HVAC Module for Flow Simulation

Bill Dziedzic, Senior Fluid Flow Support Engineer

Dassault Systemes SolidWorks Corp.
HVAC Module
New in 2011
Add-on module
requiring additional
purchase
Separate item on
Product Activation list
Not stand-alone
requires SolidWorks
and Flow Simulation
(same version)
HVAC Module
Advanced Radiation
HVAC Module
Why HVAC Module?
Advanced Radiation
increases analysis capability for radiation analysis
increases accuracy by improving the simulation of heat transfer
Expanded Engineering Database
Improves accuracy of results
Reduces the time the user has to search for material properties and vendor data
Overall model is more realistic
Comfort Parameters
increases analysis parameters for flow analysis
increases accuracy by improving the simulation of flow analysis
Where to find information?
Technicalreference.pdf file
Online Help
Customer Portal Knowledge Base article
Training example
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Semi-transparent solids
(Radiation absorption in
solids)
Wavelength dependency
Spectrum definition
Specularity of surfaces
Refractive index
Radiation source feature
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Opaque. The solid material is considered as not transparent to any type
of radiation available in Flow Simulation.
Absorptive. The solid material is considered as partially transparent to
radiation, i.e. it absorbs radiation in accordance with the specified
absorption coefficient.
This option is available only if the absorption coefficient is specified in the solid material
definition in the Engineering Database and the Absorption in solids check box is
selected under Radiation in the Wizard or General Settings.
The absorption coefficient can be specified in the Engineering Database as a constant or
depending on wavelength.
The Absorption coefficient and Refractive index values are provided under
Properties of solid just for reference.
The absorption coefficient and the geometrical parameters of a solid body define the
amount of the radiation heat absorbed by a solid body.
Transparent. The solid material is considered as fully transparent for
radiation, i.e. it does not absorb or reflect any radiation. Under
Transparent for you can select the default solid material to be
transparent to Thermal radiation only, Solar radiation only or to both
Thermal and solar radiation.
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
This diagram shows
how the peak
wavelength and total
radiated amount vary
with temperature.
Although this plot
shows relatively high
temperatures, the
same relationships
hold true for any
temperature down to
absolute zero. Visible
light is between 380
to 750 nm.
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
DO Radiation Model
The discrete ordinates (DO) radiation model solves the radiative transfer
equation for a finite number of discrete solid angles, each associated with a
vector direction fixed in the global Cartesian system (x, y, z).
The fineness of the angular discretization is controlled by the user, analogous
to choosing the number of rays for the DTRM.
Unlike the DTRM (Discrete Transfer Radiation Model), however, the DO
model does not perform ray tracing.
Instead, the DO uses a transport equation for radiation intensity in the
spatial coordinates (x, y, z).
The DO model solves for as many transport equations as there are directions.
DO Radiation Model: Advantages
Allows to calculate absorption in semi-transparent solids (e.g. glass)
Takes into account refraction
The DO model spans the entire range of optical thicknesses
DO Radiation Model: Limitations
Scattering is not considered
Gas radiation: All fluids are considered as transparent to heat radiation.
The heat radiation propagates through gas without any interaction.
DO Radiation Model: Wizard/General Settings
Absorption in solids
The gray DO model is used.
Spectrum
The non-gray DO model is used.
Number of bands: For typical
glasses, two or three bands will
frequently suffice.
Note: The cost of computation
increases directly with the number of
bands.
Band edges: The wavelength-
dependent properties of solid
materials are averaged over the
specified spectrum bands.
Forms of the electromagnetic wave spectrum
All bodies constantly emit energy by a process of
electromagnetic radiation.
Characterization Wavelength
Cosmic rays < 0.3 pm
Gamma rays 0.3-100 pm
X-rays 0.01-30 nm
Ultraviolet light 3-400 nm
Visible light 0.4-0.7 m
Near infrared radiation 0.7-30 m
Far infrared radiation 30-1000 m
Microwaves 10-300 mm
Shortwave radio & TV 300-100 m
Thermal Radiation
0.1-1000 m
Non-gray DO Radiation Model
The non-gray model is intended for use with participating media with a
spectral absorption coefficient that varies in a stepwise fashion across
spectral bands, but varies smoothly within the band. Glass, for example,
shows banded behavior of this type.
Banded behavior
Gray body
Black body
Refraction index
The refraction index value cannot exceed 4. For lead
sulfide at 589nm the refraction index is 3.9
The refraction index for glass at 589nm ranges from
1.45-2.14
Defining radiative properties
Defining radiative properties
Absorption coefficient (a)
Inside the medium, the radiation is
progressively attenuated and the
transmitted radiation is modeled by Beers
law. After a distance L, the transmittance
t
is:
1
ln
1
L
a
e
L a
Defining radiative properties
Transmittance of window glass with different thicknesses
For the most materials the absorption coefficient
is independent from the material thickness and
depends only on the wavelength.
Visible light
Wavelength in m
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
Specularity coefficient
At the surfaces of opaque solids the incident radiation is
absorbed depending on the specified emissivity
coefficient. The rest is reflected specular or diffuse or
both.
