United S ta tes Pa tent [ 1 9 1 [ 1 1 1 4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2

G a r r o n [ 4 5 ] D ec . 2 0 , 1 9 7 7
[ 5 4 ] ELECTRIC MOTOR HAVING PERMANENT [ 5 7 ] ABS TRACT
MAG NETS AND RES ONANT CIRCUIT
[ 7 5 ] Inv ento r : Ca r l o s S u b ieta G a r r o n, Ta ko ma Pa r k,
Md.
[ 7 3 ] As s ig nee: CS G Enter p r is es , Inc . , New Y o r k,
NY . .
[ 2 1 ] Ap p l . N0 . : 6 6 7 , 5 0 1
[ 2 2 ] F il ed: Ma r . 1 7 , 1 9 7 6
[ 5 1 ] Int. c m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H0 2 'K 3 7 /0 0
[ 5 2 ] US . Cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 8/2 5 4 ; 3 1 0 /4 6
[ 5 8] F iel d o f S ea r c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 0 /4 6 ; 3 1 8/1 3 8, 2 5 4 ,
3 1 8/1 3 0
[ 5 6 ] Ref er enc es Cited
U. S . PATENT D OCUMENTS
1 , 85 9 , 6 4 3 5 /1 9 3 2 Wo r th ing to n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 0 /4 6
2 , 0 4 0 , 6 7 7 5 /1 9 3 6 S u its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 8/1 3 0
3 , 3 1 3 , 9 9 3 4 /1 9 6 7 Ru p p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 8/2 5 4
Pr ima r y Exa miner -D o no v a n F . D u g g a n
Atto r ney , Ag ent, o r F ir m -F itz p a tr ic k, Cel l a , Ha r p er &
S c into
An el ec tr ic mo to r h a v ing in ea c h o f th e r o to r a nd th e
s ta to r a p er ma nent ma g net a nd a n el ec tr o ma g net o f
eq u a l s tr eng th p l a c ed in p a r a l l el r el a tio n s u c h th a t wh en
th e el ec tr o ma g net c o il is a c tiv a ted th e f l u x o f th e ma g
nets is a dditiv e a nd wh en th e c o il is dea c tiv a ted th e f l u x
o f th e p er ma nent ma g net ta kes a c l o s ed c ir c u it p a th
th r o u g h th e el ec tr o ma g net c o r e, th e r o to r b eing
mo u nted o n a s h a f t f o r r o ta tio n r el a tiv e to th e s ta to r a nd
a c o mmu ta to r s witc h b eing inc l u ded f o r a l ter na tel y
c o nnec ting a nd dis c o nnec ting th e el ec tr o ma g net c o il s
to a nd f r o m a p o wer s o u r c e, wh er ein c a p a c ito r s a r e
p r o v ided in th e c o il c ir c u it. Th e c a p a c ito r a nd c o il
c ir c u it is des ig ned to h a v e a r es o na nt f r eq u enc y r o u g h l y
eq u a l to o r nea r th e s witc h ing f r eq u enc y o f th e c o mmu
ta to r s witc h a t th e intended s h a f t o p er a ting s p eed,
th er eb y c a u s ing th e c a p a c ito r s to a l ter na tel y s to r e en
er g y f r o m a nd dis c h a r g e ener g y to th e c o il s . Th e c o mb i
na tio n o f p er ma nent ma g nets with el ec tr o -ma g nets a nd
th e a dditio n o f c a p a c ito r s in th e c o il c ir c u it to f o r m a
r es o na nt c ir c u it r es u l ts in inc r ea s ed ef f ic ienc y o f th e
mo to r .
5 Cl a ims , 1 3 D r a wing F ig u r es
_ _ l _
0
II I
ROTOR B S TATOR B S W
ROTOR A S TATOR A
T
U. S . Pa tent D ec . 2 0 , 1 9 7 7 S h eet 2 o f 3 4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
AIR G AP
3 M2 N
S HAF T
P; 6 ] p 2
( VUJ S LL.
