Anatomy of the Brain

2 Major Divisions of Nervous System

1. CNS-Central Nervous System
- brain and spinal cord
2. PNS Peripheral Nervous System
- nerves
- conduct impulses from the CNS to the
receptor organs
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Regions of the Brain
Cerebrum (Cerebral hemispheres)
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Figure 7.12b
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I. Cerebrum (Cerebral Hemispheres)
Largest part of the
brain
Paired (left and
right) superior part
of the brain
Cerebral cortex
Enclose most of
the other regions of
the brain


Figure 7.13a
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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
Gyri
- elevated ridges
ex. Cingulate gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Postcental gyrus

Figure 7.13a
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Sulcus
- shallow groove
ex. Central sulcus




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Fissures (deep grooves)
- divide the cerebrum into
lobes
Less numerous
ex. Longitudinal fissure
Lateral fissure
Transverse fissure
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Lobes of the Cerebrum
Surface lobes of the cerebrum
Frontal lobe
- involved in planning, problem
solving, decision making
- controls behavior and emotions
Parietal lobe
- controls sensation (touch, smell
and taste)
Occipital lobe
- controls reception and perception
of visual information
- perceives shapes and colors
Temporal lobe
- involved in olfactory and
auditory sensations
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Cerebral areas involved in
special senses

Gustatory area (taste)
- located at the parietal
lobe
Visual area
- located at the posterior part of
the occipital lobe
Auditory Area
- found at the temporal lobe
Olfactory Area
- located at the medial temporal
lobe
Figure 7.13c
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Layers of the Cerebrum
Gray matter
Outer layer
Composed
mostly neurons
Figure 7.13a
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Layers of the Cerebrum
White matter
Fiber tracts inside
the gray matter
-transmit impulses
Example: corpus
callosum connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a
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II.Diencephalon
Sits on top of the
brain stem
Enclosed by the
cerebral
hemispheres
Made of
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
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a. Thalamus
Surrounds the third
ventricle
Transfers impulses to
the correct part of the
cortex for localization
and interpretation
Interthalamic adhesion
- serves as connection bet.
right and left thalamus
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Corpus callosum
- fiber tract
- connects the two
cerebral hemispheres
Septum pellucidum
- bet. Corpus callosum
and fornix
- membranous partition
- separates right and left
lateral ventricles
Fornix
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Inferior to the
thalamus
Most inferior part of
diencephalon
Maintains
homeostasis
Controls body
temperature,
hunger and thirst
b.Hypothalamus
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infundibulum
- funnel shaped stalk
- extends from the floor
of the hypothalamus
to the pituitary gland
Pituitary
gland/hypophysis
- hangs from the
anterior floor of the
hypothalamus
- produces hormones





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Mammillary body
- posterior to pituitary
gland
- reflex center involved
in olfaction (sense of
smell)

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c. Epithalamus

Small area superior and
posterior to the
thalamus
Forms the roof of the
3
rd
ventricle
Houses the pineal gland
and choroid plexus of
third ventricle



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Pineal body
- part of endocrine
system that may
influence the onset of
puberty



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Choroid plexus
- knots of capillaries
within each ventricle
-covered with
ependymal cells
- forms the
cerebrospinal fluid
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III. Brain Stem

About the size of a
thumb in diameter
3 inches long
connects the spinal
cord to the brain
Parts of the brain
stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
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a.Midbrain


Superior to the pons
Extends from the
mammillary body to
the pons inferiorly
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Important Parts of Midbrain:

Corpora
quadrigemina
- rounded protrusions
- superior and
inferior colliculi
- Reflex centers for
vision and hearing



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Cerebral aqueduct
- tiny canal that
connects 3
rd
ventricle
to the 4
th
ventricle


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b.Pons
The bulging center
part of the brain stem
Inferior to the
midbrain
Superior to the
medulla oblongata
controls breathing
swallowing and
balance
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c.Medulla Oblongata
The lowest part of the
brain stem
Merges into the spinal
cord
Contains important
control centers
Heart rate control
Blood pressure
regulation
Breathing
Swallowing
Vomiting
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IV. Cerebellum
Inferior to the occipital
lobe
2 hemispheres
Outer cortex (gray
matter)
Inner region of white
matter (arbor vitae)
Provides precise timing
for skeletal muscle
activity
Controls balance/
equilibrium
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Meninges
Dura mater

Double-layered
external covering

Thickest and
strongest layer
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Meninges
Arachnoid layer
Middle meninx
Web-like

Pia mater
Internal layer
Delicate layer that
adheres to the
surface of the brain
and spinal cord
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Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Figure 7.17ab
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Formed in the 4 ventricles of brain
Lateral (#1 and 2) 3rd 4th ventricle
Formed in choroid plexuses
By filtration and secretion of blood plasma
In specialized capillary networks (covered by ependymal
cells) in walls of ventricles
Pathway
Through 4 ventricles central canal of spinal cord
and within subarachnoid space
Reabsorbed through arachnoid villi into blood in
superior sagittal sinus
Cushions brain and provides nutrients

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