The surface specularity coefficient (f
s
) defines the
fraction of reflected radiation, which is reflected
specularly and the diffusely reflected fraction is
determined as f
d
=1- f
s
Defining radiative properties
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
If Spectrum bands are defined for the analysis, you can select the spectrum
of the ambient environment radiation source from the list of pre-defined and
user-defined spectrum definitions available in the Engineering Database.
Defining Solid Material
Opaque
The solid material is considered as not transparent to
any type of radiation.
Absorptive
The solid material is considered as partially transparent
to radiation. This option is available only if the
absorption coefficient is specified in the Engineering
Database and the Absorption in solids check box is
selected.
Transparent
The solid material is considered as fully transparent to
radiation, it does not absorb or reflect any radiation.
Defining a Radiation Source
Diffuse
The selected surface radiates heat as a blackbody at the
specified Power, and the surface temperature is not
calculated.
Power
The amount of heat generated by the radiation source is
specified.
Spectrum
Under Spectrum you can select Blackbody Spectrum for
the source and specify the Blackbody Temperature , if it
is not specified under Power; or you can select a pre-
defined/user-defined Spectrum from the Database.
Absorption volume radiant flux (W/m
3
) is the radiative heat flux absorbed
per unit volume of a solid. It is the sum of Absorption volume radiant flux
(solar) and Absorption volume radiant flux (thermal).
Absorption volume radiant flux (solar) (W/m
3
) is the solar radiation heat
flux absorbed per unit volume of a solid.
Absorption volume radiant flux (thermal) (W/m
3
) is the radiative heat flux
absorbed per unit volume of a solid, excluding the solar radiation.
Radiation Post-Processing Parameters
Net volume radiant flow (W) is the difference between the radiant heat
emitted and absorbed by a solid. It is the sum of Net volume radiant flow
(solar) and Net volume radiant flow (thermal).
Net volume radiant flow (solar) (W) is the solar radiation heat absorbed by
a solid.
Net volume radiant flow (thermal) (W) is the difference between the
radiative heat flux emitted and absorbed by a solid, excluding the solar
radiation.
Radiation Post-Processing Parameters
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Radiation properties are recommended to be set dependent on wavelength.
If Spectrum bands are defined for the radiative heat transfer analysis in
the Wizard or General Settings, it is not recommended to specify Solid
Materials as transparent to thermal or solar radiation only.
Instead, specify Radiation properties of solid materials in the Engineering Database as
dependent on wavelength.
Names of the solid material features with the Thermal only or Solar only type of
transparency specified.
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Whitebody wall is used instead of <wall type>.
If Spectrum bands are defined for the radiative heat transfer analysis in
the Wizard or General Settings or if at least one of the Solid Materials is
specified as Absorptive to radiation, all Radiative Surfaces specified as
Absorbent wall or Non-radiating surface are treated as Whitebody walls.
Advanced Radiation Modeling (HVAC module)
Infrared heater emission spectra
Emission spectra of different infrared heater types
The efficiency of infrared heaters in an industrial process depends on
matching the emission wavelength of the heater lamp to the absorption
spectrum of the material to be heated.
For example, the peak absorption of water is around 3000 nm. Thus, medium-wave and
carbon (CIR) infrared heaters are best suited for heating water and drying water-based
coatings. The peak emission of these infrared heaters falls in the same area as the
absorption peak of the water.
Another differentiation between heater types is the intensity, usually measured in W/cm
(heater length) or W/cm
2
(heated area). Due to the higher filament temperature, the
radiation intensity of short-wave and halogen heaters tends to be higher than that of
medium-wave infrared heaters.
When choosing an infrared heater or an infrared heating system for an industrial process,
wavelength and power density are amongst the key parameters to be considered.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Flow Simulation has the capability to predict the general thermal sensation,
degree of discomfort (thermal dissatisfaction) of people exposed to
moderate thermal environments and estimate air quality by calculating
comfort criteria.
These criteria are used when designing occupied spaces and their
HVAC systems and are intended to determine whether environmental
conditions are acceptable in terms of general thermal comfort and air
quality or represent discomfort.
The calculation of the comfort criteria assumes that the analyzed fluid is
Air.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD)
Operative Temperature
Draft Temperature
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI)
Contaminant Removal Effectiveness (CRE)
Local Air Quality Index (LAQI)
Flow Angle
Comfort Parameters
Note: By default, the calculation of these parameters is disabled. To enable
the calculation of these parameters, select Calculate Comfort Parameters
under Calculation Control Options
Comfort Parameters
Note: These parameters will be calculated interdependent to the Default
Reference Parameters.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) is the uniform surface temperature of an
imaginary black enclosure in which an occupant would exchange the same
amount of radiant heat as in the actual non-uniform space.
The mean radiant temperature Tr is defined as follows:
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
where
I
diffuse
is the intensity of the diffuse (thermal) radiation (W/m
2
/rad),
I
sun
is the intensity of the solar radiation (W/m
2
),
is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant.
