SBEC2312

COSTSTUDI
Fara DivaMustapa
DepartmentofQuantitySurveying
FacultyofBuiltEnvironment,UTM y

ES
FACTORSINFLUEN
COSTS
ClientsRequirements
FactorsinfluencingBuildingCo
MethodsforPreliminaryEstim
NCINGBUILDING
ost
ates
CLIENTSREQUIRE
Whatdotheyneed?
Pricecertainty
Projectconstructedwithin
Projectcompletedontime
Bestqualitypossiblebased
price
EMENTS
budget
donreasonable
CLIENTS NEED CLIENT SNEED
Cost
Budget
D
Estimate
C
Tender
Final
C
Final
Account
LCC
Time Quality/Performance
Durationof
design
Appearance
onstruction
date
Quality
Completion
date
Function
Handover
Defect
Period
Durability
Maintenance
Period
COSTIMPLICATION
VARIABLES
Size of
Perimeter/
PlanShape
Sizeof
Building
FloorArea
Ratio
NSOFDESIGN
Circulation Storey
Total
Circulation
Space
Storey
Heights
Heightof
Buildings
PlanShape simplershape<unit
cost cost
Duetosettingout,siteworks,
drainageworksetc
Exceptions for circular and Exceptionsforcircularand
multistorybuildings.
EXAMPLEOFRATI
WALLTOGROSSF
Building A
GFA(m2) 100
Wall area (m2) 40 m x 4 = 1 Wallarea(m2) 40mx4 1
Wallarea/ GFA 1.60
A
10m
10 m
5m
A
B
10m
20
OCALCULATIONFOR
FLOORAREA
Building B BuildingC
100 100
60 50 m x 4 = 200 50 m x 4 = 200 60 50mx4 200 50mx4 200
2.00 2.00
10m
5m
BuildingAis
themost
economical
C
0m
10m
economical
asithasthe
lowestratio
comparedto
b ld
5m
buildingB
andC.
SizeofBuilding Increaseinsize
ofbuildingsnormallyproduce
reductions in cot especially cost reductionsincotespeciallycost
permetre square.Seeappendix1
Perimeter/FloorAreaRatio
Areaofenclosingwalls/gross
floorarea.The<thewall/floor
ratio the > economical ratio,the>economical.
CirculationSpace Areathat
needstobeprovidedbutdoes
notcontributetoanyfinancial
returns returns.
EFFECTSOFCIRCULA
5 m 5m
2m
5m
9m
Singlestoreybuilding
ATIONAREA(CONTD)
55m
2m
5m
9m
Doublestoreybuilding
EFFECTSOFCIRCULA
Singlestorey
Usable area 90
Circulation area 18
Gross floorarea 108
% of circulation area 17 %ofcirculation area 17
A two storey building has > percentage of Atwostoreybuildinghas>percentageof
stairsonthelowerandupperfloors.Henc
space,83%ofbuildingAandonly69%of
ATIONAREA(CONTD)
building Doublestoreybuilding
150
33x2=66
216
31 31
circulation area to accommodate the circulationareatoaccommodatethe
ce,fromtheaspectofeffectiveuseof
buildingBcanberentedout.
StoreyHeights Mainly
determinedbytheusersof
th b ildi V i ti thebuilding.Variationcan
causechangesinthecostof
buildingwithoutalteringthe
floorarea.
CHANGESINSTOR
CHANGE:
1) Constructioncostforfoundationandstr
onthefoundation.
2) Constructioncostofstairs,escalatorsan
3) Wall works increase in quantity of exte 3) Wallworks increaseinquantityofexte
4) Ceilingconstruction willincreaseduet
transportationcostandinstallationofsc
doesnotincrease.
5) Installationofairconditioningsystem
capacityisneeded.
6) Installationcostofelectricalwiringand
7) Increase in storey will affect the building 7) Increaseinstoreywillaffectthebuilding
works,cleaningofwalls,operationcost
REYHEIGHTSWILL
ructureswillincreaseduetoincreaseinload
ndlifts.
ernal and internal walls wall finishes etc ernalandinternalwalls,wallfinishesetc.
toincreaseintherateoflabour andvertical
caffoldingeventhoughthecostofmaterials
asthespatialvolumeincreases,higher
pipingforwatersupplywillincrease.
g maintenance cost such as repainting gmaintenancecostsuchasrepainting
ofairconditioning.
