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Mars
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation <#mw-navigation>, search <#p-search>

This article is about the planet. For other uses, see Mars
(disambiguation) </wiki/Mars_(disambiguation)>.
Page semi-protected </wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi>
This is a featured article. Click here for more information.
</wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles>
Mars Astronomical symbol of Mars </wiki/File:Mars_symbol.svg> The planet
Mars
</wiki/File:Water_ice_clouds_hanging_above_Tharsis_PIA02653_black_background.jpg
>
A computer-generated image of Mars from real data^[caption 1]
<#cite_note-1>
Designations
Pronunciation Listen
<//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/En-us-Mars.ogg>^i
</wiki/File:En-us-Mars.ogg> / </wiki/Help:IPA_for_English>
</wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key>m </wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key>r
</wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key>z </wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key>/
</wiki/Help:IPA_for_English>
Adjectives
</wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies>
</wiki/Martian>
Orbital characteristics </wiki/Osculating_orbit> ^[2]
<#cite_note-horizons-3>
Epoch </wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)> J2000 </wiki/J2000>
Aphelion </wiki/Aphelion>

Martian

249.2 million km
1.6660 AU </wiki/Astronomical_unit>
Perihelion </wiki/Perihelion>
206.7 million km
1.3814 AU
Semi-major axis </wiki/Semi-major_axis>
227,939,100 km
1.523679 AU
Eccentricity </wiki/Orbital_eccentricity>
Orbital period </wiki/Orbital_period>

0.0934

686.971 d
1.8808 Julian years </wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)>
668.5991 sols </wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars>
Synodic period </wiki/Orbital_period>
779.96 days
2.135 Julian years
Average orbital speed </wiki/Orbital_speed>
24.077 km/s
Mean anomaly </wiki/Mean_anomaly>
19.3564
Inclination </wiki/Orbital_inclination>

1.850 to ecliptic </wiki/Ecliptic

>
5.65 to Sun </wiki/Sun> s equator </wiki/Equator>
1.67 to invariable plane </wiki/Invariable_plane>^[1]
<#cite_note-meanplane-2>
Longitude of ascending node </wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node>
49.562
Argument of perihelion </wiki/Argument_of_periapsis>
286.537
Satellites </wiki/Natural_satellite>
2
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
3389.50.2 km^[a] <#cite_note-best_fit_ellipsoid-4> ^[3]
<#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5>
Equatorial </wiki/Equator> radius
3396.20.1 km^[a] <#cite_note-best_fit_ellipsoid-4> ^[3]
<#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5>
0.533 Earths
Polar </wiki/Geographical_pole> radius
3,376.20.1 km^[a] <#cite_note-best_fit_ellipsoid-4> ^[3]
<#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5>
0.531 Earths
Flattening </wiki/Flattening> 0.005890.00015
Surface area </wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area>
144,798,500 km^2
0.284 Earths
Volume </wiki/Volume>
1.631810^11 km^3 ^[4] <#cite_note-lodders1998-6>
0.151 Earths
Mass </wiki/Mass>
6.418510^23 kg^[4] <#cite_note-lodders1998-6>
0.107 Earths
Mean density </wiki/Density>
3.93350.0004^[4] <#cite_note-lodders1998-6> g/cm
Surface gravity </wiki/Surface_gravity>
3.711 m/s </wiki/M/s%C2%B2>^[4] <#cite_note-lodders1998-6>
0.376 /g </wiki/G-force>/
Moment of inertia factor </wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor>
0.36620.0017^[5] <#cite_note-Folkner1997-7>
Escape velocity </wiki/Escape_velocity>
5.027 km/s
Sidereal rotation period </wiki/Rotation_period>
1.025957 d

24^h 37^m 22^s ^[4] <#cite_note-lodders1998-6>

Equatorial rotation velocity
868.22 km/h (241.17 m/s)
Axial tilt </wiki/Axial_tilt>
25.19
North pole right ascension </wiki/Right_ascension>
21^h 10^m 44^s
317.68143
North pole declination </wiki/Declination>
52.88650
Albedo </wiki/Albedo>
0.170 (geometric </wiki/Geometric_albedo>)^[6] <#cite_note-MallamaMars-8>
0.25 (Bond </wiki/Bond_albedo>)^[7] <#cite_note-nssdc-9>
Surface temp. </wiki/Temperature>
min
mean
max
Kelvin </wiki/Kelvin> 130 K 210 K^[7] <#cite_note-nssdc-9> 308 K
Celsius </wiki/Celsius>
143 C^[9] <#cite_note
cold
11>
35 C^[10] <#cite_note
hot
12>
Apparent magnitude </wiki/Apparent_magnitude>
+1.6 to 3.0^[8] <#cite_note
MallamaSky
10>
Angular diameter </wiki/Angular_diameter>
3.525.1^[7] <#cite_note
nssdc
9>
Atmosphere^[7] <#cite_note
nssdc
9> ^[14] <#cite_note
barlow08
16>
Surface pressure </wiki/Atmospheric_pressure>
0.636 (0.40.87) kPa </wiki/Pascal_(unit)>
Composition
* (mole fractions </wiki/Mole_fraction>)^[/citation needed
</wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed>/]
* 95.97% carbon dioxide </wiki/Carbon_dioxide>
* 1.93% argon </wiki/Argon>
* 1.89% nitrogen </wiki/Nitrogen>
* 0.146% oxygen </wiki/Oxygen>
* 0.0557% carbon monoxide </wiki/Carbon_monoxide>
* 210 ppm </wiki/Parts_per_million> water </wiki/Water> vapor
* 100 ppm nitric oxide </wiki/Nitric_oxide>
* 15 ppm molecular hydrogen </wiki/Molecular_hydrogen>^[11]
<#cite_note
science294_5548
13>
* 2.5 ppm neon </wiki/Neon>
* 850 ppb </wiki/Parts_per_billion> HDO </wiki/Heavy_water>
* 300 ppb krypton </wiki/Krypton>
* 130 ppb formaldehyde </wiki/Formaldehyde>
* 80 ppb xenon </wiki/Xenon>
* 18 ppb hydrogen peroxide </wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide>^[12]
<#cite_note
icarus168_1
14>
* 10 ppb methane </wiki/Methane>^[13] <#cite_note
methane
me
15>
*Mars* is the fourth planet </wiki/Planet> from the Sun </wiki/Sun> and
the second smallest planet in the Solar System </wiki/Solar_System>,
after Mercury </wiki/Mercury_(planet)>. Named after the Roman
</wiki/Roman_mythology> god of war </wiki/Mars_(mythology)>, it is often
described as the "Red Planet" because the iron oxide
</wiki/Iron(III)_oxide> prevalent on its surface gives it a reddish
appearance </wiki/Mars_surface_color>.^[15]

63 C

<#cite_note
nasa_hematite
17> Mars is a terrestrial planet

</wiki/Terrestrial_planet> with a thin atmosphere </wiki/Atmosphere>,
having surface features reminiscent both of the impact craters
</wiki/Impact_crater> of the Moon </wiki/Moon> and the volcanoes,
valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps </wiki/Polar_ice_caps> of Earth
</wiki/Earth>. The rotational period </wiki/Rotational_period> and
seasonal cycles of Mars are likewise similar to those of Earth, as is
the tilt that produces the seasons. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons
</wiki/Olympus_Mons>, the second highest known mountain within the Solar
System (the tallest on a planet), and of Valles Marineris
</wiki/Valles_Marineris>, one of the largest canyons. The smooth
Borealis basin </wiki/Borealis_basin> in the northern hemisphere covers
40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature.^[16]
<#cite_note
northcratersn
18> ^[17] <#cite_note
northcraterguard
19>
Mars has two moons </wiki/Moons_of_Mars>, Phobos </wiki/Phobos_(moon)>
and Deimos </wiki/Deimos_(moon)>, which are small and irregularly
shaped. These may be captured asteroids </wiki/Asteroid>,^[18]
<#cite_note
20> ^[19] <#cite_note
21> similar to 5261 Eureka
</wiki/5261_Eureka>, a Martian trojan asteroid
</wiki/List_of_Mars_trojan_asteroids>.
Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965 by /Mariner 4
</wiki/Mariner_4>/, many speculated about the presence of liquid water
on the planet's surface. This was based on observed periodic variations
in light and dark patches, particularly in the polar latitudes
</wiki/Latitude>, which appeared to be seas and continents; long, dark
striations </wiki/Striation_(geology)> were interpreted by some as
irrigation channels for liquid water. These straight line features were
later explained as optical illusions </wiki/Optical_illusion>, though
geological evidence gathered by unmanned missions suggests that Mars
once had large
scale water coverage on its surface at some earlier stage
of its life.^[20] <#cite_note
marswater
22> In 2005, radar data revealed
the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles^[21]
<#cite_note
specials1
23> and at mid
latitudes.^[22]
<#cite_note
jsg.utexas.edu
24> ^[23] <#cite_note
esa050221
25> The Mars
rover /Spirit </wiki/Spirit_rover>/ sampled chemical compounds
containing water molecules in March 2007. The /Phoenix
</wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)>/ lander directly sampled water ice in
shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.^[24] <#cite_note
spacecraft1
26>
Mars is host to seven functioning spacecraft </wiki/Spacecraft>: five in
orbit the /Mars Odyssey </wiki/Mars_Odyssey>/, /Mars Express
</wiki/Mars_Express>/, /Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>/, /MAVEN </wiki/MAVEN>/ and /Mars
Orbiter Mission </wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission>/ and two on the surface
Mars Exploration Rover </wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover> /Opportunity
</wiki/Opportunity_rover>/ and the Mars Science Laboratory
</wiki/Mars_Curiosity> /Curiosity </wiki/Curiosity_rover>/. Defunct
spacecraft on the surface include MER
A /Spirit/ and several other inert
landers and rovers such as the /Phoenix/ lander, which completed its
mission in 2008. Observations by the /Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>/ have revealed possible flowing
water during the warmest months on Mars.^[25]
<#cite_note
NASA.C2.A0.E2.80.93_NASA_Spacecraft_Data_Suggest_Water_Flowing_on_Ma
rs
27>
In 2013, NASA's Curiosity rover discovered that Mars' soil contains
between 1.5% and 3% water by mass (about two pints of water per cubic
foot or 33 liters per cubic meter, albeit attached to other compounds
and thus not freely accessible).^[26] <#cite_note
Guardian
28>

Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its
reddish coloring. Its apparent magnitude </wiki/Apparent_magnitude>
reaches 3.0,^[8] <#cite_note
MallamaSky
10> which is surpassed only by
Jupiter </wiki/Jupiter>, Venus </wiki/Venus>, the Moon, and the Sun.
Optical ground
based telescopes are typically limited to resolving
features about 300 km (186 miles) across when Earth and Mars are closest
because of Earth's atmosphere.^[27] <#cite_note
usra
29>
Contents
[hide <#>]
* 1 Physical characteristics <#Physical_characteristics>
o 1.1 Internal structure <#Internal_structure>
o 1.2 Surface geology <#Surface_geology>
o 1.3 Soil <#Soil>
o 1.4 Hydrology <#Hydrology>
+ 1.4.1 Polar caps <#Polar_caps>
o 1.5 Geography and naming of surface features
<#Geography_and_naming_of_surface_features>
+ 1.5.1 Map of quadrangles <#Map_of_quadrangles>
+ 1.5.2 Impact topography <#Impact_topography>
+ 1.5.3 Volcanoes <#Volcanoes>
+ 1.5.4 Tectonic sites <#Tectonic_sites>
+ 1.5.5 Holes <#Holes>
o 1.6 Atmosphere <#Atmosphere>
o 1.7 Climate <#Climate>
* 2 Orbit and rotation <#Orbit_and_rotation>
* 3 Search for life <#Search_for_life>
* 4 Habitability <#Habitability>
* 5 Exploration missions <#Exploration_missions>
* 6 Astronomy on Mars <#Astronomy_on_Mars>
* 7 Viewing <#Viewing>
o 7.1 Closest approaches <#Closest_approaches>
+ 7.1.1 Relative <#Relative>
+ 7.1.2 Absolute, around the present time
<#Absolute.2C_around_the_present_time>
* 8 Historical observations <#Historical_observations>
o 8.1 Ancient and medieval observations
<#Ancient_and_medieval_observations>
o 8.2 Martian "canals" <#Martian_.22canals.22>
o 8.3 Spacecraft visitation <#Spacecraft_visitation>
* 9 In culture <#In_culture>
o 9.1 Intelligent "Martians" <#Intelligent_.22Martians.22>
* 10 Gallery <#Gallery>
* 11 Moons <#Moons>
* 12 See also <#See_also>
* 13 Notes <#Notes>
* 14 References <#References>
* 15 External links <#External_links>
Physical characteristics
</wiki/File:Mars_Earth_Comparison.png>
Earth </wiki/Earth> compared with Mars.
File:Mars.ogvPlay media
<//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Mars.ogv>
Mars
animation (00:40) showing major features.

Mars has approximately half the diameter </wiki/Diameter> of Earth. It

is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of
the mass </wiki/Mass>. Its surface area </wiki/Surface_area> is only
slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land.^[7]
<#cite_note
nssdc
9> While Mars is larger and more massive than Mercury
</wiki/Mercury_(planet)>, Mercury has a higher density. This results in
the two planets having a nearly identical gravitational pull at the
surface that of Mars is stronger by less than 1%. The red
orange
appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide
</wiki/Iron(III)_oxide>, more commonly known as hematite
</wiki/Hematite>, or rust.^[28] <#cite_note
rust
30> It can also look
butterscotch,^[29] <#cite_note
ismars
31> and other common surface
colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on
minerals.^[29] <#cite_note
ismars
31>
Internal structure
Like Earth, this planet has undergone differentiation
</wiki/Planetary_differentiation>, resulting in a dense, metallic core
region overlaid by less dense materials.^[30] <#cite_note
Nimmo_2005
32>
Current models of the planet's interior imply a core region about
1,794  65 kilometres (1,115  40 mi) in radius, consisting primarily of
iron </wiki/Iron> and nickel </wiki/Nickel> with about 1617% sulfur
</wiki/Sulfur>.^[31] <#cite_note
icarus213_2_451
33> This iron sulfide
</wiki/Iron(II)_sulfide> core is partially fluid, and it has twice the
concentration of the lighter elements that exist at Earth's core. The
core is surrounded by a silicate mantle </wiki/Mantle_(geology)> that
formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but it
now appears to be dormant. Besides silicon and oxygen, the most abundant
elements in the Martian crust are iron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium,
and potassium. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about
50 km (31 mi), with a maximum thickness of 125 km (78 mi).^[32]
<#cite_note
jacque03
34> Earth's crust, averaging 40 km (25 mi), is only
one third as thick as Mars's crust, relative to the sizes of the two
planets. The InSight </wiki/InSight> lander planned for 2016 will use a
seismometer </wiki/Seismometer> to better constrain the models of the
interior.
Surface geology
Main article: Geology of Mars </wiki/Geology_of_Mars>
Mars is a terrestrial planet </wiki/Terrestrial_planet> that consists of
minerals containing silicon </wiki/Silicon> and oxygen </wiki/Oxygen>,
metals </wiki/Metal>, and other elements that typically make up rock
</wiki/Rock_(geology)>. The surface of Mars is primarily composed of
tholeiitic </wiki/Tholeiitic_magma_series> basalt </wiki/Basalt>,^[33]
<#cite_note
science324_5928_736
35> although parts are more silica
</wiki/Silica>
rich than typical basalt and may be similar to andesitic
</wiki/Andesitic> rocks on Earth or silica glass. Regions of low albedo
</wiki/Albedo> show concentrations of plagioclase feldspar
</wiki/Plagioclase_feldspar>, with northern low albedo regions
displaying higher than normal concentrations of sheet silicates and
high
silicon glass. Parts of the southern highlands include detectable
amounts of high
calcium pyroxenes </wiki/Pyroxenes>. Localized
concentrations of hematite </wiki/Hematite> and olivine </wiki/Olivine>
have also been found.^[34] <#cite_note
jgr107_E6
36> Much of the surface

is deeply covered by finely grained iron(III) oxide

</wiki/Iron(III)_oxide> dust.^[35] <#cite_note
sci300a
37> ^[36]
<#cite_note
sci300b
38>
</wiki/File:USGS
MarsMap
sim3292
20140714
crop.png>
</wiki/File:USGS
MarsMap
sim3292
20140714
crop.png>
Mars
Geologic Map </wiki/Geology_of_Mars>
(USGS </wiki/USGS>; 14 July 2014)
(full </wiki/File:USGS
MarsMap
sim3292
20140714
full.png> / video
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quZMhSohIEU>).^[37]
<#cite_note
USGS
20140714
39> ^[38] <#cite_note
NYT
20140722
40> ^[39]
<#cite_note
Video
20140714
41>
Although Mars has no evidence of a current structured global magnetic
field </wiki/Magnetic_field>,^[40] <#cite_note
magnetosphere
42>
observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized,
and that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have
occurred in the past. This paleomagnetism </wiki/Paleomagnetism> of
magnetically susceptible minerals has properties that are similar to the
alternating bands found on the ocean floors of Earth
</wiki/Magnetic_striping>. One theory, published in 1999 and re
examined
in October 2005 (with the help of the /Mars Global Surveyor
</wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor>/), is that these bands demonstrate plate
tectonics </wiki/Plate_tectonics> on Mars four billion
</wiki/1000000000_(number)> years ago, before the planetary dynamo
</wiki/Dynamo_theory> ceased to function and the planet's magnetic field
faded away.^[41] <#cite_note
plates
43>
During the Solar System's formation
</wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System>, Mars was created as
the result of a stochastic process </wiki/Stochastic_process> of
run
away accretion out of the protoplanetary disk
</wiki/Protoplanetary_disk> that orbited the Sun. Mars has many
distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar
System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as
chlorine, phosphorus, and sulphur, are much more common on Mars than
Earth; these elements were probably removed from areas closer to the Sun
by the young star's energetic solar wind </wiki/Solar_wind>.^[42]
<#cite_note
ssr96_1_4_197
44>
After the formation of the planets, all were subjected to the so
called
"Late Heavy Bombardment </wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment>". About 60% of
the surface of Mars shows a record of impacts from that era,^[43]
<#cite_note
zharkov93
45> ^[44] <#cite_note
icarus165_1
46> ^[45]
<#cite_note
barlow88
47> while much of the remaining surface is probably
underlain by immense impact basins caused by those events. There is
evidence of an enormous impact basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars,
spanning 10,600 km by 8,500 km, or roughly four times larger than the
Moon's South Pole Aitken basin
</wiki/South_Pole_%E2%80%93_Aitken_basin>, the largest impact basin yet
discovered.^[16] <#cite_note
northcratersn
18> ^[17]
<#cite_note
northcraterguard
19> This theory suggests that Mars was
struck by a Pluto </wiki/Pluto>
sized body about four billion years ago.
The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy
</wiki/Martian_hemispheric_dichotomy>, created the smooth Borealis basin
</wiki/Borealis_basin> that covers 40% of the planet.^[46]
<#cite_note
sciam080627
48> ^[47] <#cite_note
nyt080626
49>
The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the
following are the three primary periods:^[48] <#cite_note
jog91
50>

^[49] <#cite_note
ssr_96_1_4
51>
</wiki/File:734781main_pia16804
full_full.jpg>
</wiki/File:734781main_pia16804
full_full.jpg>
This Mars rock revealed its bluish
gray interior to Mars Science
Laboratory^[50] <#cite_note
52>
* *Noachian period </wiki/Noachian>* (named after Noachis Terra
</wiki/Noachis_Terra>): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of
Mars, 4.5 billion years ago to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age
surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The Tharsis
</wiki/Tharsis> bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed
during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in
the period.
* *Hesperian period </wiki/Hesperian>* (named after Hesperia Planum
</wiki/Hesperia_Planum>): 3.5 billion years ago to 2.93.3 billion
years ago. The Hesperian period is marked by the formation of
extensive lava plains.
* *Amazonian period </wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)>* (named after Amazonis
Planitia </wiki/Amazonis_Planitia>): 2.93.3 billion years ago to
present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact
</wiki/Impact_event> craters, but are otherwise quite varied.
Olympus Mons </wiki/Olympus_Mons> formed during this period, along
with lava flows elsewhere on Mars.
Some geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca
Valles </wiki/Athabasca_Valles> is home to sheet
like lava flows up to
about 200 Mya </wiki/Mya_(unit)>. Water flows in the grabens called the
Cerberus Fossae </wiki/Cerberus_Fossae> occurred less than 20 Mya,
indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions.^[51]
<#cite_note
ag44_4
53> On February 19, 2008, images from the /Mars
Reconnaissance Orbiter </wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>/ showed
evidence of an avalanche from a 700 m high cliff.^[52]
<#cite_note
dc080304
54>
Soil
Main article: Martian soil </wiki/Martian_soil>
</wiki/File:Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg>
</wiki/File:Spirit_Mars_Silica_April_20_2007.jpg>
Exposure of silica
rich dust uncovered by the /Spirit
</wiki/Spirit_rover>/ rover
The /Phoenix </wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)>/ lander returned data showing
Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as
magnesium </wiki/Magnesium>, sodium </wiki/Sodium>, potassium
</wiki/Potassium> and chlorine </wiki/Chlorine>. These nutrients are
found in gardens on Earth, and they are necessary for growth of
plants.^[53] <#cite_note
bbc080627
55> Experiments performed by the
Lander showed that the Martian soil has a basic </wiki/Base_(chemistry)>
pH </wiki/PH> of 8.3, and may contain traces of the salt
</wiki/Salt_(chemistry)> perchlorate </wiki/Perchlorate>.^[54]
<#cite_note
marssalt
56> ^[55] <#cite_note
jpl_soil
57>
Streaks are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep
slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first
and get lighter with age. Sometimes, the streaks start in a tiny area
which then spread out for hundreds of metres. They have also been seen
to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The

commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers
of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils.^[56]
<#cite_note
jpl_dust_devil
58> Several explanations have been put
forward, some of which involve water </wiki/Water> or even the growth of
organisms.^[57] <#cite_note
gpl29_23_41
59> ^[58]
<#cite_note
oleb33_4_515
60>
Hydrology
Main article: Water on Mars </wiki/Water_on_Mars>
</wiki/File:Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg>
</wiki/File:Nasa_mars_opportunity_rock_water_150_eng_02mar04.jpg>
Microscopic photo taken by /Opportunity </wiki/Opportunity_rover>/
showing a gray hematite </wiki/Hematite> concretion </wiki/Concretion>,
indicative of the past presence of liquid water
Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric
pressure, except at the lowest elevations for short periods.^[59]
<#cite_note
h
61> ^[60] <#cite_note
jgr110
62> The two polar ice caps
appear to be made largely of water.^[61] <#cite_note
kostama
63> ^[62]
<#cite_note
sci299
64> The volume of water ice in the south polar ice
cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary
surface to a depth of 11 meters.^[63] <#cite_note
nasa070315
65> A
permafrost </wiki/Permafrost> mantle stretches from the pole to
latitudes of about 60.^[61] <#cite_note
kostama
63>
Large quantities of water ice
</wiki/Evolution_of_water_on_Mars_and_Earth> are thought to be trapped
within the thick cryosphere </wiki/Cryosphere> of Mars. Radar data from
/Mars Express </wiki/Mars_Express>/ and the /Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>/ show large quantities of water ice
both at the poles (July 2005)^[21] <#cite_note
specials1
23> ^[64]
<#cite_note
bbc040124
66> and at mid
latitudes (November 2008).^[22]
<#cite_note
jsg.utexas.edu
24> The Phoenix lander directly sampled water
ice in shallow Martian soil on July 31, 2008.^[24]
<#cite_note
spacecraft1
26>
Landforms </wiki/Geomorphology> visible on Mars strongly suggest that
liquid water has at least at times existed on the planet's surface. Huge
linear swathes of scoured ground, known as outflow channels
</wiki/Outflow_channels>, cut across the surface in around 25 places.
These are thought to record erosion which occurred during the
catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of
these structures have also been hypothesized to result from the action
of glaciers or lava.^[65] <#cite_note
Kerr2005
67> ^[66]
<#cite_note
Jaeger2007
68> One of the larger examples, Ma'adim Vallis
</wiki/Ma%27adim_Vallis> is 700 km long and much bigger than the Grand
Canyon with a width of 20 km and a depth of 2 km in some places. It is
thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars'
history.^[67] <#cite_note
lucchita_rosanova
69> The youngest of these
channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million
years ago.^[68] <#cite_note
nature434
70> Elsewhere, particularly on the
oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer
scale, dendritic networks of
valleys </wiki/Valley_networks_(Mars)> are spread across significant
proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their
distribution strongly imply that they were carved by runoff
</wiki/Surface_runoff> resulting from rain or snow fall in early Mars
history. Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping
</wiki/Groundwater_sapping> may play important subsidiary roles in some

networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision
in almost all cases.^[69] <#cite_note
CraddockHoward2002
71>
Along crater and canyon walls, there are also thousands of features that
appear similar to terrestrial gullies </wiki/Gullies>. The gullies tend
to be in the highlands of the southern hemisphere and to face the
Equator; all are poleward of 30 latitude. A number of authors have
suggested that their formation process demands the involvement of liquid
water, probably from melting ice,^[70] <#cite_note
sci288
72> ^[71]
<#cite_note
nasa061206
73> although others have argued for formation
mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or the movement of dry
dust.^[72] <#cite_note
bbc061206
74> ^[73] <#cite_note
nasa061206b
75>
No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no
superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these
are young features, possibly even active today.^[71]
<#cite_note
nasa061206
73>
Other geological features, such as deltas </wiki/River_delta> and
alluvial fans </wiki/Alluvial_fans> preserved in craters, also argue
strongly for warmer, wetter conditions at some interval or intervals in
earlier Mars history.^[74] <#cite_note
Lewis2006
76> Such conditions
necessarily require the widespread presence of crater lakes </wiki/Lake>
across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is also
independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological
evidence.^[75] <#cite_note
Matsubara2011
77> Some authors have even gone
so far as to argue that at times in the Martian past, much of the low
northern plains of the planet were covered with a true ocean hundreds of
meters deep, though this remains controversial.^[76]
<#cite_note
Head1999
78>
</wiki/File:PIA16791
MarsCuriosityRover
Composition
YellowknifeBayRocks.png>
</wiki/File:PIA16791
MarsCuriosityRover
Composition
YellowknifeBayRocks.png>
Composition of "Yellowknife Bay" rocks
</wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#2012_.E2.80.93_Curiosity_rover_.28Mars_Science_Labo
ratory.29>
rock veins </wiki/Vein_(geology)> are higher in calcium
</wiki/Calcium> and sulfur </wiki/Sulfur> than "Portage" soil APXS
</wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Alpha_Particle_X
ray_Spectrometer_.28APXS.29>
results Curiosity rover </wiki/Curiosity_(rover)> (March, 2013).
Further evidence that liquid </wiki/Liquid> water once existed on the
surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as
hematite </wiki/Hematite> and goethite </wiki/Goethite>, both of which
sometimes form in the presence of water.^[77] <#cite_note
nasa040303
79>
Some of the evidence believed to indicate ancient water basins and flows
has been negated by higher resolution studies by the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter.^[78] <#cite_note
sci317
80> In 2004, /Opportunity/ detected the
mineral jarosite </wiki/Jarosite>. This forms only in the presence of
acidic water, which demonstrates that water once existed on Mars.^[79]
<#cite_note
nasa101001
81> More recent evidence for liquid water comes
from the finding of the mineral gypsum </wiki/Gypsum> on the surface by
NASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011.^[80]
<#cite_note
nasa
82> ^[81] <#cite_note
nationalgeographic
83>
Additionally, the study leader Francis McCubbin, a planetary scientist
at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque looking at hydroxals in
crystalline minerals from Mars, states that the amount of water in the
upper mantle of Mars is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50300
parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet
to a depth of 2001,000 m (6603,280 ft).^[82]

<#cite_note
nationalgeographic1
84>
On March 18, 2013, NASA </wiki/NASA> reported evidence from instruments
on the Curiosity rover </wiki/Curiosity_(rover)> of mineral hydration
</wiki/Mineral_hydration>, likely hydrated calcium sulfate
</wiki/Calcium_sulfate>, in several rock samples </wiki/Rock_(geology)>
including the broken fragments of "Tintina" rock </wiki/Tintina_(rock)>
and "Sutton Inlier" rock </wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity> as well
as in veins </wiki/Vein_(geology)> and nodules </wiki/Nodule_(geology)>
in other rocks like "Knorr" rock </wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity>
and "Wernicke" rock </wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity>.^[83]
<#cite_note
NASA
20130318
85> ^[84] <#cite_note
BBC
20130319
86> ^[85]
<#cite_note
MSN
20130120
87> Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument
</wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Dynamic_Albedo_of_Neutrons_.28DAN.29> provided
evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content,
down to a depth of 60 cm, in the rover's traverse from the /Bradbury
Landing </wiki/Bradbury_Landing>/ site to the /Yellowknife Bay/ area in
the /Glenelg </wiki/Glenelg,_Mars>/ terrain.^[83]
<#cite_note
NASA
20130318
85>
Polar caps
Main article: Martian polar ice caps </wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps>
</wiki/File:Martian_north_polar_cap.jpg>
North polar early summer ice cap (1999)
</wiki/File:South_Polar_Cap_of_Mars_during_Martian_South_summer_2000.jpg>
South polar midsummer ice cap (2000)
Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies
in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the deposition
</wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)> of 2530% of the atmosphere into
slabs of CO_2 </wiki/Carbon_dioxide> ice (dry ice </wiki/Dry_ice>).^[86]
<#cite_note
icarus169
88> When the poles are again exposed to sunlight,
the frozen CO_2 sublimes </wiki/Sublimation_(physics)>, creating
enormous winds that sweep off the poles as fast as 400 km/h. These
seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving
rise to Earth
like frost and large cirrus clouds </wiki/Cirrus_cloud>.
Clouds of water
ice were photographed by the /Opportunity
</wiki/Opportunity_rover>/ rover in 2004.^[87] <#cite_note
clouds
89>
The polar caps at both poles consist primarily of water ice. Frozen
carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre
thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, while the south cap
has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick.^[88]
<#cite_note
darling_marspoles
90> This permanent dry ice cover at the
south pole is peppered by flat floored, shallow, roughly circular pits
</wiki/Swiss_cheese_features>, which repeat imaging shows are expanding
by meters per year; this suggests that the permanent CO_2 cover over the
south pole water ice is degrading over time.^[89]
<#cite_note
malin2001
91> The northern polar cap has a diameter of about
1,000 kilometres during the northern Mars summer,^[90]
<#cite_note
mira
92> and contains about 1.6 million cubic km of ice,
which, if spread evenly on the cap, would be 2 km thick.^[91]
<#cite_note
brown
93> (This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic
km (km^3 ) for the Greenland ice sheet </wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet>.) The
southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 km and a thickness of
3 km.^[92] <#cite_note
phillips
94> The total volume of ice in the south
polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has also been estimated at
1.6 million cubic km.^[93] <#cite_note
sci315
95> Both polar caps show

spiral troughs, which recent analysis of SHARAD </wiki/SHARAD> ice

penetrating radar has shown are a result of katabatic winds
</wiki/Katabatic_wind> that spiral due to the Coriolis Effect
</wiki/Coriolis_Effect>.^[94]
<#cite_note
Onset_and_migration_of_spiral_troughs_on_Mars_revealed_by_orbital_ra
dar
96>
^[95] <#cite_note
Mystery_Spirals_on_Mars_Finally_Explained
97>
The seasonal frosting of some areas near the southern ice cap results in
the formation of transparent 1
metre
thick slabs of dry ice above the
ground. With the arrival of spring, sunlight warms the subsurface and
pressure from subliming CO_2 builds up under a slab, elevating and
ultimately rupturing it. This leads to geyser
like eruptions
</wiki/Martian_geyser> of CO_2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or
dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few
days, weeks or months, a rate of change rather unusual in geology
especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a
geyser carves a spider
like pattern of radial channels under the ice,
the process being the inverted equivalent of an erosion network formed
by water draining through a single plughole.^[96]
<#cite_note
2006
100
98> ^[97] <#cite_note
Kieffer2000
99> ^[98]
<#cite_note
Portyankina
100> ^[99] <#cite_note
Hugh2006
101>
Geography and naming of surface features
Main article: Geography of Mars </wiki/Geography_of_Mars>
See also: Category:Surface features of Mars
</wiki/Category:Surface_features_of_Mars>
</wiki/File:Mars_topography_(MOLA_dataset)_with_poles_HiRes.jpg>
</wiki/File:Mars_topography_(MOLA_dataset)_with_poles_HiRes.jpg>
A MOLA </wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter>
based topographic map
showing highlands (red and orange) dominating the southern hemisphere of
Mars, lowlands (blue) the northern. Volcanic plateaus delimit the
northern plains in some regions, while the highlands are punctuated by
several large impact basins.
Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mdler
</wiki/Johann_Heinrich_M%C3%A4dler> and Wilhelm Beer
</wiki/Wilhelm_Beer> were the first "areographers". They began by
establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by
more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mdler
combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars.
Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mdler simply
designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus
feature "/a/".^[100] <#cite_note
sheehan_ch04
102>
Today, features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo
features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than 60 km
are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have
contributed to the study of Mars. Craters smaller than 60 km are named
for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than
100,000. Large valleys are named for the word "Mars" or "star" in
various languages; small valleys are named for rivers.^[101]
<#cite_note
usgs
103>
Large albedo </wiki/Albedo> features retain many of the older names, but
are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the
features. For example, /Nix Olympica/ (the snows of Olympus) has become
/Olympus Mons/ (Mount Olympus).^[102] <#cite_note
viking_1950_2000
104>

The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of
areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and
sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian
"continents" and given names like Arabia Terra </wiki/Arabia_Terra>
(/land of Arabia/) or Amazonis Planitia </wiki/Amazonis_Planitia>
(/Amazonian plain/). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence
their names Mare Erythraeum </wiki/Mare_Erythraeum>, Mare Sirenum and
Aurorae Sinus </wiki/Aurorae_Sinus>. The largest dark feature seen from
Earth is Syrtis Major Planum </wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum>.^[103]
<#cite_note
seds_huygens
105> The permanent northern polar ice cap is
named Planum Boreum </wiki/Planum_Boreum>, while the southern cap is
called Planum Australe </wiki/Planum_Australe>.
Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime
Meridian </wiki/Prime_Meridian> was specified, as was Earth's (at
Greenwich </wiki/Greenwich>), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mdler
and Beer selected a line in 1830 for their first maps of Mars. After the
spacecraft Mariner 9 </wiki/Mariner_9> provided extensive imagery of
Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy
0 </wiki/Airy
0>),
located in the Sinus Meridiani </wiki/Sinus_Meridiani> ("Middle Bay" or
"Meridian Bay"), was chosen for the definition of 0.0 longitude to
coincide with the original selection.^[104]
<#cite_note
archinal_caplinger
106>
Since Mars has no oceans and hence no "sea level", a zero
elevation
surface also had to be selected as a reference level; this is also
called the /areoid/^[105] <#cite_note
NASAMola2007
107> of Mars,
analogous to the terrestrial geoid </wiki/Geoid>. Zero altitude was
defined by the height at which there is 610.5 Pa </wiki/Pascal_(unit)>
(6.105 mbar </wiki/Bar_(unit)>) of atmospheric pressure.^[106]
<#cite_note
pers66
108> This pressure corresponds to the triple point
</wiki/Triple_point> of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level
surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).^[107] <#cite_note
lunine99
109>
In practice, today this surface is defined directly from satellite
gravity measurements.
Map of quadrangles
The following imagemap </wiki/Imagemap> of the planet Mars is divided
into the 30 quadrangles </wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars> defined by
the United States Geological Survey
</wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey>^[108]
<#cite_note
mapping_mars
110> ^[109] <#cite_note
111> The quadrangles
are numbered with the prefix "MC" for "Mars Chart."^[110]
<#cite_note
112> Click on the quadrangle and you will be taken to the
corresponding article pages. North </wiki/North> is at the top;
WikiMiniAtlas
0N 180W / 0N 180W / 0;
180
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=0_N_180_W_globe:Ma
rs>
is at the far left on the equator </wiki/Mars#Geography>. The map images
were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor </wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor>.
Mars Quad Map
About this image </wiki/File:MGS_MOC_Wide_Angle_Map_of_Mars_PIA03467.jpg>
WikiMiniAtlas
0N 180W / 0N 180W / 0;
180
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=0_N_180_W_globe:Ma
rs>

WikiMiniAtlas
0N 0W / 0N
0E / 0;
0
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=0_N_0_W_globe:Mars
>
WikiMiniAtlas
90N 0W / 90N
0E / 90;
0
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=90_N_0_W_globe:Mar
s>
MC
01 </wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle>
Mare Boreum </wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle>
MC
02 </wiki/Diacria_quadrangle>
Diacria </wiki/Diacria_quadrangle>
MC
03 </wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle>
Arcadia </wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle>
MC
04 </wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle>
Mare Acidalium </wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle>
MC
05 </wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle>
Ismenius Lacus </wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle>
MC
06 </wiki/Casius_quadrangle>
Casius </wiki/Casius_quadrangle>
MC
07 </wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle>
Cebrenia </wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle>
MC
08 </wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle>
Amazonis </wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle>
MC
09 </wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle>
Tharsis </wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle>
MC
10 </wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle>
Lunae Palus </wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle>
MC
11 </wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle>
Oxia Palus </wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle>
MC
12 </wiki/Arabia_quadrangle>
Arabia </wiki/Arabia_quadrangle>
MC
13 </wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle>
Syrtis Major </wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle>
MC
14 </wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle>
Amenthes </wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle>
MC
15 </wiki/Elysium_quadrangle>
Elysium </wiki/Elysium_quadrangle>
MC
16 </wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle>
Memnonia </wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle>
MC
17 </wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle>

Phoenicis </wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle>
MC
18 </wiki/Coprates_quadrangle>
Coprates </wiki/Coprates_quadrangle>
MC
19 </wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle>
Margaritifer </wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle>
MC
20 </wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle>
Sabaeus </wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle>
MC
21 </wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle>
Iapygia </wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle>
MC
22 </wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle>
Tyrrhenum </wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle>
MC
23 </wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle>
Aeolis </wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle>
MC
24 </wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle>
Phaethontis </wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle>
MC
25 </wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle>
Thaumasia </wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle>
MC
26 </wiki/Argyre_quadrangle>
Argyre </wiki/Argyre_quadrangle>
MC
27 </wiki/Noachis_quadrangle>
Noachis </wiki/Noachis_quadrangle>
MC
28 </wiki/Hellas_quadrangle>
Hellas </wiki/Hellas_quadrangle>
MC
29 </wiki/Eridania_quadrangle>
Eridania </wiki/Eridania_quadrangle>
MC
30 </wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle>
Mare Australe </wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle>
Impact topography
</wiki/File:PIA15038_
_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg>
</wiki/File:PIA15038_
_Spirit_lander_and_Bonneville_Crater_on_Mars.jpg>
Bonneville crater and /Spirit/ rover's lander
The dichotomy </wiki/Martian_dichotomy> of Martian topography is
striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the
southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in
2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980
postulating that, four billion years ago, the northern hemisphere of
Mars was struck by an object one
tenth to two
thirds the size of Earth's
Moon </wiki/Moon>. If validated, this would make the northern hemisphere
of Mars the site of an impact crater </wiki/Impact_crater> 10,600 km
long by 8,500 km wide, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and
Australia combined, surpassing the South PoleAitken basin
</wiki/South_Pole%E2%80%93Aitken_basin> as the largest impact crater in
the Solar System.^[16] <#cite_note
northcratersn
18> ^[17]

<#cite_note
northcraterguard
19>
</wiki/File:PIA18381
Mars
FreshAsteroidImpact2012
Before27March
After28March.jpg
>
</wiki/File:PIA18381
Mars
FreshAsteroidImpact2012
Before27March
After28March.jpg
>
Fresh asteroid </wiki/Asteroid> impact on Mars
WikiMiniAtlas
320N 21923E / 3.34N 219.38E / 3.34; 219.38
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=3.34_N_219.38_E_gl
obe:Mars>

/before//March 27 & /after//March 28, 2012 (MRO
</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>).^[111] <#cite_note
NASA
20140522
113>
Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters
with a diameter of 5 km or greater have been found.^[112]
<#cite_note
wright03
114> The largest confirmed of these is the Hellas
impact basin </wiki/Hellas_Planitia>, a light albedo feature
</wiki/Albedo_feature> clearly visible from Earth.^[113]
<#cite_note
ucar_geography
115> Due to the smaller mass of Mars, the
probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of
the Earth. Mars is located closer to the asteroid belt
</wiki/Asteroid_belt>, so it has an increased chance of being struck by
materials from that source. Mars is also more likely to be struck by
short
period comets </wiki/Comet>, /i.e./, those that lie within the
orbit of Jupiter.^[114] <#cite_note
emp9
116> In spite of this, there
are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon, because the
atmosphere of Mars provides protection against small meteors. Some
craters have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the
meteor impacted.^[115] <#cite_note
emp45
117>
Volcanoes
</wiki/File:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg>
</wiki/File:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg>
Viking orbiter </wiki/Viking_program> view of Olympus Mons
</wiki/Olympus_Mons>
</wiki/File:Tharsis_
_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg>
</wiki/File:Tharsis_
_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg>
MOLA </wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Laser_Altimeter> colorized shaded
relief map of
western hemisphere of Mars showing Tharsis </wiki/Tharsis> bulge (shades
of red and brown). Tall volcanoes appear white.
Main article: Volcanism on Mars </wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars>
The shield volcano </wiki/Shield_volcano> Olympus Mons
</wiki/Olympus_Mons> (/Mount Olympus/) is an extinct volcano in the vast
upland region Tharsis </wiki/Tharsis>, which contains several other
large volcanoes. Olympus Mons is roughly three times the height of Mount
Everest </wiki/Mount_Everest>, which in comparison stands at just over
8.8 km.^[116] <#cite_note
scsdes49
118> It is either the tallest or
second tallest mountain in the solar system, depending on how it is
measured, with various sources giving figures ranging from about 21 to
27 km high.^[117] <#cite_note
119> ^[118] <#cite_note
glenday09
120>
Tectonic sites
The large canyon, Valles Marineris </wiki/Valles_Marineris> (Latin for

/Mariner </wiki/Mariner_program> Valleys/, also known as Agathadaemon in

the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000 km and a depth of up to 7 km.
The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and
extends across one
fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the
Grand Canyon </wiki/Grand_Canyon> on Earth is only 446 km (277 mi) long
and nearly 2 km (1.2 mi) deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the
swelling of the Tharsis area which caused the crust in the area of
Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles
Marineris is not just a graben </wiki/Graben>, but also a plate boundary
where 150 km of transverse motion </wiki/Transform_fault> has occurred,
making Mars a planet with possibly a two
plate tectonic
</wiki/Plate_tectonics> arrangement.^[119] <#cite_note
tectonic
121>
^[120] <#cite_note
Lin.2C_An
122>
Holes
Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System
</wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System> (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars
Odyssey orbiter </wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey> have revealed seven possible
cave </wiki/Cave> entrances on the flanks of the volcano Arsia Mons
</wiki/Arsia_Mons>.^[121] <#cite_note
cushing_titus_wynn07
123> The
caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively
known as the "seven sisters."^[122] <#cite_note
nau070328
124> Cave
entrances measure from 100 m to 252 m wide and they are believed to be
at least 73 m to 96 m deep. Because light does not reach the floor of
most of the caves, perhaps they extend much deeper than these lower
estimates and widen below the surface. "Dena" is the only exception; its
floor is visible and was measured to be 130 m deep. The interiors of
these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar
flares </wiki/Solar_flare> and high energy particles that bombard the
planet's surface.^[123] <#cite_note
bbc070317
125>
Atmosphere
Main article: Atmosphere of Mars </wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars>
</wiki/File:PIA18613
MarsMAVEN
Atmosphere
3UV
Views
20141014.jpg>
</wiki/File:PIA18613
MarsMAVEN
Atmosphere
3UV
Views
20141014.jpg>
Mars
escaping atmosphere </wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars>
carbon
</wiki/Carbon>, oxygen </wiki/Oxygen>, hydrogen </wiki/Hydrogen> (MAVEN
</wiki/MAVEN>; UV </wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy>;
October 14, 2014).^[124] <#cite_note
NASA
20141014
NJ
126>
Mars lost its magnetosphere </wiki/Magnetosphere> 4 billion years
ago,^[125] <#cite_note
swind
127> so the solar wind </wiki/Solar_wind>
interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere </wiki/Ionosphere>,
lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer
layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor </wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor> and Mars
Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into
space behind Mars,^[125] <#cite_note
swind
127> ^[126]
<#cite_note
swind2
128> and this atmospheric loss will be studied by the
upcoming MAVEN </wiki/MAVEN> orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere
</wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere> of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric
pressure </wiki/Atmospheric_pressure> on the surface today ranges from a
low of 30 Pa </wiki/Pascal_(unit)> (0.030 kPa </wiki/Pascal_(unit)>) on
Olympus Mons </wiki/Olympus_Mons> to over 1,155 Pa (1.155 kPa) in Hellas
Planitia </wiki/Hellas_Planitia>, with a mean pressure at the surface
level of 600 Pa (0.60 kPa).^[127] <#cite_note
bolonkin09
129> The
highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 km

(22 mi)^[128] <#cite_note
atkinson07
130> above the Earth's surface. The

resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of the Earth (101.3
kPa). The scale height </wiki/Scale_height> of the atmosphere is about
10.8 km (6.7 mi),^[129] <#cite_note
carr06
131> which is higher than
Earth's (6 km (3.7 mi)) because the surface gravity of Mars is only
about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and
50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.
</wiki/File:Mars_atmosphere.jpg>
</wiki/File:Mars_atmosphere.jpg>
Tenuous atmosphere of Mars </wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars>
visible on the
horizon.
The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide
</wiki/Carbon_dioxide>, 1.93% argon </wiki/Argon> and 1.89% nitrogen
</wiki/Nitrogen> along with traces of oxygen </wiki/Oxygen> and
water.^[7] <#cite_note
nssdc
9> ^[130] <#cite_note
Abundance
132> The
atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 m
</wiki/%CE%9Cm> in diameter which give the Martian sky a tawny
</wiki/Tawny_(color)> color when seen from the surface.^[131]
<#cite_note
dusty
133>
Methane </wiki/Methane> has been detected in the Martian atmosphere
</wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane> with a mole fraction
</wiki/Mole_fraction> of about 30 ppb </wiki/Parts_per_billion>;^[13]
<#cite_note
methane
me
15> ^[132] <#cite_note
methane
134> it occurs in
extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane was released
from discrete regions. In northern midsummer, the principal plume
contained 19,000 metric tons of methane, with an estimated source
strength of 0.6 kilogram per second.^[133] <#cite_note
plumes
135>
^[134] <#cite_note
hand08
136> The profiles suggest that there may be
two local source regions, the first centered near
WikiMiniAtlas
30N 260W / 30N 260W / 30;
260
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=30_N_260_W_globe:M
ars>
and the second near
WikiMiniAtlas
0N 310W / 0N 310W / 0;
310
<//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Mars&params=0_N_310_W_globe:Ma
rs>.^[133]
<#cite_note
plumes
135> It is estimated that Mars must produce 270
tonnes per year of methane.^[133] <#cite_note
plumes
135> ^[135]
<#cite_note
results
137>
The implied methane destruction lifetime may be as long as about 4 Earth
years and as short as about 0.6 Earth years.^[133]
<#cite_note
plumes
135> ^[136] <#cite_note
nature460
138> This rapid
turnover would indicate an active source of the gas on the planet.
Volcanic </wiki/Volcanism> activity, cometary </wiki/Comet> impacts, and
the presence of methanogenic </wiki/Methanogen> microbial
</wiki/Microorganism> life forms are among possible sources. Methane
could also be produced by a non
biological process called
/serpentinization </wiki/Serpentinite>/^[b]
<#cite_note
serpentinization
139> involving water, carbon dioxide, and
the mineral </wiki/Mineral> olivine </wiki/Olivine>, which is known to
be common on Mars.^[137] <#cite_note
olivine
140>
</wiki/File:PIA16461
MarsMethane
20121102.jpg>
</wiki/File:PIA16461
MarsMethane
20121102.jpg>

Methane </wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars#Methane> on Mars
"potential sources

and sinks" (November 2, 2012).
The Curiosity rover </wiki/Curiosity_rover>, which landed on Mars in
August 2012, is able to make measurements that distinguish between
different isotopologues of methane,^[138] <#cite_note
141> but even if
the mission is to determine that microscopic Martian life is the source
of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface,
outside of the rover's reach.^[139] <#cite_note
142> The first
measurements with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS)
</wiki/Sample_Analysis_at_Mars> indicated that there is less than 5 ppb
of methane at the landing site at the point of the measurement.^[140]
<#cite_note
143> ^[141] <#cite_note
Science
20121102
144> ^[142]
<#cite_note
Space
20121102
145> ^[143] <#cite_note
NYT
20121102
146> On
September 19, 2013, NASA scientists, from further measurements by
Curiosity, reported no detection of atmospheric methane
</wiki/Atmospheric_methane> with a measured value of 0.180.67 ppbv
corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence limit)
and, as a result, conclude that the probability of current methanogenic
microbial activity on Mars is reduced.^[144]
<#cite_note
SJ
20130919
147> ^[145] <#cite_note
SCI
20130919
148> ^[146]
<#cite_note
NYT
20130919
149> The Mars Trace Gas Mission
</wiki/Mars_Trace_Gas_Mission> orbiter planned to launch in 2016 would
further study the methane,^[147] <#cite_note
150> ^[148]
<#cite_note
151> as well as its decomposition products such as
formaldehyde </wiki/Formaldehyde> and methanol </wiki/Methanol>.
Ammonia was also tentatively detected on Mars by the Mars Express
satellite, but with its relatively short lifetime, it is not clear what
produced it.^[149] <#cite_note
davidw
152> Ammonia is not stable in the
Martian atmosphere and breaks down after a few hours. One possible
source is volcanic activity.^[149] <#cite_note
davidw
152>
Climate
Main article: Climate of Mars </wiki/Climate_of_Mars>
Dust storm </wiki/Dust_storm> on Mars.
</wiki/File:PIA16450
MarsDustStorm
20121118.jpg>
November 18, 2012
</wiki/File:PIA16454
MarsDustStorm
20121125.jpg>
November 25, 2012
Opportunity </wiki/Opportunity_rover> and Curiosity
</wiki/Curiosity_rover> rovers are noted.
Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most
Earth
like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational
axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of
Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the
Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface
temperatures vary from lows of about 143 C (at the winter polar
caps)^[9] <#cite_note
cold
11> to highs of up to 35 C (in equatorial
summer).^[10] <#cite_note
hot
12> The wide range in temperatures is due
to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low
atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia
</wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity> of Martian soil.^[150]
<#cite_note
nasa_surface
153> The planet is also 1.52 times as far from
the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.^[151]

<#cite_note
disc920901
154>
If Mars had an Earth
like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's
because its axial tilt </wiki/Axial_tilt> is similar to Earth's. The
comparatively large eccentricity </wiki/Orbital_eccentricity> of the
Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion
</wiki/Apsis> when it is summer in the southern hemisphere and winter in
the north, and near aphelion </wiki/Apsis> when it is winter in the
southern hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in
the southern hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern
are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in
the south can reach up to 30 kelvins </wiki/Kelvin> warmer than the
equivalent summer temperatures in the north.^[152]
<#cite_note
goodman97
155>
Mars also has the largest dust storms </wiki/Dust_storm> in the Solar
System. These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic
storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is
closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global
temperature.^[153] <#cite_note
philips01
156>
Orbit and rotation
Main article: Orbit of Mars </wiki/Orbit_of_Mars>
</wiki/File:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif>
</wiki/File:Marsorbitsolarsystem.gif>
Mars is about 143 million miles from the Sun; its orbital period is 687
(Earth) days
depicted in red
Earth's orbit in blue.
Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly 230 million km (1.5 AU,
or 143 million miles), and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The
solar day (or sol </wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars>) on Mars is only slightly
longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds. A
Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and
18.2 hours.^[7] <#cite_note
nssdc
9>
The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19 degrees, which is similar to the axial
tilt of the Earth.^[7] <#cite_note
nssdc
9> As a result, Mars has
seasons like the Earth, though on Mars, they are nearly twice as long
given its longer year. Currently, the orientation of the north pole
</wiki/North_pole> of Mars is close to the star Deneb
</wiki/Deneb>.^[14] <#cite_note
barlow08
16> Mars passed an aphelion
</wiki/Aphelion> in March 2010^[154] <#cite_note
mars2010
157> and its
perihelion </wiki/Perihelion> in March 2011.^[155]
<#cite_note
Mars2011
158> The next aphelion came in February 2012^[155]
<#cite_note
Mars2011
158> and the next perihelion came in January
2013.^[155] <#cite_note
Mars2011
158>
Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity
</wiki/Orbital_eccentricity> of about 0.09; of the seven other planets
in the Solar System, only Mercury </wiki/Mercury_(planet)> shows greater
eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more
circular orbit than it does currently. At one point, 1.35 million Earth
years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than
that of Earth today.^[156] <#cite_note
mars_eccentricity
159> The Mars
cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to the Earth's
cycle of 100,000 years.^[157] <#cite_note
Meeus2003
160> Mars also has a
much longer cycle of eccentricity with a period of 2.2 million Earth
years, and this overshadows the 96,000
year cycle in the eccentricity

graphs. For the last 35,000 years, the orbit of Mars has been getting
slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the
other planets. The closest distance between the Earth and Mars will
continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.^[158]
<#cite_note
Baalke2003
161>
Search for life
Main articles: Life on Mars </wiki/Life_on_Mars> and Viking spacecraft
biological experiments </wiki/Viking_spacecraft_biological_experiments>
</wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11d128.png>
</wiki/File:Mars_Viking_11d128.png>
Viking 1 Lander
sampling arm created deep trenches, scooping up
material for tests (Chryse Planitia </wiki/Chryse_Planitia>).
The current understanding of planetary habitability
</wiki/Planetary_habitability> the ability of a world to develop and
sustain life favors planets that have liquid water on their surface.
This most often requires that the orbit of a planet lie within the
habitable zone </wiki/Planetary_Habitability_Index>, which for the Sun
extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi
major axis
</wiki/Semi
major_axis> of Mars.^[159] <#cite_note
Nowack
162> During
perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but the planet's thin
(low
pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large
regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates
the planet's potential for habitability. Some recent evidence has
suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty
and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.^[160]
<#cite_note
saltlife
163>
The lack of a magnetosphere and extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a
challenge: the planet has little heat transfer </wiki/Heat_transfer>
across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar
wind </wiki/Solar_wind> and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain
water in a liquid form (water instead sublimates to a gaseous state).
Mars is also nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of
volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and
minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.^[161]
<#cite_note
hannsson97
164>
</wiki/File:PIA16239_High
Resolution_Self
Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera
.jpg>
</wiki/File:PIA16239_High
Resolution_Self
Portrait_by_Curiosity_Rover_Arm_Camera
.jpg>
Curiosity rover </wiki/Curiosity_rover> self
portrait at /"Rocknest
</wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)>"/ (October 31, 2012), with the rim of Gale
Crater </wiki/Gale_Crater> and the slopes of Aeolis Mons
</wiki/Aeolis_Mons> in the distance.
Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable
than it is today, but whether living organisms </wiki/Organism> ever
existed there remains unknown. The Viking probes </wiki/Viking_probes>
of the mid
1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms
in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive
results, including a temporary increase of CO_2 production on exposure
to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by some
scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist
Gilbert Levin </wiki/Gilbert_Levin> asserting that Viking may have found

life. A re
analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of

extremophile </wiki/Extremophile> forms of life, has suggested that the
Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of
life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form.^[162]
<#cite_note
physorg070107
165> Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars
lander have shown that the soil has a alkaline </wiki/Alkaline> pH
</wiki/PH> and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and
chloride.^[163] <#cite_note
nutrient
166> The soil nutrients may be able
to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the
intense ultraviolet light.^[164] <#cite_note
UV
167>
At the Johnson Space Center lab </wiki/Johnson_Space_Center>, some
fascinating shapes have been found in the meteorite </wiki/Meteorite>
ALH84001 </wiki/Allan_Hills_84001>, which is thought to have originated
from Mars. Some scientists propose that these geometric shapes could be
fossilized microbes extant on Mars before the meteorite was blasted into
space by a meteor strike and sent on a 15 million
year voyage to Earth.
An exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has also been
proposed.^[165] <#cite_note
am89
168>
Small quantities of methane </wiki/Methane> and formaldehyde
</wiki/Formaldehyde> recently detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed
to be possible evidence for life, as these chemical compounds
</wiki/Chemical_compound> would quickly break down in the Martian
atmosphere.^[166] <#cite_note
icarus172
169> ^[167]
<#cite_note
form
170> Alternatively, these compounds may instead be
replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as
serpentinization </wiki/Serpentinization>.^[137] <#cite_note
olivine
140>
Habitability
The German Aerospace Center </wiki/German_Aerospace_Center> discovered
that Earth lichens </wiki/Lichens> can survive in simulated Mars
conditions.^[168] <#cite_note
dlr
171> The simulation based
temperatures, atmospheric pressure, minerals, and light on data from
Mars probes.^[168] <#cite_note
dlr
171> An instrument called REMS
</wiki/Rover_Environmental_Monitoring_Station> is designed to provide
new clues about the signature of the Martian general circulation,
microscale weather systems, local hydrological cycle, destructive
potential of UV radiation, and subsurface habitability based on
ground
atmosphere interaction.^[169] <#cite_note
MSLREMS
172> ^[170]
<#cite_note
MSLREMS
pdf
173> It landed on Mars as part of /Curiosity/
(MSL) in August 2012. Microorganisms make up 80% of Earth's
biomass.^[168] <#cite_note
dlr
171>
Exploration missions
Main article: Exploration of Mars </wiki/Exploration_of_Mars>
</wiki/File:Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg>
</wiki/File:Sol454_Marte_spirit.jpg>
Panorama of Gusev crater </wiki/Gusev_(Martian_crater)>, where /Spirit/
rover examined volcanic basalts
In addition to observation from Earth, some of the latest Mars
information comes from five active probes on or in orbit around Mars,
including three orbiters and two rovers. This includes 2001 Mars Odyssey
</wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey>,^[171] <#cite_note
nasa081009
174> Mars
Express </wiki/Mars_Express>, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>, Opportunity rover

</wiki/Opportunity_rover>, and Curiosity rover </wiki/Curiosity_rover>.
Dozens of unmanned spacecraft </wiki/Spacecraft>, including orbiters
</wiki/Orbiter>, landers </wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)>, and rovers
</wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)>, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet
Union </wiki/Soviet_space_program>, the United States </wiki/NASA>,
Europe </wiki/ESA>, and Japan </wiki/JAXA> to study the planet's
surface, climate, and geology. The public can request images of Mars via
the HiWish program </wiki/HiWish_program>.
The Mars Science Laboratory </wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory>, named
/Curiosity/, launched on November 26, 2011, reached Mars on August 6,
2012 UTC </wiki/UTC>. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars
Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate up to 90 m per hour.^[172]
<#cite_note
home
175> Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that
can deduce the make
up of rocks at a distance of 7 m.^[173]
<#cite_note
laser
176> On February 10 the /Curiosity/ Mars rover
</wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory> obtained the first deep rock samples
ever taken from another planetary body, using its onboard drill.^[174]
<#cite_note
177>
On 24 September 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission nicknamed Mangalyaan
</wiki/Mangalyaan> launched by The Indian Space Research Organization
</wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organization> has successfully reached the
Mars orbit. ISRO launched the Mars Orbiter Mission, Mangalyaan
</wiki/Mangalyaan>, on November 5, 2013, with the aim of analyzing the
Martian atmosphere and topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission used a
Hohmann transfer orbit </wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit> to escape Earth's
gravitational influence and catapult into a nine
month
long voyage to
Mars. The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary
mission.^[175] <#cite_note
178>
Astronomy on Mars
Main article: Astronomy on Mars </wiki/Astronomy_on_Mars>
</wiki/File:15
ml
06
phobos2
A067R1.jpg>
</wiki/File:15
ml
06
phobos2
A067R1.jpg>
Phobos </wiki/Phobos_(moon)> transits </wiki/Astronomical_transit> the
Sun </wiki/Sun> (/Opportunity </wiki/MER
B>/; March 10, 2004).
</wiki/File:NASA
14090
Comet
C2013A1
SidingSpring
Hubble
20140311.jpg>
</wiki/File:NASA
14090
Comet
C2013A1
SidingSpring
Hubble
20140311.jpg>
Comet Siding Spring </wiki/C/2013_A1> to pass near Mars on October 19,
2014 (Hubble </wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope>; March 11, 2014).
With the existence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is now
possible to study astronomy </wiki/Astronomy> from the Martian skies.
While Mars's moon Phobos appears about one third the angular diameter
</wiki/Angular_diameter> of the full moon as it appears from Earth,
Deimos appears more or less star
like and appears only slightly brighter
than Venus does from Earth.^[176] <#cite_note
pl_org_deimos
179>
There are various phenomena, well
known on Earth, that have been
observed on Mars, such as meteors </wiki/Meteor> and auroras
</wiki/Auroras>.^[177] <#cite_note
aurora
180> A transit of the Earth as
seen from Mars </wiki/Transit_of_Earth_from_Mars> will occur on November
10, 2084.^[178] <#cite_note
jbaa93
181> There are also transits of
Mercury </wiki/Transit_of_Mercury_from_Mars> and transits of Venus
</wiki/Transit_of_Venus_from_Mars>, and the moons Phobos and Deimos are