To calculate the Mean Radiant Temperature, it assumed that the emissivity of
all the surfaces within the computational domain equals to unity.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Operative Temperature is the uniform temperature of an imaginary black
enclosure, in which an occupant would exchange the same amount of heat
by radiation plus convection as in the actual non-uniform environment.
The operative temperature Tc is defined as follows:
where
Tr is the mean radiant temperature (C),
T is the fluid temperature (C),
V is the fluid velocity (m/s).
ISO 7726:1998, Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment Instruments for
Measuring Physical Quantities.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) is an index that predicts the mean value of the
votes of a large group of persons on the 7-point thermal sensation scale,
based on the heat balance of the human body.
Thermal balance is obtained when the internal heat production in the
body is equal to the loss of heat to the environment.
In a moderate environment, the human thermoregulatory system will
automatically attempt to modify skin temperature and sweat secretion to
maintain heat balance
ISO 7730:2005, Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical
determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of
the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) index Table
The predicted mean vote PMV is defined as follows:
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) cont
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) cont
Where
M is the metabolic rate (W/m2 of the body area).
It is the rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat and
mechanical work by metabolic activities within an organism;
W is the external work (W/m2 of the body area).
It accounts for the effective mechanical power;
Icl is the clothing thermal resistance (m2K/W). It is the resistance
to sensible heat transfer provided by a clothing ensemble. The
definition of clothing insulation relates to heat transfer from the
whole body and, thus, also includes the uncovered parts of the
body, such as head and hands. The typical values of thermal
resistance for a certain clothing ensemble can be found in the
reference list;
fcl is the ratio of clothed surface area to nude surface area;
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Ta is the air temperature (C); T
r is the mean radiant temperature (C);
v is the relative air velocity (m/s);
pa is the water vapor partial pressure (Pa) calculated
in accordance with the saturation curve,
the air temperature Ta and
the Relative humidity
hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient
(W/m2/K);
Tcl is the clothing surface temperature (C).
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) cont
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Predicted Percent Dissatisfied (PPD) is an index that
provides information on thermal discomfort or thermal
dissatisfaction by predicting the percentage of people
likely to feel too warm or too cool in a given environment.
It can be obtained from the PMV using the following
equation:
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Draft Temperature is the difference in temperature between any point in the
occupied zone and the control condition.
"Draft" is defined as any localized feeling of coolness or warmth of any
portion of the body due to both air movement and air temperature, with
humidity and radiation considered constant.
The draft temperature Td is defined as follows:
where:
T is the local fluid temperature (C);
Tm is the average fluid temperature within the control space (C);
V the local fluid velocity (m/s).
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Air Diffusion Performance Index (ADPI) is the percentage of the space in
which the air speed is less than 0.35 m/s and the Draft Temperature falls
between -1.7 C and 1.1 C (Ref.6).
If the Draft Temperature or ADPI are calculated in Volume Parameters, then
the control space will correspond to the specified volume region.
In all other cases the control space corresponds to the whole
computational domain.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Contaminant Removal Effectiveness (CRE) is an index that provides
information on the effectiveness of a ventilation system in removing
contaminated air from the whole space.
For a perfect mixing system CRE=1.
Values above 1 are good,
values below 1 are poor.
This parameter is only available if more than one fluid is present in the
control space.
Its value is defined as follows:
where:
Ce is the bulk average mass fraction of the contaminant calculated over all faces where
flow is out of the computational domain;
<C> is the bulk average mass fraction of the contaminant calculated over the whole
computational domain.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
Local Air Quality Index (LAQI) is an index that provides information on the
effectiveness of a ventilation system in removing contaminated air from a
point.
For a perfect mixing system LAQI =1.
For other systems, the higher the value at a point, the better is the
capability of the ventilation system in removing contaminated air from
that point.
This parameter is only available if more than one fluid is present in the
control space.
Its value is defined as follows:
where:
Ce is the bulk average mass fraction of the contaminant calculated over all faces where
flow is out of the computational domain;
C is the mass fraction of the contaminant at a point.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
The Flow Angle calculation is often used to evaluate the performance of a
laminar (uni-directional) flow.
Consider one of the axis of selected coordinate system as the design flow
direction, the results can then be viewed as the deviation from the design.
Typically, flow angles of less than 15 might be considered as good.
The flow angle components are defined as follows:
where Vx, Vy, Vz are the X, Y, and Z components of the fluid velocity and
V is the absolute value of the fluid velocity vector.
Comfort Parameters (HVAC module)
By default, the calculation of these parameters is disabled.
To enable the calculation of these parameters, select Calculate Comfort
Parameters.
Library - Building Materials (HVAC module)
Large database of building
materials
Libraries Fans (HVAC module)
Additional database of Fans
Libraries Solid Materials (HVAC module)
Additional database of Solids
Includes full material properties
for Alloys, Ceramics, Glasses &
Minerals, Laminates, Metals,
Polymers and Semiconductors
References
[1] H. D. Baehr and K. Stephan, Wrme- und Stoffbertragung, 6
th
ed.,
Springer, Berlin, 2008
HVAC module Training
Should be available soon on the VRC