WHATISCOSTEST
A h i f h Atechniquetoforecastthe
incurredforacertainbuildin
project via a systematic calc projectviaasystematiccalc
certainmethods.Thecoste
preparedispartofthecost p p p
thatisthecontrollingofthe
thedesignstagebeforeany
embarkedupon.
TIMATE
ibl possiblecosts
ngorconstruction
culation employing culationemploying
estimatetobe
planningprocess, p g p ,
eprojectcostat
drawingsare
PURPOSE OF COST PURPOSEOFCOST
Toascertaintheactualcostforecastof
whethertheprojectisappropriatetoa p j pp p
Iftheestimateishigherthanth
project, the following should be project,thefollowingshouldbe
1) Thedesigncouldbealteredt
2) Extraprovisionsaresoughta
client client
However,iftheestimateislowe
thefollowingshouldbedone
1) Toaccepttheestimate
2) To modify the design and/or 2) Tomodifythedesignand/or
increasetheestimateapprop
aside.
T ESTIMATE TESTIMATE
faprojectandactasadesignguide
allocationmadeearlier.
hesumofthatparticular
e carried out: ecarriedout:
toreducecost
afterorrequestedfromthe
erthantheallocatedsum,
e:
the specifications to thespecificationsto
priatetotheprovisionsset
PURPOSE OF COST PURPOSEOFCOST
Thecostestimateofabuildingis
1) Type
2) Shapeandsize
3) Thevariousqualityandmater
4) Methodsofconstruction )
5) Changesinpricelevel,materia
T ESTIMATE TESTIMATE
sassociatedwithits:
rialsused
als,labour,plantetc.
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Ingeneral,preliminaryestimatescanbediv g , p y
PreliminaryandLaterstageestimate
Method When it is used
PreliminaryEstimate
Method Whenitisused
Unit Inception
Feasibilityy
TES
videdintotwo;;
Note Unit of Note Unitof
Measurement
Appropriatefor
projectsthathave
Cost/student
Cost/classroom p j
standardunit of
accommodation.It
iscommonlyused
to establish the
/
Cost/bed
Cost/chair
toestablishthe
costlimitforpublic
sectorprojects.
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Method Whenitisused
Cubic OutlineProposal
TES(CONTD)
Note Unitof
Measurement Measurement
Amethod
previouslyusedby
the architect. This
Cost/m2
thearchitect.This
methodisonly
usedtocalculate
thevolumeofair
diti d conditionedspace
orspacewhichis
givenmechanical
ventilation.
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Method Whenitisused
Floor Area OutlineProposal
TES(CONTD)
Note Unitof
Measurement Measurement
Stillused
extensively.A
popular method
Cost/m2
popularmethod
andcanbeusedfor
almostalltypesof
building.
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Method Whenitisused
Storey Enclosure SchemeDesign
TES(CONTD)
Note Unitof
Measurement Measurement
Themethodisno
longerpractised.
Cost/storey
enclosure
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Method Whenitisused
LaterStageEstimate
Approximate
Quantities
DetailedDesign
TES(CONTD)
Note Unitof
Measurement Measurement
Stillapopular
methodused
especially for
Unitof
measurement
depends on the especiallyfor
uniqueordifficult
projectsandwhen
thedurationto
ti t i
dependsonthe
methodemployed
forcalculating
compositeitems
prepareestimateis
long.
TYPESOFESTIMAT
Method Whenitisused
LaterStageEstimate
Elementalelements DetailedDesign
TES(CONTD)
Note Unitof
Measurement Measurement
Thisisnotanactual
estimating
methods.
Unitof
measurementis
more towards cost methods.
Preparationofcost
isbasedon
elementtoease
th f t
moretowardscost
perunit (m,m2,
m3).
theprocessofcost
control.This
methodisclosely
relatedtocost
planning.
THE END THEEND
Thankyouforyourattention.
ousesize
(Nr of
Average
Cost
% increase Average
cost/m2
%
Reduction (Nrof
edrooms)
Cost cost/m2 Reduction
s
1 22803 447.5
2 28050 22.8 416.0 12.88
3 34240 50.2 401.2 15.98
4 43246 89.7 393.5 17.60
ThisisnotMalaysianexamplebutjustamereillustrationonly
APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX1