"(
<$ng LagrangeM$ Inter'olaton For&ula
Page 58 of 72
3rp#&)( r$pr$'$!tt&o! o1 S#p$ 1*!)t&o!' 1or t.o !o%$ +r $($m$!t
S#p$ 1*!)t&o! 1or T4REE !o%$% +r
$($m$!t
For a three no#e !ar ele&ent a$ $ho"n n
Fgure( the $ha'e functon "ll !e 4ua#ratc n
nature.
Page 59 of 72
3rp#&)( r$pr$'$!tt&o! o1 S#p$ 1*!)t&o!' 1or t#r$$ !o%$ +r
$($m$!t
S#p$ 1*!)t&o! 1or t.o %&m$!'&o!(
$($m$!t'
Four node rectangular element
Page 60 of 72
Nine node rectangular element
Page 61 of 72
Two dimensional eight node rectangular
element
Page 62 of 72
Page 63 of 72
Q15, 2r&t$ '#ort !ot$ o! S#$(( $($m$!t,
A $hell $ a cur)e# $urface( "hch !% )rtue of
ther $ha'e can "th$tan# !oth &e&!rane
an# !en#ng force$. A $hell $tructure can ta-e
hgher loa#$ f( &e&!rane $tre$$e$ are
're#o&nant( "hch $ 'r&arl% cau$e# #ue to
n.'lane force$ ('lane $tre$$ con#ton).
8o"e)er( localLe# !en#ng $tre$$e$ "ll
a''ear near loa# concentraton$ or geo&etrc
#$contnute$. The $hell$ are analogou$ to
ca!le or arch $tructure #e'en#ng on "hether
the $hell re$$t$ ten$le or( co&'re$$)e
$tre$$e$ re$'ect)el%.
Fe" a#)antage$ u$ng $hell ele&ent$ are 5
1. 8gher loa# carr%ng ca'act%
2. Le$$er thc-ne$$ an# hence le$$er #ea#
loa#
3. Le$$er $u''ort re4ure&ent
X. Larger u$eful $'ace
Page 64 of 72
B. 8gher ae$thetc )alue.
The e2a&'le of $hell $tructure$ nclu#e$
large.$'an roof( coolng to"er$( ''ng
$%$te&( 're$$ure )e$$el( arcraft fu$elage(
roc-et$( "ater tan-( arch #a&$( an# &an%
&ore. E)en n the Cel# of !o&echanc$( $hell
ele&ent$ are u$e# for anal%$$ of $-ull(
*ru$tacean$ $ha'e( re# !loo# cell$( etc.
Shell &a% !e cla$$Ce# "th $e)eral
alternat)e$ "hch are 're$ente# n Fgure.
Ee'en#ng u'on #eIecton n tran$)er$e
#recton #ue to tran$)er$e $hear force 'er
unt length( the $hell can !e cla$$Ce# nto
$tructurall% thn or thc- $hell. Further(
Page 65 of 72
#e'en#ng u'on the thc-ne$$ of the $hell n
co&'ar$on to the ra# of cur)ature of the
&# $urface( the $hell $ referre# to a$
geo&etrcall% thn or thc- $hell. T%'call%( f
thc-ne$$ to ra# of cur)ature $ le$$ than
0.0B( then the $hell can !e a$$u&e# a$ a thn
$hell. For &o$t of the engneerng a''lcaton
the thc-ne$$ of $hell re&an$ "thn 0.001 to
0.0B an# treate# a$ thn $hell.
A''*mpt&o!' 1or T#&! S#$(( T#$or5
Thn $hell theore$ are !a$call% !a$e# on
Lo)e.Vrcho3 a$$u&'ton$ a$ follo"$.
1. A$ the $hell #efor&$( the nor&al to the un.
#efor&e# &##le $urface re&an $traght an#
nor&al to the #efor&e# &##le $urface
un#ergo no e2ten$on. .e.( all $tran
co&'onent$ n the #recton of the nor&al to
the &##le $urface $ Lero.
2. The tran$)er$e nor&al $tre$$ $ neglecte#.
Thu$( a!o)e a$$u&'ton$ re#uce the three
#&en$onal 'ro!le&$ nto t"o #&en$onal.
O6$r6&$. o1 S#$(( F&!&t$ E($m$!t'
78 F(t '#$(( $($m$!t
The geo&etr% of the$e t%'e$ of ele&ent$ $
a$$u&e# a$ Iat. The cur)e# geo&etr% of $hell
Page 66 of 72
$ o!tane# !% a$$e&!lng nu&!er of Iat
ele&ent$. The$e ele&ent$ are !a$e# on
co&!naton of &e&!rane ele&ent an#
!en#ng ele&ent that enforce# Vrcho3M$
h%'othe$$. It $ &'ortant to note that the
cou'lng of &e&!rane an# !en#ng e3ect$
#ue to cur)ature of the $hell $ a!$ent n the
nteror of the n#)#ual ele&ent$.
7+8 9*r6$% '#$(( $($m$!t
*ur)e# $hell ele&ent$ are $%&&etrcal a!out
an a2$ of rotaton. A$ n ca$e of a2$%&&etrc
'late ele&ent$( &e&!rane force$ for the$e
ele&ent$ are re're$ente# "th re$'ecte# to
&er#an #recton. A$ ("( N
L
( M
Y
) an# n
crcu&ferental #recton$ a$("( N
Y
( M
L
).
8o"e)er( the #Kculte$ a$$ocate# "th the$e
ele&ent$ nclu#e$( #Kcult% n #e$cr!ng
geo&etr% an# ache)ng nter.ele&ental
co&'at!lt%. Al$o( the $at$facton of rg#
!o#% &o#e$ of !eha)our $ acute n cur)e#
$hell ele&ent$.
7)8 So(&% '#$(( $($m$!t
Though( u$e of 3E $ol# ele&ent $ another
o'ton for anal%$$ of $hell $tructure( #ealng
"th too &an% #egree$ of free#o& &a-e$ t
unecono&c n ter&$ of co&'utaton t&e.
Further( #ue to $&all thc-ne$$ of $hell
Page 67 of 72
ele&ent( the $tran nor&al to the &# $urface
$ a$$ocate# "th )er% large $t3ne$$
coeKcent$ an# thu$ &a-e$ the e4uaton$ ll
con#tone#.
7%8 0$/$!$rt$% '#$(( $($m$!t'
8ere( ele&ent$ are #er)e# !% #egeneratng a
3E $ol# ele&ent nto a $hell $urface ele&ent(
!% #eletng the nter&e#ate no#e$ n the
thc-ne$$ #recton an# then !% 'ro,ectng the
no#e$ on each $urface to the &# $urface a$
$ho"n n Fgure.
Th$ a''roach ha$ the a#)antage of !eng
n#e'en#ent of an% 'artcular $hell theor%.
Th$ a''roach can !e u$e# to for&ulate a
general $hell ele&ent for geo&etrc an#
&ateral nonlnear anal%$$. Such ele&ent ha$
!een e&'lo%e# )er% $ucce$$full% "hen u$e#
"th D or( n 'artcular( 1Z no#e$. 8o"e)er(
Page 68 of 72
the 1Z.no#e ele&ent $ 4ute e2'en$)e n
co&'utaton. In a #egenerate# $hell &o#el(
the nu&!er$ of un-no"n$ 're$ent are C)e 'er
no#e (three &#.$urface #$'lace&ent$ an#
t"o #rector rotaton$). Mo#eratel% thc- $hell$
can !e anal%$e# u$ng $uch ele&ent$.
8o"e)er( $elect)e an# re#uce# ntegraton
techn4ue$ are nece$$ar% to u$e #ue to $hear
loc-ng e3ect$ n ca$e of thn $hell$. The
a$$u&'ton$ for #egenerate# $hell are $&lar
to the +e$$ner.Mn#ln a$$u&'ton$.
/1Z. 9rte Short Note on Prnc'le of ;rtual
9or-.
he princip#e of )irt!a# wor: is a )er" !sef!# approach
for so#)ing )arieties of str!ct!ra# mechanics pro$#em.
-hen the force and disp#acement are !nre#ated to the
ca!se and effect re#ation, the wor: is ca##ed )irt!a# wor:.
herefore, the )irt!a# wor: ma" $e ca!sed $" tr!e force
mo)ing thro!gh imaginar" disp#acements or )ice )ersa.
h!s, the princip#e of )irt!a# wor: can $e di)ided into
two categories; (a) princip#e of )irt!a# forces and ($)
princip#e of )irt!a# disp#acements. he princip#e of )irt!a#
forces esta$#ishes the compati$i#it" conditions. he
princip#e of )irt!a# disp#acements esta$#ishes the
conditions of e<!i#i$ri!m and is !sed in the disp#acement
mode# of the finite e#ement techni<!e.
Page 69 of 72
he e.terna# )irt!a# wor: is the wor: done $" rea# #oad
mo)ing thro!gh imaginar" disp#acements in a str!ct!re.
hese #oads inc#!de $oth the #oad distri$!ted o)er the
entire s!rface and )o#!me. h!s, the )irt!a# wor: done $"
the e.terna# force is;
-here, =!, =) and =w are the components of the )irt!a#
disp#acements in ., " and 1 direction respecti)e#". F
>.
, F
>"
and F
>1
are the s!rface forces and F
?.
, F
?"
and F
?1
are the
$od" forces in ., " and 1 direction respecti)e#". 6n the
a$o)e e<!ation, the integration is carried o!t o)er the
entire s!rface in the first term and o)er the entire )o#!me
in the second term. he a$o)e e.pression can $e rewritten
as;
Page 70 of 72
2ccording to princip#e of )irt!a# wor:, the wor: done $"
e.terna# forces d!e to the )irt!a# disp#acement of a
str!ct!re in e<!i#i$ri!m is e<!a# to the wor: done $" the
interna# forces for the )irt!a# interna# disp#acement.
herefore,
or
@ ,'. -rite Ahort note on Ahape F!nction.
In Cnte ele&ent anal%$$( the )araton$ of
#$'lace&ent "thn an ele&ent are e2're$$e# !%
t$ no#al #$'lace&ent uH[N
"th the hel' of