of sufficiently small angular diameter </wiki/Angular_diameter> that

their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see
Transit of Deimos from Mars </wiki/Transit_of_Deimos_from_Mars>).^[179]
<#cite_note
nature436
182> ^[180] <#cite_note
sd040317
183>
On October 19, 2014, Comet Siding Spring </wiki/C/2013_A1> is expected
to pass extremely close to Mars, so close that the coma </wiki/Comae>
may envelop Mars.^[181] <#cite_note
SD
20131201
184> ^[182]
<#cite_note
NS
20131206
185>
Comet Siding Spring </wiki/Comet_Siding_Spring> Mars flyby on 19 October
2014 (artist's concepts)
</wiki/File:PIA18611
Mars
CometSidingSpringFlyby
20141009.jpg>
POV: Universe
</wiki/File:CometSidingSpring
HeadingTowardsMars
ArtistConcept
20141006.jpg>
POV: Comet
</wiki/File:Comet
SidingSpring
Passing
PlanetMars
On
20141019
ArtistConcept
2014
0905.jpg>
POV: Mars
Viewing
</wiki/File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif>
</wiki/File:Apparent_retrograde_motion_of_Mars_in_2003.gif>
Animation of the apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from
Earth
Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric, its apparent magnitude
</wiki/Apparent_magnitude> at opposition from the Sun can range from
3.0 to 1.4. The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.6 when the planet
is in conjunction with the Sun.^[8] <#cite_note
MallamaSky
10> Mars
usually appears distinctly yellow, orange, or red; the actual color of
Mars is closer to butterscotch </wiki/Butterscotch>, and the redness
seen is just dust in the planet's atmosphere; considering this, NASA
</wiki/NASA>'s /Spirit/ rover has taken pictures of a greenish
brown,
mud
colored landscape with blue
grey rocks and patches of light red
sand.^[183] <#cite_note
lloyd06
186> When farthest away from the Earth,
it is more than seven times as far from the latter as when it is
closest. When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's
glare for months at a time. At its most favorable times at 15
or
17
year intervals, and always between late July and late September
Mars shows a wealth of surface detail to a telescope </wiki/Telescope>.
Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the polar ice caps
</wiki/Polar_ice_cap>.^[184] <#cite_note
shallowsky
187>
As Mars approaches opposition, it begins a period of retrograde motion
</wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion>, which means it will appear to move
backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The
duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars
reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.^[185]
<#cite_note
zeilik02
188>
Closest approaches
Relative
The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180 different from

the Sun's is known as opposition </wiki/Opposition_(planets)>, which is

near the time of closest approach to the Earth. The time of opposition
can occur as much as 8 days away from the closest approach. The
distance at close approach varies between about 54^[186]
<#cite_note
Laskar2003
189> and about 103 million km due to the planets'
elliptical </wiki/Ellipse> orbits, which causes comparable variation in
angular size </wiki/Angular_size>.^[187] <#cite_note
nasa051103
190> The
last Mars opposition occurred on April 8, 2014 at a distance of about
180 million km.^[188] <#cite_note
sheehan970202
191> The average time
between the successive oppositions of Mars, its synodic period
</wiki/Synodic_period>, is 780 days but the number of days between the
dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.^[189]
<#cite_note
astropro
192>
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion
</wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion>, which makes it appear to move
backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The
duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days.
Absolute, around the present time
</wiki/File:Mars_oppositions_2003
2018.png>
</wiki/File:Mars_oppositions_2003
2018.png>
Mars oppositions from 20032018, viewed from above the ecliptic with the
Earth centered
Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness
in nearly 60,000 years, 55,758,006 km (0.372719 AU
</wiki/Astronomical_unit>; 34,646,400 mi), magnitude
</wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)> 2.88, on 27 August 2003 at 9:51:13 UT.
This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days
from its perihelion </wiki/Perihelion>, making Mars particularly easy to
see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been
on September 12, 57 617 BC </wiki/Middle_Paleolithic>, the next time
being in 2287.^[190] <#cite_note
rao030822
193> This record approach was
only slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance,
the minimum distance on August 22, 1924 was 0.37285 AU
</wiki/Astronomical_unit>, and the minimum distance on August 24, 2208
will be 0.37279 AU </wiki/Astronomical_unit>.^[157]
<#cite_note
Meeus2003
160>
Historical observations
Main article: History of Mars observation
</wiki/History_of_Mars_observation>
The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of
Mars, when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily
visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the
perihelic oppositions of Mars, which occur every 15 or 17 years and are
distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer
to Earth.
Ancient and medieval observations
The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was
recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers </wiki/Egyptian_astronomy>

and by 1534 BCE they were familiar with the retrograde motion
</wiki/Retrograde_motion> of the planet.^[191] <#cite_note
paob85
194>
By the period of the Neo
Babylonian Empire
</wiki/Neo
Babylonian_Empire>, the Babylonian astronomers
</wiki/Babylonian_astronomers> were making regular records of the
positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior.
For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods
</wiki/Synodic_period>, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years.
They also invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to
the predicted positions of the planets.^[192] <#cite_note
north08
195>
^[193] <#cite_note
swerdlow98
196>
In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle </wiki/Aristotle> noted that Mars
disappeared behind the Moon during an occultation </wiki/Occultation>,
indicating the planet was farther away.^[194] <#cite_note
poor08
197>
Ptolemy </wiki/Ptolemy>, a Greek living in Alexandria
</wiki/Alexandria>,^[195] <#cite_note
google
198> attempted to address
the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his
collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi
volume
collection /Almagest </wiki/Almagest>/, which became the authoritative
treatise on Western astronomy
</wiki/History_of_astronomy#Medieval_Western_Europe> for the next
fourteen centuries.^[196] <#cite_note
google7
199> Literature from
ancient China confirms that Mars was known by Chinese astronomers
</wiki/Chinese_astronomy> by no later than the fourth century BCE.^[197]
<#cite_note
needham_ronan85
200> In the fifth century CE, the Indian
astronomical </wiki/Indian_astronomy> text /Surya Siddhanta
</wiki/Surya_Siddhanta>/ estimated the diameter of Mars.^[198]
<#cite_note
jse97
201> In the East Asian </wiki/East_Asian> cultures,
Mars is traditionally referred to as the "fire star" (), based on
the Five elements </wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)>.^[199]
<#cite_note
202>
During the seventeenth century, Tycho Brahe </wiki/Tycho_Brahe> measured
the diurnal parallax </wiki/Diurnal_parallax> of Mars that Johannes
Kepler </wiki/Johannes_Kepler> used to make a preliminary calculation of
the relative distance to the planet.^[200] <#cite_note
taton03
203> When
the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again
measured in an effort to determine the Sun
Earth distance. This was
first performed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini
</wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini> in 1672. The early parallax
measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.^[201]
<#cite_note
hirschfeld01
204> The only occultation </wiki/Occultation>
of Mars by Venus observed was that of October 13, 1590, seen by Michael
Maestlin </wiki/Michael_Maestlin> at Heidelberg
</wiki/Heidelberg>.^[202] <#cite_note
sat57
205> In 1610, Mars was
viewed by Galileo Galilei </wiki/Galileo_Galilei>, who was first to see
it via telescope.^[203] <#cite_note
jha15
206> The first person to draw
a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch
astronomer Christiaan Huygens </wiki/Christiaan_Huygens>.^[204]
<#cite_note
arizona
207>
Martian "canals"
</wiki/File:Karte_Mars_Schiaparelli_MKL1888.png>
Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli
</wiki/File:Lowell_Mars_channels.jpg>
Mars sketched as observed by Lowell sometime before 1914. (South top)
</wiki/File:Mars_HST_Mollweide_map_1999.png>

Map of Mars from Hubble Space Telescope </wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope>

as seen near the 1999 opposition. (North top)
Main article: Martian canal </wiki/Martian_canal>
By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level
sufficient for surface features to be identified. A perihelic opposition
of Mars occurred on September 5, 1877. In that year, Italian astronomer
Giovanni Schiaparelli </wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli> used a 22 cm
(8.7 in) telescope in Milan </wiki/Milan> to help produce the first
detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called
/canali/, which were later shown to be an optical illusion
</wiki/Optical_illusion>. These /canali/ were supposedly long, straight
lines on the surface of Mars, to which he gave names of famous rivers on
Earth. His term, which means "channels" or "grooves", was popularly
mistranslated in English as "canals".^[205] <#cite_note
snyder01
208>
^[206] <#cite_note
sagan80
209>
Influenced by the observations, the orientalist Percival Lowell
</wiki/Percival_Lowell> founded an observatory
</wiki/Lowell_Observatory> which had a 30 cm and 45 cm telescope (11.8
and 17.7 in). The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars
during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less
favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on
the planet, which had a great influence on the public.^[207]
<#cite_note
basalla06
210> The /canali/ were also found by other
astronomers, like Henri Joseph Perrotin </wiki/Henri_Joseph_Perrotin>
and Louis Thollon </wiki/Louis_Thollon> in Nice </wiki/Nice>, using one
of the largest telescopes of that time.^[208]
<#cite_note
maria_lane05
211> ^[209] <#cite_note
ba3
212>
The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps
and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the
canals lead to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long
held
belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never
reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As
bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight /canali/ were
observed. During an observation in 1909 by Flammarion
</wiki/Camille_Flammarion> with an 84 cm (33 in) telescope, irregular
patterns were observed, but no /canali/ were seen.^[210]
<#cite_note
zahnle01
213>
Even in the 1960s articles were published on Martian biology, putting
aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars.
Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a
functional ecosystem have been published.^[211]
<#cite_note
science136_3510
214>
Spacecraft visitation
</wiki/File:PIA16068_
_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_
_Aeolis_Mons_
_20120817.jpg>
</wiki/File:PIA16068_
_Mars_Curiosity_Rover_
_Aeolis_Mons_
_20120817.jpg>
Foothills of Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp") </wiki/Aeolis_Mons> (white
balanced image </wiki/White_Balance>).
Main article: Exploration of Mars </wiki/Exploration_of_Mars>
Once spacecraft </wiki/Spacecraft> visited the planet during NASA's
Mariner missions </wiki/Mariner_program> in the 1960s and 70s these
concepts were radically broken. In addition, the results of the Viking
life
detection experiments aided an intermission in which the hypothesis

of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.^[212]

<#cite_note
ward_brownlee00
215>
Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the
data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the Mars
Global Surveyor </wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor> mission, launched in 1996
and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed
maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to
be obtained.^[213]
<#cite_note
Distant_worlds:_milestones_in_planetary_exploration
216>
These maps are now available online, for example, at Google Mars
</wiki/Google_Mars>. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
</wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter> and Mars Express
</wiki/Mars_Express> continued exploring with new instruments, and
supporting lander missions.
In culture
Main articles: Mars in culture </wiki/Mars_in_culture> and Mars in
fiction </wiki/Mars_in_fiction>
Mars symbol.svg </wiki/File:Mars_symbol.svg>
Mars is named after the Roman </wiki/Ancient_Rome> god of war
</wiki/Mars_(mythology)>. In different cultures, Mars represents
masculinity and youth. Its symbol </wiki/Gender_symbol>, a circle with
an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is also used as a symbol for
the male gender.
The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical
counter
culture blaming the failures on an Earth
Mars "Bermuda Triangle
</wiki/Bermuda_Triangle>", a "Mars Curse
</wiki/Exploration_of_mars#Mars_Curse>", or a "Great Galactic Ghoul
</wiki/Great_Galactic_Ghoul>" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.^[214]
<#cite_note
dinerman04
217>
Intelligent "Martians"
Main article: Mars in fiction </wiki/Mars_in_fiction>
The fashionable idea that Mars was populated by intelligent Martians
</wiki/Martian> exploded in the late 19th century. Schiaparelli's
</wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli> "canali" observations combined with
Percival Lowell </wiki/Percival_Lowell>'s books on the subject put
forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling,
dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation
works.^[215] <#cite_note
prion
218>
Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added
to what has been termed "Mars Fever".^[216] <#cite_note
fergus04
219> In
1899 while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in
his Colorado Springs lab, inventor Nikola Tesla </wiki/Nikola_Tesla>
observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio
communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901
interview Tesla said:
It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind
that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent
control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was

impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely

accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been
the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.^[217]
<#cite_note
tesla01
220>
</wiki/File:Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg>
</wiki/File:Kirks_Soap_Yerkes_Mars.jpg>
An 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated.
Tesla's theories gained support from Lord Kelvin </wiki/Lord_Kelvin>
who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said
that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the
United States.^[218] <#cite_note
cheney81
221> Kelvin "emphatically"
denied this report shortly before departing America: "What I really said
was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able
to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity."^[219]
<#cite_note
nyt020511
222>
In a /New York Times </wiki/New_York_Times>/ article in 1901, Edward
Charles Pickering </wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering>, director of the
Harvard College Observatory </wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory>, said
that they had received a telegram from Lowell Observatory
</wiki/Lowell_Observatory> in Arizona </wiki/Arizona> that seemed to
confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with the Earth.^[220]
<#cite_note
nyt2
223>
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in
Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project
from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting
seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle
copies through this country. The observer there is a careful,
reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed.
It was given as from a well
known geographical point on Mars. That
was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe it is
stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of
exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no
means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can
say. It is absolutely inexplicable.^[220] <#cite_note
nyt2
223>
Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas
</wiki/Texas>, intended to signal Martians.^[221] <#cite_note
fradin99
224>
In recent decades, the high
resolution mapping of the surface of Mars,
culminating in Mars Global Surveyor </wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor>,
revealed no artifacts of habitation by "intelligent" life, but
pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues
from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland
</wiki/Richard_C._Hoagland>. Reminiscent of the /canali/ controversy,
some speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the
spacecraft images, such as 'pyramids' and the 'Face on Mars
</wiki/Face_on_Mars>'. Planetary astronomer Carl Sagan
</wiki/Carl_Sagan> wrote:
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected
our Earthly hopes and fears.^[206] <#cite_note
sagan80
209>
</wiki/File:War
of
the
worlds
tripod.jpg>
</wiki/File:War
of
the
worlds
tripod.jpg>
Martian tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of /The War of
the Worlds/ by H.G. Wells.

The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red
color and by nineteenth century scientific speculations that its surface
conditions might support not just life but intelligent life.^[222]
<#cite_note
lightman97
225> Thus originated a large number of science
fiction </wiki/Science_fiction> scenarios, among which is H. G. Wells
</wiki/H._G._Wells>'s /The War of the Worlds
</wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds>/, published in 1898, in which Martians
seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth. A subsequent US
radio adaptation of /The War of the Worlds/
</wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio)> on October 30, 1938, by Orson
Welles </wiki/Orson_Welles> was presented as a live news broadcast and
became notorious for causing a public panic when many listeners mistook
it for the truth.^[223] <#cite_note
lubertozzi_holmsten03
226>
Influential works included Ray Bradbury </wiki/Ray_Bradbury>'s /The
Martian Chronicles </wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles>/, in which human
explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, Edgar Rice
Burroughs </wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs>' /Barsoom/ series
</wiki/Barsoom>, C. S. Lewis </wiki/C._S._Lewis>' novel /Out of the
Silent Planet </wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet>/ (1938),^[224]
<#cite_note
sanford09
227> and a number of Robert A. Heinlein
</wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein> stories before the mid
sixties.^[225]
<#cite_note
buker02
228>
Author Jonathan Swift </wiki/Jonathan_Swift> made reference to the moons
of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall
</wiki/Asaph_Hall>, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their
orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel /Gulliver's Travels
</wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels>/.^[226] <#cite_note
jonathan_swift
229>
A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian
</wiki/Marvin_the_Martian>, appeared on television in 1948 as a
character in the Looney Tunes </wiki/Looney_Tunes> animated cartoons
</wiki/Animated_cartoons> of Warner Brothers </wiki/Warner_Brothers>,
and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.^[227]
<#cite_note
rabkin05
230>
After the Mariner </wiki/Mariner_program> and Viking
</wiki/Viking_program> spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it
really is, an apparently lifeless and canal
less world, these ideas
about Mars had to be abandoned, and a vogue for accurate, realist
depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which
may be Kim Stanley Robinson </wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson>'s /Mars/
trilogy </wiki/Mars_trilogy>. Pseudo
scientific speculations about the
Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by space probes
</wiki/Space_probe> have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be
a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.^[228]
<#cite_note
miles_peters
231>
The theme of a Martian colony that fights for independence from Earth is
a major plot element in the novels of Greg Bear </wiki/Greg_Bear> as
well as the movie /Total Recall </wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)>/ (based
on a short story by Philip K. Dick </wiki/Philip_K._Dick>) and the
television series /Babylon 5 </wiki/Babylon_5>/. Some video games also
use this element, including /Red Faction </wiki/Red_Faction>/ and the
/Zone of the Enders </wiki/Zone_of_the_Enders>/ series. Mars (and its
moons) were also the setting for the popular /Doom
</wiki/Doom_(video_game)>/ video game franchise and the later /Martian
Gothic </wiki/Martian_Gothic>/.

Gallery
*
</wiki/File:Slope_Streaks_in_Acheron_Fossae_on_Mars.jpg>
Streaks
on slopes in Acheron Fossae </wiki/Acheron_Fossae>.
*
</wiki/File:Mars_Avalanche_Hirise.jpg>
Avalanche </wiki/Avalanche>
down 700 m slope (north pole
</wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps#North_polar_cap>).
*
</wiki/File:Nanedi_channel.JPG>
Nanedi Valles </wiki/Nanedi_Valles> inner channel.
*
</wiki/File:016vallesmarineris_reduced0.25.jpg>
Valles Marineris </wiki/Valles_Marineris> (/2001 Mars Odyssey
</wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey>/).
*
</wiki/File:Mars_caves_from_NASA_orbiters.jpg>
Mars
cave entrances </wiki/Caves_of_Mars_Project> (possible).
*
</wiki/File:Pavonis_Mons_lava_tube_skylight_crop.jpg>
Mars
suspected lava
tube skylight.
*

</wiki/File:Mars_NPArea
PIA00161_modest.jpg>
Mars
North Pole </wiki/Planum_Boreum> area.
Moons

Main articles: Moons of Mars </wiki/Moons_of_Mars>, Phobos (moon)

</wiki/Phobos_(moon)> and Deimos (moon) </wiki/Deimos_(moon)>
</wiki/File:Phobos_colour_2008.jpg>
Enhanced
color HiRISE image of Phobos </wiki/Phobos_(moon)>, showing a
series of mostly parallel grooves and crater chains
</wiki/Crater_chain>, with its crater Stickney </wiki/Stickney_(crater)>
at right
</wiki/File:Deimos
MRO.jpg>
Enhanced
color HiRISE image of Deimos </wiki/Deimos_(moon)> (not to
scale), showing its smooth blanket of regolith </wiki/Regolith>.
Mars has two relatively small natural moons, Phobos
</wiki/Phobos_(moon)> (about 14 miles in diameter) and Deimos
</wiki/Deimos_(moon)> (about 8 miles in diameter), which orbit close to
the planet. Asteroid capture is a long
favored theory, but their origin
remains uncertain.^[229] <#cite_note
esa31031
232> Both satellites were

discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall </wiki/Asaph_Hall>; they are named

after the characters Phobos </wiki/Phobos_(mythology)> (panic/fear) and
Deimos </wiki/Deimos_(mythology)> (terror/dread), who, in Greek
mythology </wiki/Greek_mythology>, accompanied their father Ares
</wiki/Ares>, god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of
Ares.^[230] <#cite_note
theoi
233> ^[231] <#cite_note
qjras19
234> In
modern Greek </wiki/Greek_language>, though, the planet retains its
ancient name /Ares/ (Aris: //).^[232]
<#cite_note-Geek_Names_of_te_Planets-235>
Fom te suface of Mas, te motions of Pobos and Deimos appea
diffeent fom tat of ou own moon. Pobos ises in te west, sets in
te east, and ises again in just 11 ous. Deimos, being only just
outside synconous obit </wiki/Synconous_obit> wee te obital
peiod would matc te planet's peiod of otation ises as expected
in te east but slowly. Despite te 30 ou obit of Deimos, 2.7 days
elapse between its ise and set fo an equatoial obseve, as it slowly
falls beind te otation of Mas.^[233] <#cite_note-pobos.tml-236>
</wiki/File:Obits_of_Pobos_and_Deimos.gif>
Obits of Pobos and Deimos (to scale)
Because te obit of Pobos is below synconous altitude, te tidal
foces </wiki/Tidal_foce> fom te planet Mas ae gadually loweing
its obit. In about 50 million yeas, it could eite cas into Mas'
suface o beak up into a ing stuctue aound te planet.^[233]
<#cite_note-pobos.tml-236>
Te oigin of te two moons is not well undestood. Tei low albedo and
cabonaceous condite </wiki/Cabonaceous_condite> composition ave
been egaded as simila to asteoids, suppoting te captue teoy.
Te unstable obit of Pobos would seem to point towads a elatively
ecent captue. But bot ave cicula obits </wiki/Cicula_obit>,
nea te equato, wic is unusual fo captued objects and te equied
captue dynamics ae complex. Accetion ealy in te istoy of Mas is
also plausible, but would not account fo a composition esembling
asteoids ate tan Mas itself, if tat is confimed.
A tid possibility is te involvement of a tid body o some kind of
impact disuption.^[234] <#cite_note-ellis07-237> Moe ecent lines of
evidence fo Pobos aving a igly poous inteio,^[235]
<#cite_note-Andet-238> and suggesting a composition containing mainly
pyllosilicates </wiki/Pyllosilicates> and ote mineals known fom
Mas,^[236] <#cite_note-Giuanna-239> point towad an oigin of Pobos
fom mateial ejected by an impact on Mas tat eacceted in Matian
obit,^[237] <#cite_note-Blast-240> simila to te pevailing teoy
</wiki/Giant_impact_ypotesis> fo te oigin of Eat's moon. Wile
te VNIR </wiki/VNIR> specta of te moons of Mas esemble tose of
oute belt asteoids, te temal infaed </wiki/Temal_infaed>
specta of Pobos ae epoted to be inconsistent wit condites
</wiki/Condite> of any class.^[236] <#cite_note-Giuanna-239>
Mas may ave additional moons smalle tan 50100 metes, and a dust
ing is pedicted between Pobos and Deimos.^[238] <#cite_note-241>
See also
Book icon

* Book: Mas </wiki/Book:Mas>

* Book: Sola System </wiki/Book:Sola_System>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

C/2013 A1 </wiki/C/2013_A1> a comet passing nea Mas in 2014

Colonization of Mas </wiki/Colonization_of_Mas>
Composition of Mas </wiki/Composition_of_Mas>
Daian calenda </wiki/Daian_calenda> time-keeping system.
Geodynamics on Mas </wiki/Geodynamics_on_Mas>
Geology of Mas </wiki/Geology_of_Mas>
Extateestial life </wiki/Extateestial_life>
Exploation of Mas </wiki/Exploation_of_Mas>
List of atificial objects on Mas
</wiki/List_of_atificial_objects_on_Mas>
List of casmata on Mas </wiki/List_of_casmata_on_Mas>
List of cates on Mas </wiki/List_of_cates_on_Mas>
List of Mas tojan asteoids </wiki/List_of_Mas_tojan_asteoids>
List of mountains on Mas </wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mas>
List of quadangles on Mas </wiki/List_of_quadangles_on_Mas>
List of ocks on Mas </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas>
List of valles on Mas </wiki/List_of_valles_on_Mas>
Seasonal flows on wam Matian slopes
</wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_wam_Matian_slopes>
Teafoming of Mas </wiki/Teafoming_of_Mas>
2007 WD5 </wiki/2007_WD5> asteoid nea-encounte wit Mas
Januay 30, 2008.
Wate on Mas </wiki/Wate_on_Mas>
Notes

1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-1>* Based on a /Mas Global Suveyo

</wiki/Mas_Global_Suveyo>/ image mosaic (19992004). At left,
oogapic </wiki/Oogapic_lift> wate ice clouds ae suspended
ove te sield volcanoes Olympus Mons </wiki/Olympus_Mons>, Alba
Mons </wiki/Alba_Mons> and te Tasis Montes
</wiki/Tasis_Montes>. Te not pola summe (wate) ice cap
</wiki/Matian_pola_ice_caps> is at top, incised by Casma Boeale
</wiki/Casma_Boeale>. At lowe igt, Valles Maineis
</wiki/Valles_Maineis> stetces east-west ove 4000 km. Dak
aeas </wiki/Classical_albedo_featues_on_Mas> on te igt ae
lacking in suface dust; te bigt aea at te lowe igt limb is
te impact basin </wiki/Impact_basin> Agye </wiki/Agye_Planitia>.
1. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-best_fit_ellipsoid_4-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-best_fit_ellipsoid_4-1> ^/*c*/
<#cite_ef-best_fit_ellipsoid_4-2> Best fit ellipsoid </wiki/Ellipsoid>
2. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-sepentinization_139-0>* Tee ae many
/sepentinization </wiki/Sepentinite>/ eactions. Olivine
</wiki/Olivine> is a solid solution </wiki/Solid_solution> between
fosteite </wiki/Fosteite> and fayalite </wiki/Fayalite> wose
geneal fomula is (Fe,Mg)_2 SiO_4 . Te eaction poducing metane
fom olivine can be witten as: /Fosteite + Fayalite + Wate +
Cabonic acid Sepentine + Magnetite + Metane/ , o (in balanced
fom): 18Mg_2 SiO_4 + 6Fe_2 SiO_4 + 26H_2 O + CO_2 12Mg_3 Si_2 O_5
(OH)_4 + 4Fe_3 O_4 + CH_4
Refeences
1. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-meanplane_2-0>* "Te MeanPlane (Invaiable

plane) of te Sola System passing toug te baycente"

<ttp://ome.suewest.net/keide/asto/MeanPlane.gif>. 2009-04-03.
Retieved 2009-04-10. (poduced wit Solex 10
<ttp://cemisty.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/> witten by Aldo
Vitagliano; see also invaiable plane </wiki/Invaiable_plane>)
2. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-oizons_3-0>* Yeomans, Donald K.
(2006-07-13). "HORIZONS Web-Inteface fo Mas (Majo Body=499)"
<ttp://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/oizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_goup=mb&sst=499>.
JPL Hoizons On-Line Epemeis System
</wiki/JPL_Hoizons_On-Line_Epemeis_System>. Retieved
2007-08-08. Select "Epemeis Type: Obital Elements", "Time Span:
2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Taget Body: Mas" and "Cente:
Sun" sould be defaulted to.) Results ae instantaneous osculating
</wiki/Osculating_obit> values at te pecise J2000 </wiki/J2000>
epoc.
3. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-Seidelmann2007_5-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-Seidelmann2007_5-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ef-Seidelmann2007_5-2>
Seidelmann, P. Kennet; Acinal, Bent A.; A'Hean, Micael F. et
al. (2007). "Repot of te IAU/IAG Woking Goup on catogapic
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4. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-loddes1998_6-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-loddes1998_6-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ef-loddes1998_6-2>
^/*d*/ <#cite_ef-loddes1998_6-3> ^/*e*/
<#cite_ef-loddes1998_6-4> Loddes, Kataina; Fegley, Buce
(1998). /Te planetay scientist's companion/. Oxfod Univesity
Pess US. p. 190. ISBN
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5. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Folkne1997_7-0>* Folkne, W. M. et al (1997).
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17491752. Bibcode </wiki/Bibcode>:1997Sci...278.1749F
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/1997Sci...278.1749F>. doi
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<ttp://dx.doi.og/10.1126%2Fscience.278.5344.1749>. ISSN
</wiki/Intenational_Standad_Seial_Numbe> 0036-8075
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6. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-MallamaMas_8-0>* Mallama, A. (2007). "Te
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<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2007Ica..192..404M>. doi
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7. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-nssdc_9-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-nssdc_9-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ef-nssdc_9-2> ^/*d*/
<#cite_ef-nssdc_9-3> ^/*e*/ <#cite_ef-nssdc_9-4> ^/*f*/
<#cite_ef-nssdc_9-5> ^/*g*/ <#cite_ef-nssdc_9-6> ^/**/
<#cite_ef-nssdc_9-7> Williams, David R. (Septembe 1, 2004). "Mas
Fact Seet"
<ttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetay/factseet/masfact.tml>.
/National Space Science Data Cente/. NASA. Retieved 2006-06-24.
8. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-MallamaSky_10-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-MallamaSky_10-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ef-MallamaSky_10-2>

Mallama, A. (2011). "Planetay magnitudes". /Sky and Telescope/.

121(1): 5156.
9. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-cold_11-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-cold_11-1> "Wat is te typical tempeatue on Mas?"
<ttp://www.astonomycafe.net/qadi/q2681.tml>.
/Astonomycafe.net/. Retieved 2012-08-14.
10. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-ot_12-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-ot_12-1> "Mas Exploation Rove Mission: Spotligt"
<ttp://masove.nasa.gov/spotligt/20070612.tml>.
/Masove.nasa.gov/. 2007-06-12. Retieved 2012-08-14.
11. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-science294_5548_13-0>* Kasnopolsky, Vladimi
A.; Feldman, Paul D. (2001). "Detection of Molecula Hydogen in te
Atmospee of Mas". /Science/ *294* (5548): 19141917. Bibcode
</wiki/Bibcode>:2001Sci...294.1914K
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2001Sci...294.1914K>. doi
</wiki/Digital_object_identifie>:10.1126/science.1065569
<ttp://dx.doi.og/10.1126%2Fscience.1065569>. PMID
</wiki/PubMed_Identifie> 11729314
<//www.ncbi.nlm.ni.gov/pubmed/11729314>.
12. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-icaus168_1_14-0>* Clancy, R. T.; Sando, B.
J.; Moiaty-Scieven, G. H. (2004). "A measuement of te 362 GHz
absoption line of Mas atmospeic H2O2". /Icaus/ *168* (1):
116121. Bibcode </wiki/Bibcode>:2004Ica..168..116C
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2004Ica..168..116C>. doi
</wiki/Digital_object_identifie>:10.1016/j.icaus.2003.12.003
<ttp://dx.doi.og/10.1016%2Fj.icaus.2003.12.003>.
13. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-metane-me_15-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-metane-me_15-1> Fomisano, V.; Ateya, S.; Encenaz, T.;
Ignatiev, N.; Giuanna, M. (2004). "Detection of Metane in te
Atmospee of Mas". /Science </wiki/Science_(jounal)>/ *306*
(5702): 17581761. Bibcode </wiki/Bibcode>:2004Sci...306.1758F
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1758F>. doi
</wiki/Digital_object_identifie>:10.1126/science.1101732
<ttp://dx.doi.og/10.1126%2Fscience.1101732>. PMID
</wiki/PubMed_Identifie> 15514118
<//www.ncbi.nlm.ni.gov/pubmed/15514118>.
14. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-balow08_16-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-balow08_16-1> Balow, Nadine G. (2008). /Mas: an
intoduction to its inteio, suface and atmospee/. Cambidge
planetay science *8*. Cambidge Univesity Pess. p. 21. ISBN
</wiki/Intenational_Standad_Book_Numbe> 0-521-85226-9
</wiki/Special:BookSouces/0-521-85226-9>.
15. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-nasa_ematite_17-0>* "Te Lue of Hematite"
<ttp://science.nasa.gov/eadlines/y2001/ast28ma_1.tm>.
/Science@NASA/. NASA. Mac 28, 2001. Retieved 2009-12-24.
16. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-notcatesn_18-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-notcatesn_18-1> ^/*c*/ <#cite_ef-notcatesn_18-2>
Yeage, Asley (July 19, 2008). "Impact May Have Tansfomed Mas"
<ttp://www.sciencenews.og/view/geneic/id/33622/title/Impact_may_ave_tan
sfomed_Mas_>.
ScienceNews.og. Retieved 2008-08-12.
17. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-notcateguad_19-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-notcateguad_19-1> ^/*c*/
<#cite_ef-notcateguad_19-2> Sample, Ian (June 26, 2008).
"Cataclysmic impact ceated not-sout divide on Mas"
<ttp://www.guadian.co.uk/science/2008/jun/26/mas.asteoid?gusc=ss&feed=
science>.
London: Science @ guadian.co.uk. Retieved 2008-08-12.
18. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-20>* Jon P. Millis. "Mas Moon Mystey"
<ttp://space.about.com/od/mas/a/Mas-Moon-Mystey.tm>.

19. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-21>* Adle, M.; Owen, W. and Riedel, J.

(2012). "Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camea to Pepae fo Mas
Sample Retun"
<ttp://www.lpi.usa.edu/meetings/masconcepts2012/pdf/4337.pdf>.
/Concepts and Appoaces fo Mas Exploation, eld June 1214, 2012
in Houston, Texas. LPI Contibution No. 1679, id.4337/ *1679*: 4337.
Bibcode </wiki/Bibcode>:2012LPICo1679.4337A
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2012LPICo1679.4337A>.
20. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-maswate_22-0>* "NASA Images Suggest Wate
Still Flows in Bief Sputs on Mas"
<ttp://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mas/news/mgs-20061206.tml>.
NASA/JPL. Decembe 6, 2006. Retieved 2007-01-04.
21. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-specials1_23-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-specials1_23-1> "Wate ice in cate at Matian not
pole" <ttp://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Mas_Expess/SEMGKA808BE_0.tml>.
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22. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-jsg.utexas.edu_24-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-jsg.utexas.edu_24-1> "Scientists Discove Concealed
Glacies on Mas at Mid-Latitudes"
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23. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-esa050221_25-0>* Staff (Febuay 21, 2005).
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25. *Jump up ^
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_Mas_27-0>*
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29. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-ismas_31-0> ^/*b*/
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Red?/
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30. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Nimmo_2005_32-0>* Nimmo, Fancis; Tanaka, Ken

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</wiki/Digital_object_identifie>:10.1029/JB091iB13p0E139
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175. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-178>* "ISRO: Mas Obite Mission"
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176. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-pl_og_deimos_179-0>* "Deimos"
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178. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-jbaa93_181-0>* Meeus, J.; Goffin, E. (1983).
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180. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-sd040317_183-0>* Staff (Mac 17, 2004).
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186. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Laska2003_189-0>* Jacques Laska (August 14,
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190. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-ao030822_193-0>* Rao, Joe (August 22, 2003).
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198. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-jse97_201-0>* Tompson, Ricad (1997).
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224. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-sanfod09_227-0>* Scwatz, Sanfod (2009).
/C. S. Lewis on te Final Fontie: Science and te Supenatual in
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226. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-jonatan_swift_229-0>* Daling, David. "Swift,
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227. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-abkin05_230-0>* Rabkin, Eic S. (2005).
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232. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Geek_Names_of_te_Planets_235-0>* "Geek
Names of te Planets"
<ttp://web.acive.og/web/20100509164917/ttp://www.geek-names.info/geek
-names-of-te-planets/>.
Acived fom te oiginal
<ttp://www.geek-names.info/geek-names-of-te-planets/> on
2010-05-09. Retieved 2012-07-14. "Ais is te Geek name of te
planet Mas, te fout planet fom te sun, also known as te Red
planet. Ais o Aes was te Geek god of Wa." See also te Geek
aticle about te planet
<//el.wikipedia.og/wiki/%CE%86%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%
CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)>.
233. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-pobos.tml_236-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-pobos.tml_236-1> Anett, Bill (Novembe 20, 2004).
"Pobos" <ttp://www.nineplanets.og/pobos.tml>. /nineplanets/.
Retieved 2006-06-13.
234. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-ellis07_237-0>* Ellis, Scott. "Geological
Histoy: Moons of Mas"
<ttp://web.acive.og/web/20070517181817/ttp://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mas99/d
ocs/libay/science/geological_istoy/moons1.tml>.
CalSpace. Acived fom te oiginal
<ttp://calspace.ucsd.edu/Mas99/docs/libay/science/geological_istoy/moo
ns1.tml>
on 2007-05-17. Retieved 2007-08-02.
235. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Andet_238-0>* Andet, T. P.; Rosenblatt, P.;
Ptzold, M.; Husle, B.; Deant, V.; Tyle, G. L.; Maty, J. C.
(May 7, 2010). "Pecise mass detemination and te natue of
Pobos". /Geopysical Reseac Lettes
</wiki/Geopysical_Reseac_Lettes>/ *37* (L09202): L09202. Bibcode
</wiki/Bibcode>:2010GeoRL..3709202A
<ttp://adsabs.avad.edu/abs/2010GeoRL..3709202A>. doi
</wiki/Digital_object_identifie>:10.1029/2009GL041829
<ttp://dx.doi.og/10.1029%2F2009GL041829>.
236. ^ Jump up to: ^/*a*/ <#cite_ef-Giuanna_239-0> ^/*b*/
<#cite_ef-Giuanna_239-1> Giuanna, M.; Rous, T. L.; Duxbuy, T.;
Hogan, R. C.; Geminale, A.; Fomisano, V. (2010). "Compositional
Intepetation of PFS/MEx and TES/MGS Temal Infaed Specta of
Pobos"
<ttp://meetingoganize.copenicus.og/EPSC2010/EPSC2010-211.pdf>.
"Euopean Planetay Science Congess Abstacts, Vol. 5". Retieved
2010-10-01.
237. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-Blast_240-0>* "Mas Moon Pobos Likely Foged
by Catastopic Blast"
<ttp://www.space.com/scienceastonomy/matian-moon-foged-by-catastopic-b

last-100927.tml>.
/Space.com/. Septembe 27, 2010. Retieved 2010-10-01.
238. *Jump up ^ <#cite_ef-241>* "M. Adle, et al. Use of MRO Optical
Navigation Camea .. (2012)"
<ttp://www.lpi.usa.edu/meetings/masconcepts2012/pdf/4337.pdf>
(PDF). /lpi.usa.edu/. Retieved 2012-12-16.
Extenal links
Find moe about *Mas* at Wikipedia's siste pojects
</wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_siste_pojects>
Seac Wiktionay <//en.wiktionay.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Definitions <//en.wiktionay.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom Wiktionay
Seac Commons <//commons.wikimedia.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Media
<//commons.wikimedia.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom Commons
Seac Wikiquote <//en.wikiquote.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Quotations <//en.wikiquote.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom Wikiquote
Seac Wikisouce <//en.wikisouce.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Souce
texts <//en.wikisouce.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom Wikisouce
Seac Wikibooks <//en.wikibooks.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Textbooks <//en.wikibooks.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom Wikibooks
Seac Wikivesity <//en.wikivesity.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas>
Leaning esouces <//en.wikivesity.og/wiki/Special:Seac/Mas> fom
Wikivesity
* Mas
<ttps://www.dmoz.og/Science/Astonomy/Sola_System/Planets/Mas/>
at DMOZ </wiki/DMOZ>
* Mas Exploation Pogam <ttp://mas.jpl.nasa.gov/>
* On Mas: Exploation of te Red Planet 19581978
<ttp://istoy.nasa.gov/SP-4212/on-mas.tml> fom te NASA Histoy
Office.
* Mas Uneated
<ttps://web.acive.og/web/20010416234927/ttp://www.masuneated.com/>
at te Wayback Macine </wiki/Wayback_Macine> (acived Apil 16,
2001)Compaisons of teains between Eat and Mas
* Be on Mas <ttp://dualmoments.com/masoves/index.tml>Anaglyps
fom te Mas Roves (3D)
* Mas aticles in Planetay Science Reseac Discoveies
<ttp://www.psd.awaii.edu/Acive/Acive-Mas.tml>
* Geody Mas <ttp://www.geody.com/?wold=mas>Wold's seac engine
tat suppots NASA Wold Wind </wiki/NASA_Wold_Wind>, Celestia
</wiki/Celestia>, and ote applications
* Mas Society <ttp://www.massociety.og/>Te Mas Society
</wiki/Mas_Society>, an intenational oganization dedicated to te
study, exploation, and settlement of Mas.
* New Papes about Matian Geomopology
<ttp://ice.tsu.u/index.pp?option=com_content&view=categoy&layout=blog&id
=24&Itemid=92>
* How fa is it to Mas? <ttp://www.distancetomas.com/>
*Media*
* Video Mas <ttp://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Mas.mov> (National Oceanic
and Atmospeic Administation).
* Video (04:32) Evidence fo "Vigoously" Flowing Wate on Ancient
Mas (Septembe, 2012).
<ttps://www.youtube.com/watc?v=J1Xu2i-Uc0> on YouTube </wiki/YouTube>
* Panoamic View of Gale Cate on Mas (4 billion pixels) (Mac,

2013).
<ttp://www.wied.com/wiedscience/2013/03/4-billion-pixel-mas-panoama/>
* Panoamic Views of Mas <ttp://www.panoamas.dk/mas/> (Cuiosity
Rove 1 <ttp://www.360pano.eu/sow/?id=733> and Cuiosty Rove 2
<ttp://www.360pano.eu/sow/?id=731>).
* Compute Simulated Fligt into Maine Valley.
<ttp://www.maniacwold.com/mas_maine_valley.tm>
* 3D-Fligt into Maine Valley. <ttp://temis.asu.edu/valles_video/>
* Mas
<ttps://web.acive.og/web/20080105165647/ttp://www.astonomycast.com/ast
onomy/episode-52-mas/>
at te Wayback Macine </wiki/Wayback_Macine> (acived Januay 5,
2008) Astonomy Cast </wiki/Astonomy_Cast> episode #52, includes
full tanscipt.
* 15 Amazing Pictues of te Red Planet
<ttp://www.uffingtonpost.com/jim-bell/pictues-of-mas_b_791652.tml#19868
0>
slidesow at /Te Huffington Post </wiki/Te_Huffington_Post>/.
* Stom Font. <ttp://potojounal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA15567>
* Buied basins.
<ttp://mas.jpl.nasa.gov/expess/galley/matianteain/pess_poto_natue0
5356_5.tml>
* Dunes.
<ttp://iise-pds.lpl.aizona.edu/PDS/EXTRAS/RDR/ESP/ORB_016600_016699/ESP_
016682_2650/ESP_016682_2650_RGB.NOMAP.bowse.jpg>
souce. <ttp://iise.lpl.aizona.edu/ESP_016682_2650>
* Mas.
<ttp://www.msss.com/mas_images/moc/2003/05/20/2003.05.20.syiastom.jpg>
souce. <ttp://www.msss.com/mas_images/moc/2003/05/20/>
*Catogapic esouces*
* Mas nomenclatue
<ttp://planetaynames.w.usgs.gov/Page/MARS/taget> and Mas map
wit featue names
<ttp://planetaynames.w.usgs.gov/Page/mas1to5mTHEMIS> fom te
USGS planetay nomenclatue page <ttp://planetaynames.w.usgs.gov/>
* PDS Map-a-planet
<ttp://pdsmaps.w.usgs.gov/PDS/public/exploe/tml/maspick.tm>
* Viking Potomap <ttp://planetologia.elte.u/tekep/mas-viking-en.pdf>
* MOLA (topogapic) map
<ttp://planetologia.elte.u/tekep/mas-mola-en.pdf>
* 3D maps of Mas in NASA Wold Wind
<ttp://www.woldwindcental.com/wiki/Mas>
* Google Mas <ttp://www.google.com/mas/>Inteactive image of Mas
* Mas - Geologic Map <ttp://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/> (USGS
</wiki/USGS>, 2014) (oiginal
<ttp://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3292/pdf/sim3292_map.pdf> / cop
</wiki/File:USGS-MasMap-sim3292-20140714-cop.png> / full
</wiki/File:USGS-MasMap-sim3292-20140714-full.png> / video (00:56)
<ttp://www.youtube.com/watc?v=quZMSoIEU>).
[sow <#>]
* v </wiki/Template:Mas>
* t </wiki/Template_talk:Mas>
* e <//en.wikipedia.og/w/index.pp?title=Template:Mas&action=edit>
*Mas*
Geogapy </wiki/Geogapy_of_Mas>

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Ciculation </wiki/Mas_geneal_ciculation_model>
Climate </wiki/Climate_of_Mas>
Dust devil tacks </wiki/Dust_devil_tacks>
Metane </wiki/Atmospee_of_Mas#Metane>

Regions </wiki/Mas#Geogapy>
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Aabia Tea </wiki/Aabia_Tea>

Cebeus Hemispee </wiki/Cebeus_Hemispee>
Cydonia </wiki/Cydonia_(egion_of_Mas)>
Eidania Lake </wiki/Eidania_Lake>
Iani Caos </wiki/Iani_Caos>
Olympia Undae </wiki/Olympia_Undae>
Planum Austale </wiki/Planum_Austale>
Planum Boeum </wiki/Planum_Boeum>
Quadangles </wiki/List_of_quadangles_on_Mas>
Tempe Tea </wiki/Tempe_Tea>
Tea Cimmeia </wiki/Tea_Cimmeia>
Tasis </wiki/Tasis>
Undae </wiki/List_of_extateestial_dune_fields>
Ultimi Scopuli </wiki/Ultimi_Scopuli>
Vastitas Boealis </wiki/Vastitas_Boealis>

Quadangles </wiki/List_of_quadangles_on_Mas>
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Aeolis </wiki/Aeolis_quadangle>
Amazonis </wiki/Amazonis_quadangle>
Amentes </wiki/Amentes_quadangle>
Aabia </wiki/Aabia_quadangle>
Acadia </wiki/Acadia_quadangle>
Agye </wiki/Agye_quadangle>
Casius </wiki/Casius_quadangle>
Cebenia </wiki/Cebenia_quadangle>
Copates </wiki/Copates_quadangle>
Diacia </wiki/Diacia_quadangle>
Elysium </wiki/Elysium_quadangle>
Eidania </wiki/Eidania_quadangle>
Hellas </wiki/Hellas_quadangle>
Iapygia </wiki/Iapygia_quadangle>
Ismenius Lacus </wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadangle>
Lunae Palus </wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadangle>
Mae Acidalium </wiki/Mae_Acidalium_quadangle>
Mae Austale (Sout Pole) </wiki/Mae_Austale_quadangle>
Mae Boeum (Not Pole) </wiki/Mae_Boeum_quadangle>
Mae Tyenum </wiki/Mae_Tyenum_quadangle>
Magaitife Sinus </wiki/Magaitife_Sinus_quadangle>
Memnonia </wiki/Memnonia_quadangle>
Noacis </wiki/Noacis_quadangle>
Oxia Palus </wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadangle>
Paetontis </wiki/Paetontis_quadangle>
Poenicis Lacus </wiki/Poenicis_Lacus_quadangle>
Sinus Sabaeus </wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadangle>
Sytis Majo </wiki/Sytis_Majo_quadangle>
Tasis </wiki/Tasis_quadangle>
Taumasia </wiki/Taumasia_quadangle>

Mountains </wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mas> and

volcanoes </wiki/List_of_extateestial_volcanoes#Mas>
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Acidalia Colles </wiki/Acidalia_Colles>

Aeolis Mons </wiki/Aeolis_Mons>
Alba Mons </wiki/Alba_Mons>
Albo Tolus </wiki/Albo_Tolus>
Anseis Mons </wiki/Anseis_Mons>
Apollinais Mons </wiki/Apollinais_Mons>
Asia Mons </wiki/Asia_Mons>
Ascaeus Mons </wiki/Ascaeus_Mons>
Ausonia Montes </wiki/Ausonia_Montes>
Biblis Tolus </wiki/Biblis_Tolus>
Centaui Montes </wiki/Centaui_Montes>
Ceaunius Tolus </wiki/Ceaunius_Tolus>
Caitum Montes </wiki/Caitum_Montes>
Ecus Montes </wiki/Ecus_Montes>
Elysium </wiki/Elysium_(volcanic_povince)>
Elysium Mons </wiki/Elysium_Mons>
Eebus Montes </wiki/Eebus_Montes>
Galaxius Mons </wiki/Galaxius_Mons>
Hadiacus Mons </wiki/Hadiacus_Mons>
Hecates Tolus </wiki/Hecates_Tolus>
Jovis Tolus </wiki/Jovis_Tolus>
Libya Montes </wiki/Libya_Montes>
"Mount Sap" </wiki/Aeolis_Mons>
Neeidum Montes </wiki/Neeidum_Montes>
Olympus Mons </wiki/Olympus_Mons>
Ocus Patea </wiki/Ocus_Patea>
Pavonis Mons </wiki/Pavonis_Mons>
Peneus Patea </wiki/Peneus_Patea>
Plega Montes </wiki/Plega_Montes>
Pityusa Patea </wiki/Pityusa_Patea>
Sytis Majo Planum </wiki/Sytis_Majo_Planum>
Tataus Montes </wiki/Tataus_Montes>
Tasis </wiki/Tasis>
Tasis Montes </wiki/Tasis_Montes>
Tasis Tolus </wiki/Tasis_Tolus>
Tolus </wiki/Tolus>
Tyenus Mons </wiki/Tyenus_Mons>
Ulysses Tolus </wiki/Ulysses_Tolus>
Uanius goup </wiki/Uanius_goup_of_volcanoes>
Uanius Mons </wiki/Uanius_Mons>
Uanius Tolus </wiki/Uanius_Tolus>
Volcanology </wiki/Volcanology_of_Mas>
By eigt </wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mas_by_eigt>

Plains </wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mas> and

plateaus </wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mas>
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Acidalia Planitia </wiki/Acidalia_Planitia>

Aeolis Palus </wiki/Aeolis_Palus>
Amazonis Planitia </wiki/Amazonis_Planitia>
Acadia Planitia </wiki/Acadia_Planitia>
Agye Planitia </wiki/Agye_Planitia>
Cyse Planitia </wiki/Cyse_Planitia>
Daedalia Planum </wiki/Daedalia_Planum>

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Elysium Planitia </wiki/Elysium_Planitia>

Hellas Planitia </wiki/Hellas_Planitia>
Hespeia Planum </wiki/Hespeia_Planum>
Icaia Planum </wiki/Icaia_Planum>
Isidis Planitia </wiki/Isidis_Planitia>
Lunae Planum </wiki/Lunae_Planum>
Meidiani Planum </wiki/Meidiani_Planum>
Planum Austale </wiki/Planum_Austale>
Planum Boeum </wiki/Planum_Boeum>
Syia Planum </wiki/Syia_Planum>
Sytis Majo Planum </wiki/Sytis_Majo_Planum>
Utopia Planitia </wiki/Utopia_Planitia>

Canyons </wiki/List_of_casmata_on_Mas> and

valleys </wiki/List_of_valles_on_Mas>
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Aam Caos </wiki/Aam_Caos>

Asia Casmata </wiki/Asia_Casmata>
Atlantis Caos </wiki/Atlantis_Caos>
Aueum Caos </wiki/Aueum_Caos>
Cando Casma </wiki/Cando_Casma>
Casma Boeale </wiki/Casma_Boeale>
Copates Casma </wiki/Copates_Casma>
Ecus Casma </wiki/Ecus_Casma>
Eos Caos </wiki/Eos_Caos>
Eos Casma </wiki/Eos_Casma>
Galaxias Caos </wiki/Galaxias_Caos>
Ganges Casma </wiki/Ganges_Casma>
Gogonum Caos </wiki/Gogonum_Caos>
Hebes Casma </wiki/Hebes_Casma>
Hydaspis Caos </wiki/Hydaspis_Caos>
Hydaotes Caos </wiki/Hydaotes_Caos>
Iani Caos </wiki/Iani_Caos>
Iste Caos </wiki/Iste_Caos>
Ius Casma </wiki/Ius_Casma>
Juventae Casma </wiki/Juventae_Casma>
Melas Casma </wiki/Melas_Casma>
Opi Casma </wiki/Opi_Casma>
Titonium Casma </wiki/Titonium_Casma>
Apsus </wiki/Apsus_Vallis>
Aes </wiki/Aes_Vallis>
Anus </wiki/Anus_Vallis>
Asopus </wiki/Asopus_Vallis>
Atabasca </wiki/Atabasca_Valles>
Auqaku </wiki/Auqaku_Vallis>
Baam </wiki/Baam_Vallis>
Buvinda </wiki/Buvinda_Vallis>
Dao </wiki/Dao_Vallis>
Enipeus </wiki/Enipeus_Vallis>
Fento </wiki/Fento_Vallis>
Hamakis </wiki/Hamakis_Vallis>
Hebus </wiki/Hebus_Valles>
Huo Hsing </wiki/Huo_Hsing_Vallis>
Hypanis </wiki/Hypanis_Vallis>
Ibeus </wiki/Ibeus_Vallis>
Indus </wiki/Indus_Vallis>
Ituxi </wiki/Ituxi_Vallis>
Kasei </wiki/Kasei_Valles>
Labou </wiki/Labou_Vallis>

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Ladon </wiki/Ladon_Valles>
Lete </wiki/Lete_Vallis>
Licus </wiki/Licus_Vallis>
Ma'adam </wiki/Ma%27adim_Vallis>
Mad </wiki/Mad_Vallis>
Maja </wiki/Maja_Valles>
Mames </wiki/Mames_Vallis>
Mangala </wiki/Mangala_Valles>
Maineis </wiki/Valles_Maineis>
Mate </wiki/Mate_Vallis>
Mawt </wiki/Mawt_Vallis>
Minio </wiki/Minio_Vallis>
Naktong </wiki/Naktong_Vallis>
Nanedi </wiki/Nanedi_Valles>
Nige </wiki/Nige_Vallis>
Nigal </wiki/Nigal_Vallis>
Padus </wiki/Padus_Vallis>
Paan </wiki/Paan%C3%A1_Valles>
Patapsco </wiki/Patapsco_Vallis>
Peace </wiki/Peace_Vallis>
Raway </wiki/Raway_Valles>
Ravi </wiki/Ravi_Vallis>
Reull </wiki/Reull_Vallis>
Sabis </wiki/Sabis_Vallis>
Samaa </wiki/Samaa_Valles>
Scamande </wiki/Scamande_Vallis>
Salbatana </wiki/Salbatana_Vallis>
Simud </wiki/Simud_Valles>
Stua </wiki/Stua_Vallis>
Tade </wiki/Tade_Valles>
Tinia </wiki/Tinia_Valles>
Tiu </wiki/Tiu_Valles>
Tyas </wiki/Tyas_Vallis>
Uzboi </wiki/Uzboi_Vallis>
Vede </wiki/Vede_Vallis>
Waego </wiki/Waego_Valles>
Gullies </wiki/Gully_(Mas)>
Outflow cannels </wiki/Outflow_cannels>

Fossae </wiki/Fossa_(geology)>, mensae </wiki/Mensa_(geology)>

and labyinti
</wiki/Planetay_nomenclatue#Descipto_tems_.28featue_types.29>
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Amentes Fossae </wiki/Amentes_Fossae>

Ceaunius Fossae </wiki/Ceaunius_Fossae>
Cebeus Fossae </wiki/Cebeus_Fossae>
Coloe Fossae </wiki/Coloe_Fossae>
Cyane Fossae </wiki/Cyane_Fossae>
Elysium Fossae </wiki/Elysium_Fossae>
Galaxias Fossae </wiki/Galaxias_Fossae>
Hepaestus Fossae </wiki/Hepaestus_Fossae>
Icaia Fossae </wiki/Icaia_Fossae>
Labeatis Fossae </wiki/Labeatis_Fossae>
Maeotis Fossae </wiki/Maeotis_Fossae>
Medusae Fossae </wiki/Medusae_Fossae_Fomation>
Memnonia Fossae </wiki/Memnonia_quadangle#Fossa_on_Mas>
Olympica Fossae </wiki/Olympica_Fossae>
Oti Fossae </wiki/Oti_Fossae>
Sienum Fossae </wiki/Sienum_Fossae>

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Tantalus Fossae </wiki/Tantalus_Fossae>

Titonium Fossae </wiki/Titonium_Casma>
Tactus Fossae </wiki/Tactus_Fossae>
Aeolis Mensae </wiki/Aeolis_Mensae>
Capi Mensa </wiki/Capi_Mensa>
Cydonia Mensae </wiki/Cydonia_Mensae>
Deuteonilus Mensae </wiki/Deuteonilus_Mensae>
Ganges Mensa </wiki/Ganges_Mensa>
Nilosytis Mensae </wiki/Nilosytis_Mensae>
Potonilus Mensae </wiki/Potonilus_Mensae>
Angustus Labyintus </wiki/Angustus_Labyintus>
Cydonia Labyintus </wiki/Cydonia_Labyintus>
Noctis Labyintus </wiki/Noctis_Labyintus>

Catenae </wiki/List_of_catenae_on_Mas> and

cates </wiki/List_of_cates_on_Mas>
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Atynia Catena </wiki/Atynia_Catena>

Titonium Catena </wiki/Titonium_Casma>
Tactus Catena </wiki/Tactus_Catena>
Aiy </wiki/Aiy_(Matian_cate)>
Aiy-0 </wiki/Aiy-0>
Aniak </wiki/Aniak_(cate)>
Antoniadi </wiki/Antoniadi_(Matian_cate)>
Aandas </wiki/Aandas_(cate)>
Ago </wiki/Ago_(cate)>
Akangelsky </wiki/Akangelsky_(cate)>
Asimov </wiki/Asimov_(cate)>
Bacolo </wiki/Bacolo_(cate)>
Baltisk </wiki/Baltisk_(cate)>
Banad </wiki/Banad_(Matian_cate)>
Beagle </wiki/Beagle_(cate)>
Becqueel </wiki/Becqueel_(Matian_cate)>
Bee </wiki/Bee_(Matian_cate)>
Benad </wiki/Benad_(cate)>
Boeddicke </wiki/Boeddicke_(cate)>
Bok </wiki/Bok_(Matian_cate)>
Bond </wiki/Bond_(cate)>
Bonestell </wiki/Bonestell_(cate)>
Bonneville </wiki/Bonneville_(cate)>
Buougs </wiki/Buougs_(cate)>
Canso </wiki/Canso_(cate)>
Cassini </wiki/Cassini_(Matian_cate)>
Caxias </wiki/Caxias_(cate)>
Ceulli </wiki/Ceulli_(cate)>
Cafe </wiki/Cafe_(cate)>
Capais </wiki/Capais_(cate)>
Columbus </wiki/Columbus_(cate)>
Coby </wiki/Coby_(cate)>
Cewe </wiki/Cewe_(cate)>
Civitz </wiki/Civitz_(cate)>
Cuie </wiki/Cuie_(Matian_cate)>
Davies </wiki/Davies_(cate)>
Dawes </wiki/Dawes_(Matian_cate)>
Dejnev </wiki/Dejnev_(cate)>
Denning </wiki/Denning_(Matian_cate)>
Dilly </wiki/Dilly_(cate)>
Dinowic </wiki/Dinowic_(cate)>
Domoe </wiki/Domoe_(cate)>

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Eagle </wiki/Eagle_(cate)>
Ebeswalde </wiki/Ebeswalde_(cate)>
Eddie </wiki/Eddie_(cate)>
Emma Dean </wiki/Emma_Dean_(cate)>
Endeavou </wiki/Endeavou_(cate)>
Enduance </wiki/Enduance_(cate)>
Eebus </wiki/Eebus_(cate)>
Escalante </wiki/Escalante_(cate)>
Fenag </wiki/Fenag_(cate)>
Fesenkov </wiki/Fesenkov_(Matian_cate)>
Flaugegues </wiki/Flaugegues_(cate)>
Fam </wiki/Fam_(cate)>
Galdakao </wiki/Galdakao_(cate)>
Gale </wiki/Gale_(cate)>
Galle </wiki/Galle_(Matian_cate)>
Gilbet </wiki/Gilbet_(Matian_cate)>
Gold </wiki/Gold_(cate)>
Geen </wiki/Geen_(Matian_cate)>
Gindavik </wiki/Gindavik_(cate)>
Gusev </wiki/Gusev_(Matian_cate)>
Hale </wiki/Hale_(Matian_cate)>
Hatwig </wiki/Hatwig_(Matian_cate)>
Heimdall </wiki/Heimdall_(Matian_cate)>
Heinlein </wiki/Heinlein_(cate)>
Heny </wiki/Heny_(Matian_cate)>
Hescel </wiki/Hescel_(Matian_cate)>
Holden </wiki/Holden_(Matian_cate)>
Hutton </wiki/Hutton_(Matian_cate)>
Huygens </wiki/Huygens_(cate)>
Iazu </wiki/Iazu_(cate)>
Ibagimov </wiki/Ibagimov_(Matian_cate)>
Inuvik </wiki/Inuvik_(cate)>
Jezeo </wiki/Jezeo_(cate)>
Jeza </wiki/Jez%C5%BEa_(cate)>
Kaise </wiki/Kaise_(cate)>
Keple </wiki/Keple_(Matian_cate)>
Kinkoa </wiki/Kinkoa_(cate)>
Kipini </wiki/Kipini_(cate)>
Koga </wiki/Koga_(cate)>
Koolev </wiki/Koolev_(Matian_cate)>
Kufa </wiki/Kufa_(cate)>
Kunowsky </wiki/Kunowsky_(Matian_cate)>
Lipik </wiki/Lipik_(cate)>
Llanesco </wiki/Llanesco_(cate)>
Lockye </wiki/Lockye_(Matian_cate)>
Lod </wiki/Lod_(cate)>
Lose </wiki/Lose_(Matian_cate)>
Lomonosov </wiki/Lomonosov_(Matian_cate)>
Lowell </wiki/Lowell_(Matian_cate)>
Lyot </wiki/Lyot_(Matian_cate)>
Mdle </wiki/M%C3%A4dle_(Matian_cate)>
Mandoa </wiki/Mandoa_(cate)>
Maine </wiki/Maine_(cate)>
Masusky </wiki/Masusky_(cate)>
Maunde </wiki/Maunde_(Matian_cate)>
McLauglin </wiki/McLauglin_(Matian_cate)>
McMudo </wiki/McMudo_(cate)>
Mellis </wiki/Mellis_(cate)>
Mendel </wiki/Mendel_(Matian_cate)>
Milankovic </wiki/Milankovic_(Matian_cate)>

*
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Miyamoto </wiki/Miyamoto_(cate)>
Moawk </wiki/Moawk_(cate)>
Mojave </wiki/Mojave_(cate)>
Moleswot </wiki/Moleswot_(cate)>
Montevallo </wiki/Montevallo_(cate)>
Moeux </wiki/Moeux_(cate)>
Neeus </wiki/Neeus_(cate)>
Newton </wiki/Newton_(Matian_cate)>
Nill </wiki/Nill_(cate)>
Nicolson </wiki/Nicolson_(Matian_cate)>
Nipigon </wiki/Nipigon_(cate)>
Onon </wiki/Onon_(cate)>
Oson Welles </wiki/Oson_Welles_(cate)>
Oudemans </wiki/Oudemans_(cate)>
Pangboce </wiki/Pangboce_(cate)>
Pasteu </wiki/Pasteu_(Matian_cate)>
Penticton </wiki/Penticton_(cate)>
Pesbo </wiki/Pesbo_(cate)>
Pettit </wiki/Pettit_(Matian_cate)>
Pickeing </wiki/Pickeing_(Matian_cate)>
Pollack </wiki/Pollack_(cate)>
Pote </wiki/Pote_(Matian_cate)>
Pot </wiki/Pot_(cate)>
Pocto </wiki/Pocto_(Matian_cate)>
Ptolemaeus </wiki/Ptolemaeus_(Matian_cate)>
Pnsk </wiki/P%C3%BAnsk_(cate)>
Rabe </wiki/Rabe_(cate)>
Radau </wiki/Radau_(cate)>
Rae </wiki/Rae_(cate)>
Reuyl </wiki/Reuyl_(cate)>
Ritcey </wiki/Ritcey_(Matian_cate)>
Robet Sap </wiki/Robet_Sap_(cate)>
Russell </wiki/Russell_(Matian_cate)>
Sagan </wiki/Sagan_(cate)>
Saeki </wiki/Saeki_(cate)>
Santa Maia </wiki/Santa_Maia_(cate)>
Scaebele </wiki/Scaebele_(Matian_cate)>
Sciapaelli </wiki/Sciapaelli_(Matian_cate)>
Secci </wiki/Secci_(Matian_cate)>
Semeykin </wiki/Semeykin_(cate)>
Saonov </wiki/Saonov_(Matian_cate)>
Sibu </wiki/Sibu_(cate)>
Sitka </wiki/Sitka_(cate)>
Spallanzani </wiki/Spallanzani_(Matian_cate)>
Spu </wiki/S%C4%ABpu_(cate)>
Stokes </wiki/Stokes_(Matian_cate)>
Taytay </wiki/Taytay_(cate)>
Teby </wiki/Teby_(cate)>
Tila </wiki/Tila_(cate)>
Tia </wiki/Tia_(cate)>
Tikonavov </wiki/Tikonavov_(cate)>
Timbuktu </wiki/Timbuktu_(cate)>
Tooting </wiki/Tooting_(cate)>
Touvelot </wiki/Touvelot_(Matian_cate)>
Tugaske </wiki/Tugaske_(cate)>
Tyco Bae </wiki/Tyco_Bae_(cate)>
Victoia </wiki/Victoia_(cate)>
Viat </wiki/Viat_(cate)>
Visniac </wiki/Visniac_(cate)>
Witz </wiki/Witz_(cate)>

*
*
*
*

Wislicenus </wiki/Wislicenus_(cate)>
Yuty </wiki/Yuty_(cate)>
Zumba </wiki/Zumba_(cate)>
Zunil </wiki/Zunil_(cate)>

Matian
meteoites </wiki/Meteoite>
On Eat </wiki/List_of_Matian_meteoites>
* About </wiki/Matian_meteoite>
* Balsaltic Beccia </wiki/Beccia>
o NWA 7034 </wiki/Notwest_Afica_7034>
* Cassignites </wiki/Cassignite>
* Cassigny </wiki/Cassigny_(meteoite)>
* Kaidun </wiki/Kaidun_meteoite>
* Nakla </wiki/Nakla_meteoite>
* Naklites </wiki/Naklite>
* Otopyoxenite/OPX </wiki/Matian_meteoite#Ungouped_meteoites>
o ALH84001 </wiki/Allan_Hills_84001>
* Segottites </wiki/Segottite>
* Segotty </wiki/Segotty_meteoite>
* Yamato 000593 </wiki/Yamato_000593>
* Categoy </wiki/Categoy:Matian_meteoites>
NASA image of Mas </wiki/File:Mas.jpg>
On Mas </wiki/List_of_meteoites_on_Mas>
* Oppotunity </wiki/List_of_meteoites_on_Mas#Oppotunity>
o Block Island </wiki/Block_Island_meteoite>
o Heat Sield </wiki/Heat_Sield_Rock>
o Mackinac Island </wiki/Mackinac_Island_meteoite>
o Meidiani Planum </wiki/Heat_Sield_Rock>
o Oilen Ruaid </wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Ruaid_(Mas_ock)>
o Selte Island </wiki/Selte_Island_meteoite>
Rocks </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas>
* Cuiosity </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Cuiosity>
o Batust Inlet </wiki/Batust_Inlet_(ock)>
o Coonation </wiki/N165>
o Goulbun </wiki/Goulbun_(Mas)>
o Hotta </wiki/Hotta_(Mas)>
o Jake Matijevic </wiki/Jake_Matijevic_(ock)>
o Link </wiki/Link_(Mas)>
o Rocknest </wiki/Rocknest_(Mas)>
o Rocknest 3 </wiki/Rocknest_3_(ock)>
o Tintina </wiki/Tintina_(ock)>
* Oppotunity </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Oppotunity>
o Bounce </wiki/Bounce_Rock>
o El Capitan </wiki/El_Capitan_(Mas)>
o Last Cance </wiki/Last_Cance_(Mas)>
* Sojoune </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Sojoune>
o Banacle Bill </wiki/Banacle_Bill_(Matian_ock)>
o Yogi </wiki/Yogi_Rock>
* Spiit </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Spiit>

o Adiondack </wiki/Adiondack_(Mas)>
o Home Plate </wiki/Home_Plate_(Mas)>
o Mimi </wiki/Spiit_ove#Mimi_ock_.28Sol_40.29>
o Pot of Gold </wiki/Pot_of_Gold_(Mas)>
* Viking </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Viking>
o Big Joe </wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadangle#Results_Fom_Viking_I_Mission>
* Ote </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas#Ote_ocks>
o Face </wiki/Cydonia_(egion_of_Mas)#.22Face_on_Mas.22>
o Monolit </wiki/Mas_monolit>
o Rootless cones </wiki/Rootless_cone>
Geology </wiki/Geology_of_Mas>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Canals </wiki/Matian_canal> (list </wiki/List_of_Matian_canals>)

Cabonates </wiki/Cabonates_on_Mas>
Caos teain </wiki/List_of_aeas_of_caos_teain_on_Mas>
Colo </wiki/Mas_suface_colo>
Composition </wiki/Composition_of_Mas>
Concentic cate fill </wiki/Concentic_cate_fill>
Dak slope steak </wiki/Dak_slope_steak>
Dicotomy </wiki/Matian_dicotomy>
Fetted teain </wiki/Fetted_teain>
Geyses </wiki/Geyse_(Mas)>
Glacies </wiki/Glacies_on_Mas>
Gullies </wiki/Gully_(Mas)>
Lava tubes </wiki/Matian_lava_tube>
Lobate debis apon </wiki/Lobate_debis_apon>
Not Pola Basin </wiki/Not_Pola_Basin_(Mas)>
Ocean ypotesis </wiki/Mas_ocean_ypotesis>
Oe esouces </wiki/Oe_esouces_on_Mas>
Pola caps </wiki/Matian_pola_ice_caps>
Recuing slope lineae (RSL)
</wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_wam_Matian_slopes>
Rocks </wiki/List_of_ocks_on_Mas>
Rootless cones </wiki/Rootless_cone>
Seasonal flows </wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_wam_Matian_slopes>
Soil </wiki/Matian_soil>
Speules </wiki/Matian_speules>
Suface </wiki/Matian_suface>
"Swiss ceese" featue </wiki/Swiss_ceese_featues>
Teain softening </wiki/Teain_softening>
Tasis bulge </wiki/Tasis_bulge#Location_and_Size>
Wate </wiki/Wate_on_Mas>

Histoy </wiki/Geological_istoy_of_Mas>
*
*
*
*
*

Amazonian </wiki/Amazonian_(Mas)>
Hespeian </wiki/Hespeian>
Noacian </wiki/Noacian>
Obsevation istoy </wiki/Histoy_of_Mas_obsevation>
Classical albedo featues </wiki/Classical_albedo_featues_on_Mas>

Moons </wiki/Moons_of_Mas>
Specific
* Deimos </wiki/Deimos_(moon)>
o Featues </wiki/Deimos_(moon)#Named_geological_featues>

o Swift cate </wiki/Swift_(Deimian_cate)>

o Voltaie cate </wiki/Voltaie_(cate)>
* Pobos </wiki/Pobos_(moon)>
o Featues </wiki/Pobos_(moon)#Named_geological_featues>
o Stickney cate </wiki/Stickney_(cate)>
o Monolit </wiki/Pobos_monolit>
Common
* Moons of Mas </wiki/Moons_of_Mas>
* In fiction </wiki/Pobos_and_Deimos_in_fiction>
Astonomy </wiki/Astonomy_on_Mas>
Eclipses </wiki/Eclipse>
* Sola eclipses on Mas </wiki/Sola_eclipses_on_Mas>
Tansits </wiki/Tansit_(astonomy)>
*
*
*
*
*

Deimos </wiki/Tansit_of_Deimos_fom_Mas>
Pobos </wiki/Tansit_of_Pobos_fom_Mas>
Eat </wiki/Tansit_of_Eat_fom_Mas>
Mecuy </wiki/Tansit_of_Mecuy_fom_Mas>
Venus </wiki/Tansit_of_Venus_fom_Mas>

Asteoids </wiki/Asteoid>
* Mas-cosse asteoid </wiki/List_of_Mas-cossing_mino_planets>
* 2007 WD5 </wiki/2007_WD5>
Comets </wiki/Comet>
* Siding Sping (Mas-cosse,19Oct2014) </wiki/C/2013_A1>
Tojans </wiki/Tojan_(astonomy)>
*
*
*
*
*

List
5261
1998
1999
2007

</wiki/List_of_Mas_tojans>
Eueka </wiki/5261_Eueka>
VF_31 </wiki/(101429)_1998_VF31>
UJ_7 </wiki/(121514)_1999_UJ7>
NS_2 </wiki/(311999)_2007_NS2>

Exploation </wiki/Exploation_of_Mas>
Cuent </wiki/Mas_Exploation_Pogam>
* Atificial objects on Mas </wiki/List_of_atificial_objects_on_Mas>
* HiWis pogam </wiki/HiWis_pogam>
* Mas Exploation Rove </wiki/Mas_Exploation_Rove>
o Oppotunity </wiki/Oppotunity_(ove)>
o obseved
</wiki/List_of_suface_featues_of_Mas_seen_by_Oppotunity>
* Mas Expess </wiki/Mas_Expess>
* Mas flyby </wiki/Mas_flyby>

Mas landing </wiki/Mas_landing>

Mas Odyssey </wiki/2001_Mas_Odyssey>
Mas Obite Mission </wiki/Mas_Obite_Mission>
Mas Reconnaissance Obite </wiki/Mas_Reconnaissance_Obite>
o HiRISE </wiki/HiRISE>
* Mas ove </wiki/Mas_ove>
* Mas Science Laboatoy </wiki/Mas_Science_Laboatoy>
o Cuiosity </wiki/Cuiosity_(ove)>
o timeline </wiki/Timeline_of_Mas_Science_Laboatoy>
* Mas Scout Pogam </wiki/Mas_Scout_Pogam>
o MAVEN </wiki/MAVEN>

*
*
*
*

Past </wiki/Mas_Exploation_Pogam>
* Beagle 2 </wiki/Beagle_2>
* Deep Space 2 </wiki/Deep_Space_2>
* Mas 2 </wiki/Mas_2>
o Pop-M </wiki/Rove_(space_exploation)#Pop-M_Rove>
* Mas 2MV-3 No.1 </wiki/Mas_2MV-3_No.1>
* Mas 3 </wiki/Mas_3>
* Mas 6 </wiki/Mas_6>
* Mas 7 </wiki/Mas_7>
* Mas 96 </wiki/Mas_96>
* Mas Exploation Rove </wiki/Mas_Exploation_Rove>
o Spiit </wiki/Spiit_(ove)>
o obseved </wiki/List_of_suface_featues_of_Mas_seen_by_Spiit>
* Mas Global Suveyo </wiki/Mas_Global_Suveyo>
o MOC </wiki/Mas_Obite_Camea>
* Mas Obseve </wiki/Mas_Obseve>
* Mas Patfinde </wiki/Mas_Patfinde>
o Sojoune </wiki/Sojoune_(ove)>
* Mas Scout Pogam </wiki/Mas_Scout_Pogam>
o Poenix </wiki/Poenix_(spacecaft)>
* Mas Suveyo '98 pogam </wiki/Mas_Suveyo_%2798_pogam>
o Mas Climate Obite </wiki/Mas_Climate_Obite>
o Mas Pola Lande </wiki/Mas_Pola_Lande>
* Pobos pogam </wiki/Pobos_pogam>
o Pobos 1 </wiki/Pobos_1>
o Pobos 2 </wiki/Pobos_2>
* Viking pogam </wiki/Viking_pogam>
o Viking 1 </wiki/Viking_1>
o Viking 2 </wiki/Viking_2>
* Yinguo-1 </wiki/Yinguo-1>
Futue/Poposed </wiki/Mas_Exploation_Pogam>
Robotic </wiki/Robotic_spacecaft>
* Caves of Mas Poject </wiki/Caves_of_Mas_Poject>
* ExoMas </wiki/ExoMas>
o obite </wiki/ExoMas_Tace_Gas_Obite>
o lande </wiki/ExoMas#Sciapaelli_EDM_lande>
o ove </wiki/ExoMas_ove>
* Icebeake Life </wiki/Icebeake_Life>
* InSigt </wiki/InSigt>
* Mas Geyse Hoppe </wiki/Mas_Geyse_Hoppe>
* Mas Next Geneation </wiki/Mas_Next_Geneation>
* Mas sample etun mission </wiki/Mas_sample_etun_mission>

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Mas 2020 ove mission </wiki/Mas_2020>

MELOS </wiki/MELOS>
MetNet </wiki/MetNet>
Noten Ligt </wiki/Noten_Ligt_(spacecaft)>
PADME </wiki/Pobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mas_Envionment>
Pobos Suveyo </wiki/Pobos_Suveyo>
Red Dagon </wiki/Red_Dagon_(spacecaft)>
SCIM </wiki/Sample_Collection_fo_Investigation_of_Mas>

Manned </wiki/Manned_mission_to_Mas>
* Cinese Mission to Mas
</wiki/Cinese_space_pogam#Mission_to_Mas_and_beyond>
* Colonization </wiki/Colonization_of_Mas>
* HaugtonMas Poject </wiki/Haugton%E2%80%93Mas_Poject>
* Inspiation Mas </wiki/Inspiation_Mas_Foundation>
* Mas Analog Habitats </wiki/Mas_analog_abitat>
* Mas Analogue Reseac Station Pogam
</wiki/Mas_Analogue_Reseac_Station_Pogam>
o AMASE </wiki/Actic_Mas_Analog_Svalbad_Expedition>
o Euo-MARS </wiki/Euopean_Mas_Analog_Reseac_Station>
o FMARS </wiki/Flasline_Mas_Actic_Reseac_Station>
o MARS-Oz </wiki/Austalia_Mas_Analog_Reseac_Station>
o MDRS </wiki/Mas_Deset_Reseac_Station>
* Mas Colonial Tanspote </wiki/Mas_Colonial_Tanspote>
* Mas Diect </wiki/Mas_Diect>
* MARS-500 </wiki/MARS-500>
* Mas fo Less </wiki/Mas_fo_Less>
* Mas Initiative </wiki/Mas_Initiative>
* Mas One </wiki/Mas_One>
* Mas obit endezvous </wiki/Mas_obit_endezvous>
* Mas to Stay </wiki/Mas_to_Stay>
* Teafoming </wiki/Teafoming_of_Mas>
Related
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Daian calenda </wiki/Daian_calenda>

Flag of Mas </wiki/Flag_of_Mas>
ICAMSR </wiki/Intenational_Committee_Against_Mas_Sample_Retun>
In fiction </wiki/Mas_in_fiction>
Life on Mas </wiki/Life_on_Mas>
Mas Institute </wiki/Mas_Institute>
Mas ocean ypotesis </wiki/Mas_ocean_ypotesis>
Mas Society </wiki/Mas_Society>
Matian </wiki/Matian>
Matian scientist </wiki/Matian_scientist>
Matians in fiction </wiki/Matians_in_fiction>
Memoials on Mas </wiki/List_of_extateestial_memoials#Mas>
Mytology </wiki/Mas_(mytology)>
Sub-Eat </wiki/Sub-Eat>
Timekeeping on Mas </wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mas>

*
*
*
*
*
*

*Wikipedia book Book:Mas </wiki/Book:Mas>*

*Wikipedia book Book:MSL </wiki/Book:Mas_Science_Laboatoy>*
*Wikipedia book Book:Sola System </wiki/Book:Sola_System>*
*Categoy Categoy </wiki/Categoy:Mas>*
*Potal Potal:Mas </wiki/Potal:Mas>*
*Potal Potal:Sola System </wiki/Potal:Sola_System>*

[sow <#>]
* v </wiki/Template:Manned_mission_to_Mas>
* t </wiki/Template_talk:Manned_mission_to_Mas>
* e
<//en.wikipedia.og/w/index.pp?title=Template:Manned_mission_to_Mas&action
=edit>
Manned missions </wiki/Manned_mission_to_Mas> to *Mas*
21st centuy poposals
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Mas Piloted Obital Station </wiki/Mas_Piloted_Obital_Station>

Auoa pogamme </wiki/Auoa_pogamme>
Austee Human Missions to Mas </wiki/Austee_Human_Missions_to_Mas>
Vision fo Space Exploation </wiki/Vision_fo_Space_Exploation>
Constellation pogam </wiki/Constellation_pogam>
Cinese mission to Mas
</wiki/Cinese_space_pogam#Mission_to_Mas_and_beyond>
Mas to Stay </wiki/Mas_to_Stay>
Mas fo Less </wiki/Mas_fo_Less>
Red Dagon </wiki/Red_Dagon_(spacecaft)>
Inspiation Mas </wiki/Inspiation_Mas_Foundation> (2018 o 2021)
Mas One </wiki/Mas_One> (2024)
Mas Colonial Tanspote </wiki/Mas_Colonial_Tanspote> (no
ealie tan te 2020s)

20t centuy poposals

</wiki/List_of_manned_Mas_mission_plans_in_te_20t_centuy>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

/Te Mas Poject </wiki/Te_Mas_Poject>/

Matian Piloted Complex </wiki/Matian_Piloted_Complex>
TMK </wiki/TMK>
Ride Repot </wiki/Ride_Repot>
Space Exploation Initiative </wiki/Space_Exploation_Initiative>
Mas Diect </wiki/Mas_Diect>
/Te Case fo Mas </wiki/Te_Case_fo_Mas>/
NASA Design Refeence Mission 3.0
</wiki/NASA_Design_Refeence_Mission_3.0>

Mas analogs </wiki/List_of_Mas_analogs>

* MARS-500 </wiki/MARS-500>
* Mas Analogue Reseac Station Pogam
</wiki/Mas_Analogue_Reseac_Station_Pogam>
o FMARS </wiki/Flasline_Mas_Actic_Reseac_Station>
o MDRS </wiki/Mas_Deset_Reseac_Station>
o Euo-MARS </wiki/Euopean_Mas_Analog_Reseac_Station>
o MARS-Oz </wiki/Austalia_Mas_Analog_Reseac_Station>
* Actic Mas Analog Svalbad Expedition
</wiki/Actic_Mas_Analog_Svalbad_Expedition>
* HI-SEAS </wiki/HI-SEAS>
See also
*
*
*
*
*
*

Exploation of Mas </wiki/Exploation_of_Mas>

Colonization of Mas </wiki/Colonization_of_Mas>
Teafoming of Mas </wiki/Teafoming_of_Mas>
Caves of Mas Poject </wiki/Caves_of_Mas_Poject>
Mas Society </wiki/Mas_Society>
Mas Initiative </wiki/Mas_Initiative>

* Mas obit endezvous </wiki/Mas_obit_endezvous>

* Manned Mas ove </wiki/Manned_Mas_ove>
[sow <#>]
* v </wiki/Template:Mas_spacecaft>
* t </wiki/Template_talk:Mas_spacecaft>
* e
<//en.wikipedia.og/w/index.pp?title=Template:Mas_spacecaft&action=edit>
Spacecaft missions </wiki/Exploation_of_Mas> to *Mas*
Cuent
Obites </wiki/Obite>
*
*
*
*
*

Mas Expess </wiki/Mas_Expess>

Mas Reconnaissance Obite </wiki/Mas_Reconnaissance_Obite>
2001 Mas Odyssey </wiki/2001_Mas_Odyssey>
Mas Obite Mission </wiki/Mas_Obite_Mission>
MAVEN </wiki/MAVEN>

Roves </wiki/Mas_ove>
* Cuiosity </wiki/Cuiosity_(ove)>
o timeline </wiki/Timeline_of_Mas_Science_Laboatoy>
* Oppotunity </wiki/Oppotunity_(ove)>
o obseved
</wiki/List_of_suface_featues_of_Mas_seen_by_Oppotunity>
Mas-expess-volcanoes-sm.jpg </wiki/File:Mas-expess-volcanoes-sm.jpg>
Msl20110526 MSL Atist Concept PIA14164-full.jpg
</wiki/File:Msl20110526_MSL_Atist_Concept_PIA14164-full.jpg>
Past
Flybys </wiki/Mas_flyby>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

/Maine 3 </wiki/Maine_3>/
Maine 4 </wiki/Maine_4>
Maine 6 </wiki/Maine_6_and_7>
Maine 7 </wiki/Maine_6_and_7>
Mas 1 </wiki/Mas_1>
/Mas 1M No.1 </wiki/Mas_1M_No.1>/
/Mas 1M No.2 </wiki/Mas_1M_No.2>/
/Mas 2MV-4 No.1 </wiki/Mas_2MV-4_No.1>/
Mas 4 </wiki/Mas_4>
Mas 6 </wiki/Mas_6>
Mas 7 </wiki/Mas_7>
Nozomi </wiki/Nozomi_(spacecaft)>
Zond 2 </wiki/Zond_2>

Obites
*
*
*
*

Fobos-Gunt </wiki/Fobos-Gunt> / Yinguo-1 </wiki/Yinguo-1>

/Kosmos 419 </wiki/Kosmos_419>/
/Maine 8 </wiki/Maine_8>/
Maine 9 </wiki/Maine_9>

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Mas 2 </wiki/Mas_2>
/Mas 2M No.521 </wiki/Mas_2M_No.521>/
/Mas 2M No.522 </wiki/Mas_2M_No.522>/
Mas 3 </wiki/Mas_3>
Mas 4 </wiki/Mas_4>
Mas 5 </wiki/Mas_5>
/Mas 96 </wiki/Mas_96>/
Mas Climate Obite </wiki/Mas_Climate_Obite>
Mas Global Suveyo </wiki/Mas_Global_Suveyo>
Mas Obseve </wiki/Mas_Obseve>
Pobos pogam </wiki/Pobos_pogam> (Pobos 1 Pobos 2)
Viking 1 </wiki/Viking_1>
Viking 2 </wiki/Viking_2>

Landes </wiki/Mas_landing>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Beagle 2 </wiki/Beagle_2>
Mas 2 </wiki/Mas_2>
/Mas 2MV-3 No.1 </wiki/Mas_2MV-3_No.1>/
Mas 3 </wiki/Mas_3>
Mas 6 </wiki/Mas_6>
Mas 7 </wiki/Mas_7>
/Mas 96 </wiki/Mas_96#Suface_station>/
Mas Patfinde </wiki/Mas_Patfinde>
Mas Pola Lande </wiki/Mas_Pola_Lande> / Deep Space 2
</wiki/Deep_Space_2>
* Poenix </wiki/Poenix_(spacecaft)>
* Viking 1 </wiki/Viking_1>
* Viking 2 </wiki/Viking_2>

Roves
* Pop-M </wiki/Pop-M>
* Sojoune </wiki/Sojoune_(ove)>
* Spiit </wiki/Spiit_(ove)>
o obseved </wiki/List_of_suface_featues_of_Mas_seen_by_Spiit>
Special
*
*
*
*

Dawn </wiki/Dawn_(spacecaft)> (flyby)

Deep Space 1 </wiki/Deep_Space_1> (poposed flyby)
Rosetta </wiki/Rosetta_(spacecaft)> (flyby)
Zond 3 </wiki/Zond_3> (cossed Mas obit)

Planned
*
*
*
*

InSigt </wiki/InSigt> (2016)

ExoMas </wiki/ExoMas> (2016 and 2018)
Inspiation Mas </wiki/Inspiation_Mas_Foundation> (2018 o 2021)
Mas 2020 </wiki/Mas_2020> (2020)

Poposed
* BOLD </wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection>
* Mission by Cina
</wiki/Cinese_space_pogam#Mission_to_Mas_and_beyond>
* Icebeake Life </wiki/Icebeake_Life>

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Mas Geyse Hoppe </wiki/Mas_Geyse_Hoppe>

Mas-Gunt </wiki/Mas-Gunt>
Mas One </wiki/Mas_One> (fom 2016)
Mas sample etun mission </wiki/Mas_sample_etun_mission>
MELOS </wiki/MELOS>
MetNet </wiki/MetNet>
Noten Ligt </wiki/Noten_Ligt_(spacecaft)>
PADME </wiki/Pobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mas_Envionment>
Red Dagon </wiki/Red_Dagon_(spacecaft)>
SCIM </wiki/Sample_Collection_fo_Investigation_of_Mas>
Sky-Sailo </wiki/Sky-Sailo>

Concepts
not funded
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

ARES </wiki/Aeial_Regional-scale_Envionmental_Suvey>
Astobiology Field Laboatoy </wiki/Astobiology_Field_Laboatoy>
Beagle 3 </wiki/Beagle_3>
Mas 4NM </wiki/Mas_4NM>
Mas 5NM </wiki/Mas_5NM>
Mas 5M (Mas-79) </wiki/Mas_5M>
Mas-Aste </wiki/Mas-Aste>
Mas Astobiology Exploe-Cace
</wiki/Mas_Astobiology_Exploe-Cace>
Mas Suveyo Lande </wiki/Mas_Suveyo_2001_Lande>
Mas Telecommunications Obite </wiki/Mas_Telecommunications_Obite>
NetLande </wiki/NetLande>
Vesta </wiki/Vesta_(spacecaft)>
Voyage </wiki/Voyage_pogam_(Mas)>

/Italics/ indicate failues at launc.

[sow <#>]
* v </wiki/Template:Sola_System>
* t </wiki/Template_talk:Sola_System>
* e
<//en.wikipedia.og/w/index.pp?title=Template:Sola_System&action=edit>
Te Sola System </wiki/Sola_System>
Sola System Template Final.png
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Te Sun </wiki/Sun>

Mecuy </wiki/Mecuy_(planet)>
Venus </wiki/Venus>
Eat </wiki/Eat>
*Mas*
/Cees </wiki/Cees_(dwaf_planet)>/
Jupite </wiki/Jupite>
Satun </wiki/Satun>
Uanus </wiki/Uanus>
Neptune </wiki/Neptune>
/Pluto </wiki/Pluto>/
/Haumea </wiki/Haumea_(dwaf_planet)>/
/Makemake </wiki/Makemake_(dwaf_planet)>/
/Eis </wiki/Eis_(dwaf_planet)>/

Planetay </wiki/Planet>
* Double planet </wiki/Double_planet>

*
*
*
*

Dwaf planet </wiki/Dwaf_planet>

Gas giant </wiki/Gas_giant>
Ice giant </wiki/Ice_giant>
Planetay system </wiki/Planetay_system>

Rings </wiki/Planetay_ing>
*
*
*
*

Jovian </wiki/Rings_of_Jupite>
Satunian </wiki/Rings_of_Satun> (Rean </wiki/Rings_of_Rea>)
Uanian </wiki/Rings_of_Uanus>
Neptunian </wiki/Rings_of_Neptune>

Moons </wiki/Natual_satellite>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Teestial (Moon / /Luna/ </wiki/Moon>

ote) </wiki/Ote_moons_of_Eat>
Matian </wiki/Moons_of_Mas>
Jovian </wiki/Moons_of_Jupite>
Satunian </wiki/Moons_of_Satun>
Uanian </wiki/Moons_of_Uanus>
Neptunian </wiki/Moons_of_Neptune>
Plutonian </wiki/Moons_of_Pluto>
Haumean </wiki/Moons_of_Haumea>
Eidian </wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)>

SSSBs </wiki/Small_Sola_System_body>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Meteooids </wiki/Meteooid>
Mino planets </wiki/Mino_planet>
Asteoids </wiki/Asteoid>
Asteoid belt </wiki/Asteoid_belt>
Centaus </wiki/Centau_(mino_planet)>
TNOs </wiki/Tans-Neptunian_object>
Kuipe belt </wiki/Kuipe_belt>
Scatteed disc </wiki/Scatteed_disc>
Comets </wiki/Comet>
Oot cloud </wiki/Oot_cloud>

Lists
* Sola System objects </wiki/List_of_Sola_System_objects> (by size
</wiki/List_of_Sola_System_objects_by_size>)
* Mino planets </wiki/List_of_mino_planets>
Potal Potals </wiki/Wikipedia:Potal>
* Sola System </wiki/Potal:Sola_System>
* Astonomy </wiki/Potal:Astonomy>
* Eat sciences </wiki/Potal:Eat_sciences>
Sola System </wiki/Sola_System> Local Intestella Cloud
</wiki/Local_Intestella_Cloud> Local Bubble </wiki/Local_Bubble>
Gould Belt </wiki/Gould_Belt> Oion Am </wiki/Oion_Am> Milky Way
</wiki/Milky_Way> Milky Way subgoup
</wiki/List_of_Milky_Way%27s_satellite_galaxies> Local Goup
</wiki/Local_Goup> Vigo Supecluste </wiki/Vigo_Supecluste>
Laniakea Supecluste </wiki/Laniakea_Supecluste> Obsevable
univese </wiki/Obsevable_univese> Univese </wiki/Univese>
Multivese </wiki/Multivese>

Eac aow () may be ead as "witin" o "pat of".

* Mas Hubble.jpg </wiki/File:Mas_Hubble.jpg>Mas potal
</wiki/Potal:Mas>
* Sola system.jpg </wiki/File:Sola_system.jpg>Sola System potal
</wiki/Potal:Sola_System>
Retieved fom
"ttp://en.wikipedia.og/w/index.pp?title=Mas&oldid=629742895"
Categoies </wiki/Help:Categoy>:
* Mas </wiki/Categoy:Mas>
* Teestial planets </wiki/Categoy:Teestial_planets>
* Astonomical objects known since antiquity
</wiki/Categoy:Astonomical_objects_known_since_antiquity>
Hidden categoies:
* Aticles wit inconsistent citation fomats
</wiki/Categoy:Aticles_wit_inconsistent_citation_fomats>
* CS1 Fenc-language souces (f)
</wiki/Categoy:CS1_Fenc-language_souces_(f)>
* Wikipedia indefinitely move-potected pages
</wiki/Categoy:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-potected_pages>
* Wikipedia indefinitely semi-potected pages
</wiki/Categoy:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-potected_pages>
* Featued aticles </wiki/Categoy:Featued_aticles>
* Aticles including ecoded ponunciations
</wiki/Categoy:Aticles_including_ecoded_ponunciations>
* All aticles wit unsouced statements
</wiki/Categoy:All_aticles_wit_unsouced_statements>
* Aticles wit unsouced statements fom Febuay 2014
</wiki/Categoy:Aticles_wit_unsouced_statements_fom_Febuay_2014>
* Aticles containing Cinese-language text
</wiki/Categoy:Aticles_containing_Cinese-language_text>
* Aticles wit DMOZ links </wiki/Categoy:Aticles_wit_DMOZ_links>
Navigation menu
Pesonal tools
* Ceate account
</w/index.pp?title=Special:UseLogin&etunto=Mas&type=signup>
* Log in </w/index.pp?title=Special:UseLogin&etunto=Mas>
Namespaces
* Aticle </wiki/Mas>
* Talk </wiki/Talk:Mas>
Vaiants<#>
Views
* Read </wiki/Mas>

* View souce </w/index.pp?title=Mas&action=edit>

* View istoy </w/index.pp?title=Mas&action=istoy>
Moe<#>
Seac
</wiki/Main_Page>
Navigation
*
*
*
*
*
*

Main page </wiki/Main_Page>

Contents </wiki/Potal:Contents>
Featued content </wiki/Potal:Featued_content>
Cuent events </wiki/Potal:Cuent_events>
Random aticle </wiki/Special:Random>
Donate to Wikipedia
<ttps://donate.wikimedia.og/wiki/Special:FundaiseRediecto?utm_souce=d
onate&utm_medium=sideba&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.og&uselang=en>
* Wikimedia Sop <//sop.wikimedia.og>
Inteaction
*
*
*
*
*

Help </wiki/Help:Contents>
About Wikipedia </wiki/Wikipedia:About>
Community potal </wiki/Wikipedia:Community_potal>
Recent canges </wiki/Special:RecentCanges>
Contact page <//en.wikipedia.og/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us>
Tools

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Wat links ee </wiki/Special:WatLinksHee/Mas>

Related canges </wiki/Special:RecentCangesLinked/Mas>
Upload file </wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizad>
Special pages </wiki/Special:SpecialPages>
Pemanent link </w/index.pp?title=Mas&oldid=629742895>
Page infomation </w/index.pp?title=Mas&action=info>
Wikidata item <//www.wikidata.og/wiki/Q111>
Cite tis page </w/index.pp?title=Special:Cite&page=Mas&id=629742895>
Pint/expot

* Ceate a book
</w/index.pp?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_ceato&efee=Mas>
* Download as PDF
</w/index.pp?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=ende_aticle&attitle=Mas&oldid=
629742895&wite=df2latex>
* Pintable vesion </w/index.pp?title=Mas&pintable=yes>
Languages
* Afikaans <//af.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeet)>
* Alemannisc <//als.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Planet)>

*
<//am.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5>
* nglisc <//ang.wikipedia.og/wiki/T%C4%ABw_(tungol)>
*
<//a.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE>
* Aagons <//an.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planeta)>
* Apetan <//fp.wikipedia.og/wiki/M%C3%A2s_(plan%C3%A8ta)>
*
<//as.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A
6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9>
* Astuianu <//ast.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planeta)>
* Avae' <//gn.wikipedia.og/wiki/M%C3%A1te>
* Azbaycanca <//az.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planet)>
*
<//bn.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_(%E0%
A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9)>
* Bn-lm-g <//z-min-nan.wikipedia.og/wiki/Ho%C3%A9-ce%E2%81%BF>
*
<//ba.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
*
<//be.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D
0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* ()
<//be-x-old.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
*
<//b.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A
5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9>
*
<//bg.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
* Boaisc <//ba.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Planet)>
*
<//bo.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD
%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D>
* Bosanski <//bs.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Bezoneg <//b.wikipedia.og/wiki/Meuz_(planedenn)>
*
<//bx.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B0
%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)>
* Catal <//ca.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mat_(planeta)>
*
<//cv.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
* Cebuano <//ceb.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* etina <//cs.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeta)>
* Cosu <//co.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate>
* Cymaeg <//cy.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mawt_(planed)>
* Dansk <//da.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planet)>
* Deutsc <//de.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Planet)>
* Din bizaad <//nv.wikipedia.og/wiki/M%C3%A1az>
* Eesti <//et.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mass>
*
<//e.wpeda.org/w/%C%86%CF%81%C%B7%CF%82_(%CF%80%C%BB%C%B1%C%BD%
C%A%CF%84%C%B7%CF%82)>
* m e rumag  <//em.wpeda.org/w/M%C3%A8rt>
* spao <//es.wpeda.org/w/Marte_(pa eta)>
* spera to <//eo.wpeda.org/w/Marso>
* stremeu <//ext.wpeda.org/w/Mart_(pra eta)>
* usara <//eu.wpeda.org/w/Marte>
*
<//fa.wpeda.org/w/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A>
* Fj H d <//f.wpeda.org/w/Ma gagra>

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

Froyst <//fo.wpeda.org/w/Mars_(go gustj%C3%B8r a)>

Fra as <//fr.wpeda.org/w/Mars_(pa %C3%A8te)>
Frys <//fy.wpeda.org/w/Mars>
Fura <//fur.wpeda.org/w/Mart_(pa et)>
Gaege <//ga.wpeda.org/w/Mars_(p%C3%A1 %C3%A9ad)>
Gaeg <//gv.wpeda.org/w/Mart_(pa ad)>
Gdg <//gd.wpeda.org/w/Corg>
Gaego <//g.wpeda.org/w/Marte>
<//ga .wpeda.org/w/%7%81%AB%6%98%9F>

<//gu.wpeda.org/w/%0%AA%A%0%AA%82%0%AA%97%0%AA%B3_(%0%AA%97%0%
AB%8D%0%AA%B0%0%AA%B9)>
* /Ha-- g <//a.wpeda.org/w/F%C3%B3-s%C3%AA >
*
<//xal.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%80_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%
D0%B8%D0%B3>
*
<//ko.wikipedia.og/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1>
* Hawai`i <//aw.wikipedia.og/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB%E2%80%98ula>
*
<//y.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%
D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)>
*
<//i.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%A
5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9>
* Honjosebsce <//sb.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Hvatski <//.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Ido <//io.wikipedia.og/wiki/Maso>
* Ilokano <//ilo.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate>
* Baasa Indonesia <//id.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Intelingua <//ia.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planeta)>
* Intelingue <//ie.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//os.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)>
* slenska <//is.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(eikistjana)>
* Italiano <//it.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(astonomia)>
* < //e.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D>
* Basa Jawa <//jv.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//kn.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3_(%E0%B2%97%E0%
B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)>
* Kapampangan <//pam.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* -
<//kc.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
*
<//ka.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98>
* Kaszbsczi <//csb.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//kk.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%
D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)>
* Kenowek <//kw.wikipedia.og/wiki/Meut_(planet)>
* Kiswaili <//sw.wikipedia.og/wiki/Miii>
* <//kv.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* Keyl ayisyen <//t.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(plan%C3%A8t)>
* Kud <//ku.wikipedia.og/wiki/Beam_(gest%C3%AAk)>
* <//ky.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* <//lez.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* Latina <//la.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeta)>
* Latvieu <//lv.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mass_(plan%C4%93ta)>

Ltzebuegesc <//lb.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Plan%C3%A9it)>
Lietuvi <//lt.wikipedia.og/wiki/Masas_(planeta)>
Ligue <//lij.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(astonomia)>
Limbugs <//li.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeet)>
Lingla <//ln.wikipedia.og/wiki/M%C3%A1si_(monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94)>
Lojban <//jbo.wikipedia.og/wiki/mas>
Magya <//u.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(bolyg%C3%B3)>

<//mk.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
* Malagasy <//mg.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(fajiy)>
*
<//ml.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5>
* Malti <//mt.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(pjaneta)>
*
<//m.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%97%E0%A
5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9>
*
<//xmf.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%8
3%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)>
*
<//az.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE>
*
<//mzn.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE>
* Baasa Melayu <//ms.wikipedia.og/wiki/Maik>
* Miands <//mwl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planeta)>
*
<//mdf.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B
_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)>
*
<//mn.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3>
*
<//my.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80
%AB%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA>
* Nuatl <//na.wikipedia.og/wiki/C%C4%ABc%C4%ABlc%C4%ABtlalli>
* Doein Naoeo <//na.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Nedelands <//nl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeet)>
* Nedesaksies <//nds-nl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planeet)>
*
<//ne.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A5
%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9>
*
<//new.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%97%E0%
A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9>
* <//ja.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F>
* Napulitano <//nap.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate>
* <//ce.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* Nodfiisk <//f.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Nosk bokml <//no.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planet)>
* Nosk nynosk <//nn.wikipedia.og/wiki/Planeten_Mas>
* Nouomand <//nm.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Novial <//nov.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planete)>
* Occitan <//oc.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mat_(planeta)>
*
<//o.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B3>
* Oomoo <//om.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Ozbekca <//uz.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//pa.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2_(%E0%A8%97%E0%
A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)>
*
<//pnb.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE>
*
<//ps.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE>
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

<//km.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E
%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A>
* Piemontis <//pms.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mat_(pianeta)>
* Plattdtsc <//nds.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Planet)>
* Polski <//pl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Potugus <//pt.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planeta)>
* Ripoaisc <//ks.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(Planet)>
* Romn <//o.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate_(planet%C4%83)>
* Rumantsc <//m.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planet)>
* Runa Simi <//qu.wikipedia.og/wiki/Awqakuq>
*
<//ue.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD
%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
* <//u.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* <//sa.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* Smegiella <//se.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//sa.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4
%83>
* Scots <//sco.wikipedia.og/wiki/Maus>
* Seeltesk <//stq.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Sqip <//sq.wikipedia.og/wiki/Masi>
* Sicilianu <//scn.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mati_(pianeta)>
*
<//si.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%9F%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_(%E0%
B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA)>
* Simple Englis <//simple.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Slovenina <//sk.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Slovenina <//sl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* lnski <//szl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Soomaaliga <//so.wikipedia.og/wiki/Faaae>
*
<//ckb.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_(%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95
%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95)>
* / spski <//s.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>
* Spskovatski / <//s.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Basa Sunda <//su.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Suomi <//fi.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Svenska <//sv.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planet)>
* Tagalog <//tl.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mate>
*
<//ta.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE
%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)>
* /tataa
<//tt.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>
*
<//te.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0
%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81>
*
<//t.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8
%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3>
* <//tg.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85>
*
<//c.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%8F>
* Tke <//t.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
* Tkmene <//tk.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
*
<//uk.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%
D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)>

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<//u.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE>
/ Uyguce <//ug.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3>
Vepsn kel <//vep.wpeda.org/w/Mars_(pa et)>
T g Vt <//v.wpeda.org/w/Sao_H%1%BB%8Fa>
Voap <//vo.wpeda.org/w/Mard>
Vro <//fu-vro.wpeda.org/w/Marss>
Wao <//wa.wpeda.org/w/M%C3%A5ss_(pa ete)>
<//z-cassca.wpeda.org/w/%7%86%92%6%83%91>
West-Vams <//vs.wpeda.org/w/Mars_(pa ete)>
W aray <//war.wpeda.org/w/Marte>
Woof <//wo.wpeda.org/w/Maas>

<//wuu.wpeda.org/w/%7%81%AB%6%98%9F>
< //yi.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D>
Yob <//yo.wikipedia.og/wiki/M%C3%A1s%C3%AC>

<//z-yue.wikipedia.og/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F>
Zazaki <//diq.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas>
Zeuws <//zea.wikipedia.og/wiki/Mas_(planete)>
emata <//bat-smg.wpeda.org/w/Marsos>
<//z.wpeda.org/w/%7%81%AB%6%98%9F>
<//tyv.wikipedia.og/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81>

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