nter'olaton functon $nce the true )araton of
#$'lace&ent n$#e the ele&ent $ not -no"n.
8ere( u $ the #$'lace&ent at an% 'ont n$#e the
ele&ent an# u
are the no#al #$'lace&ent$. Th$

Page 71 of 72
nter'olatng functon $ generall% a 'ol%no&al
"th n #egree "hch auto&atcall% 'ro)#e$ a
$ngle.)alue# an# contnuou$ Cel#. In Cnte
ele&ent lterature( th$ nter'olaton functon (N
) $
referre# to RSha'e functonS a$ "ell. For lnear
nter'olaton( n "ll !e 1 an# for 4ua#ratc
nter'olaton n "ll !eco&e 2 an# $o on. There are
t"o t%'e$ of nter'olaton functon$ na&el% ()
Lagrange nter'olaton an# () 8er&tan
nter'olaton. Lagrange nter'olaton functon $
"#el% u$e# n 'ractce. 8ere the a$$u&e# functon
ta-e$ on the $a&e )alue$ a$ the g)en functon at
$'ecCe# 'ont$. In ca$e of 8er&tan nter'olaton
functon( the $lo'e$ of the functon al$o ta-e the
$a&e )alue$ a$ the g)en functon at $'ecCe#
'ont$.
Page 72 of 72

M.tech Structural Engg Fea Important Questions

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MTech (Struct.

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) an# #$'lace&ent (u()) n$#e

( then the ele&ent $ calle#

"th the hel' of

are the no#al #$'lace&ent$. Th$

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