r W Y I"
I UUUUUUI
ROTOR
M|A
F IG /0
S TATOR A
U. S . Pa tent D ec . 2 0 , 1 9 7 7 S h eet 3 0 f 3 4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
I2 0 0
S PEED I2 CAS E 1 1 1 : MOTOR WITH PM AND WITH RC
ma g ) D \ CAS E 1 I=MOTOR WITH PM BUT WITHOUT RC
CURVES ) \ F \ D CAS E l = MOTOR WITHOUT PM AND WITHOUT RC
\ 7
I0 0 0 _ _ |O \\ \E, PM = PERMANENT MAG NETS
\\ RC = RES ONANT CIRCUIT
EF F ICIENCY \
l N PERCENT CAS E m
( s o u r ) CURVES ) E\\ EF F ICIENCY
80 0 _ -a
6 0 0 --s
\u \
4 0 0 -4
\
\ CAS E I '
a \ S PEED x \
2 0 0 _ _ 2 CAS E I
EF F ICIENCY
OUTPUT F ORCE
IN OUNCES
0 2 4 s 8 I0 I2 l 4
5 - F /G . /3
I: 4 -
4
I
I,
Z
O
8 3 -
K
O
II
II
O
2 '} 2 "
0
Z
3
O
I . I
0
I0 2 0 3 '0 4 '0 5 '0 6 0 7 0 8'0 9 0 I0 0 n0 I'2 o B0 1 4 0 I5 0 I6 0 I7 0 I80
D EG REES OF ROTATION D URING POWER CY CLE
4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
1
ELECTRIC MOTOR HAVING PERMANENT
MAG NETS AND RES ONANT CIRCUIT
BACKG ROUND OF THE INVENTION
A nu mb er o f p r io r a r t el ec tr ic mo to r s a r e kno wn in
wh ic h p er ma nent ma g nets a r e u s ed in c o nj u nc tio n with
el ec tr o ma g nets in th e ma g netic ?u x c ir c u it. Exa mp l es '
o f s u c h mo to r s a r e g iv en in U. S . Pa t. No s . 1 , 85 9 , 6 4 3 ;
. 1 , 86 3 , 2 9 4 ; 3 , 3 9 6 , 2 9 6 a nd 3 , 4 2 6 , 2 2 4 ; a s wel l a s in c o p end
ing U. S . a p p l ic a tio n S er . No . 4 0 2 , 2 84 , ?l ed Oc t. 1 , 1 9 7 3 ,
o f Ca r l o s S u b ieta G a r r o n, inv ento r o f th e p r es ent inv en
tio n. '
S UMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Th e p r es ent inv entio n c o mp r is es a n imp r o v ement in
th e ty p e o f mo to r des c r ib ed in deta il b el o w a nd in th e
a f o r ementio ned US . a p p l ic a tio n S er . No . 4 0 2 , 2 84 ,
wh er ein el ec tr o ma g nets a r e u s ed'to a l ter na tel y s u p p l e
ment a nd s h o r t-c ir c u it th e ?u x o f p er ma nent ma g nets in
th e r o to r a nd s ta to r a s a c o mmu ta to r s witc h o n th e
mo to r s h a f t c o nnec ts th e c o il s to a nd dis c o nnec ts th e
c o il s f r o m a p o wer s o u r c e a t a f r eq u enc y dep endent o n
th e s h a f t s p eed. Th e imp r o v ement c o mp r is es th e inc l u
s io n o f c a p a c ito r s in th e c o il c ir c u it s u c h th a t a r es o na nt
c ir c u it is f o r med h a v ing a r es o na nt f r eq u enc y a p p r o xi
ma tel y eq u a l to th e c o mmu ta to r s witc h ing f r eq u enc y .
Th e c a p a c ito r s s to r e ener g y in th e c ir c u it du r ing th a t
p o r tio n o f th e s witc h ing c y c l e wh en th e p o wer s o u r c e is
dis c o nnec ted, th er eb y r edu c ing th e o u ts ide p o wer
needed to r ec h a r g e th e c o il s du r ing th e next p o r tio n o f
th e s witc h ing c y c l e.
BRIEF D ES CRIPTION OF T D RAWING S
F IG . 1 s h o ws a p er ma nent ma g net in c o nta c t with
two ir o n a r ma tu r es a nd s u p p o r ting a keep er ;
F IG . 2 s h o ws th e a p p a r a tu s o f F IG . 1 with a n ir o n
b a r intr o du c ed b etween th e a r ma tu r es ; '
F IG . 3 s h o ws th e a dditiv e ?u x ef f ec t o f two p er ma
nent ma g nets a r r a ng ed in a p a r a l l el f l u x c ir c u it;
F IG . 4 s h o ws a dev ic e f o r a s s u r ing th a t th e el ec tr o
ma g net f l u x wil l b e eq u a l in ma g nitu de to th a t o f a
c o mp a r a b l e p er ma nent ma g net;
F IG . 5 s h o ws a s ta tic dev ic e f o r il l u s tr a ting th e p r in
c ip l e o f th e ty p eo f mo to r with wh ic h th e p r es ent im
p r o v ement inv entio n is c o nc er ned;
F IG . 6 s h o ws in s c h ema tic f o r m a mo to r o f th e ty p e
with wh ic h th e p r es ent inv entio n is c o nc er ned;
F IG S . 7 -9 s h o w th e mo to r o f F IG . 6 in v a r io u s s ta g es
o f th e o p er a ting c y c l e;
F IG . 1 0 s h o ws a mo to r o f th e ty p e s h o wn in F IG . 6
wh er ein mu l tip l e r o to r /s ta to r p a ir s a r e p r o v ided a l o ng
a s ing l e s h a f t;
F IG . 1 1 s h o ws in s c h ema tic f o r m th e imp r o v ement
a c c o r ding to th e p r es ent inv entio n, wh er ein c a p a c ito r s
a r e p r o v ided in th e c o il c ir c u it f o r temp o r a r il y s to r ing
ener g y du r ing a p o r tio n o f th e o p er a ting c y c l e;
F IG . 1 2 s h o ws g r a p h ic a l l y th e inc r ea s ed mo to r ef f i
c ienc y o b ta ina b l e with th e r es o na nt c ir c u it o f th e p r e
s ent inv entio n; a nd '
F IG . 1 3 s h o ws th e o u tp u t f o r c e o b ta ined f r o m th e
r o to r s h a f t o f th e mo to r F IG S . 6 a nd 1 1 .
D ES CRIPTION OF THE PREF ERRED
EMBOD IMENTS
Ref er r ing no w in g r ea ter deta il to th e dr a wing s , F IG .
1 s h o ws a ma g net M in c o nta c t with two ir o n a r ma tu r es
P1 a nd P2 . At th e extr eme ends A a nd B o f a r ma tu r es
1 5
2 0
2 5
3 0
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 0
5 5
6 5
2
P1 a nd P2 , r es p ec tiv el y , th e ma g netic p o l e o f th e ma g
net ma nif es ts its el f a nd is c a p a b l e o f a ttr a c ting a nd s u p
p o r ting a g a ins t th e f o r c e o f g r a v ity a f er r o ma g netic
keep er K with a weig h t X . If a n ir o n p iec e I is intr o
du c ed b etween th e ir o n a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 to c l o s e
th e ma g netic c ir c u it a s in F IG . 2 , th e l ines o f a ttr a c tio n
o f th e v ma g net wil l f o l l o w th e p a th indic a ted b y th e
a r r o ws , th er eb y f o r ming a to r o id o r c l o s ed ma g netic
?u x'c ir c u it. Th is wil l r es u l t in no ma g netic a ttr a c tio n a t
, th e ends A a nd B o f th e ir o n a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 . If a
keep er K is no w p l a c ed a c r o s s ends A a nd B, th e a r ma
tu r es wil l no t b e a b l e to s u p p o r t th e keep er s weig h t X .
In f a c t, th e a r ma tu r e wil l s u p p o r t a ma ximu m weig h t o f
p er h a p s X / 1 0 0 , dep ending o f c o u r s e o n th e p r ec is io n o f
th e a p p a r a tu s . Exp er imenta l o b s er v a tio ns ma de b y th e
inv ento r h a v e es ta b l is h ed th a t f o r a l l p r a c tic a l p u r p o s es
th e ?u x f o r c e o f th e ma g net is s h u nted b y th e intr o du c
tio n o f ir o n p iec e I a s des c r ib ed a b o v e with r es p ec t to
F IG . 2 a nd th e p o l e p iec es wil l h a v e no a p p r ec ia b l e
a ttr a c tio n to wa r d a keep er .
Th e a r r a ng ement'o f F IG . 3 is s imil a r to th a t o f F IG .
2 exc ep t th a t th e ir o n b a r I o f F IG . 2 h a s b een r ep l a c ed
b y p er ma nent ma g net M2 a nd is in p a r a l l el with th e
ma g net M1 . Th e ma g neto mo tiv e f o r c e ( MMF ) o f ma g
net M1 is th e s a me a s th a t o f ma g net M2 a nd, in th is
c a s e, th e p o l a r ities o f ma g nets M1 a nd M2 a r e a l ig ned s o
th a t th e ma xwel l s ( ma g netic ?u xes ) a r e a dditiv e, r es u l t
ing in a s o u th p o l e a p p ea r ing a t end A o f a r ma tu r e P1
a nd a no r th p o l e a p p ea r ing a t end B o f a r ma tu r e P2 .
Ho wev er , th e ma g netic f l u x dens ity a t p o l es A a nd B is
do u b l e th a t o f th e a r r a ng ement o f F IG . 1 . Th a t is to s a y ,
th e nu mb er o f g a u s s es a t th e ends A a nd B o f th e a r ma
tu r es P1 a nd P2 a r e twic e th e v a l u es f o r th e F IG . 1
a r r a ng ement. It is to b e u nder s to o d th a t th e a r ma tu r es
P1 a nd P2 h a v e b een dimens io ned s o th a t s a tu r a tio n o f
th e a r ma tu r e ma ter ia l wil l no t b e r ea c h ed u nder th e
c o nditio ns il l u s tr a ted h er ein. Co nf o r ming to th e l a ws o f
ma g netic a ttr a c tio n, th e a r r a ng ement o f F IG . 3 wil l
s u p p o r t th eo r etic a l l y a keep er K1 h a v ing a weig h t 4 X
b ec a u s e th e a ttr a c tio n o f th e keep er to a r ma tu r e ends A
a nd B inc r ea s es with th e s q u a r e o f th e r a tio o f ma g netic
?u x dens ity .
F IG . 4 s h o ws th e a r r a ng ement OF F IG . 2 with th e
ma g net M1 r emo v ed a nd with ir o n b a r I h a v ing a c o il
wo u nd a r o u nd it. Th is c ir c u it is a l s o p r o v ided with a
v a r ia b l e r es is to r R, a n a mmeter A a nd a v o l tmeter V, a
p o wer s o u r c e S a nd a s witc h S W. Wh en s witc h S W is
c l o s ed th e c u r r ent f l o ws th r o u g h th e c o il a nd th e c o r e I
is ma g netiz ed. Th e c u r r ent ?o ws s o th a t th e p o l a r ity o f
th e ir o n b a r I is a l ig ned with th a t s h o wn f o r th e ma g net
M o f F IG . 2 . Th e r es is to r R in F IG . 5 is r eg u l a ted s o a s
to o b ta in th e s a me a ttr a c tio n f o r c e a t th e ends A a nd B
o f th e a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 a s wa s p r o du c ed b y th e
ma g net M o f F IG . 2 . Th u s , th e F IG . 4 a r r a ng ement wil l
s u p p o r t a keep er K o f weig h t X . Onc e th is h a s b een
a c h iev ed, th e a mp er a g e a nd v o l ta g e r ea ding s o f th e
a mmeter A a nd th e v o l tmeter V r es p ec tiv el y , a r e
ta ken. In o ne a c tu a l tes t th e v a l u es mea s u r ed b y th e
inv ento r wer e 0 . 8 a mp s a nd 1 0 v o l ts , r es p ec tiv el y .
In F IG . 5 th e ma g net M is o nc e a g a in intr o du c ed
b etween th e a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 . S witc h S W is in th e
o p en p o s itio n a nd s inc e th er e is no c u r r ent ?o wing
th r o u g h th e c o il a r o u nd th e ir o n c o r e I th e r es u l t is th e
s a me o ne a s wa s des c r ib ed a b o v e with r eg a r d to F IG . 2 .
Th is is to s a y , a c l o s ed ma g netic ?u x c ir c u it is p r o du c ed
b y th e dev ic e o f F IG . 5 with s witc h S W o p en. At th e
ends A a nd B o f th e a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 th er e is th er e
f o r e no a p p r ec ia b l e ma g netic a ttr a c tio n.
4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
3
Wh en th e s witc h S W o f F IG . 5 is c l o s ed, c u r r ent wil l
?o w th r o u g h th e ma g netiz ing c o il o f c o r e I a nd a n
MMF wil l b e p r o du c ed in th e c o r e I wh ic h h a s th e s a me
ma g nitu de a s th e MMF o f ma g net M. S inc e th e p o l a r ity
o f ma g netiz ed c o r e I is a l ig ned with th e p o l a r ity o f
ma g net M in F IG . 5 , th e r es u l t is th e s a me a s th a t de
s c r ib ed a b o v e with r es p ec t to F IG . 3 . At th e ends A a nd
B o f th e a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 th e ma g net f l u x dens ity ( in
g a u s s es ) wil l b e do u b l e th a t o f ma g net M o r ma g netiz ed
c o r e I ta ken a l o ne. Th er ef o r e, th e ma g netic f o r c e a t
ends A a nd B o f p o l es P1 a nd P2 wil l th eo r etic a l l y
s u p p o r t a keep er K1 o f weig h t 4 X . In a c tu a l tes ts c o n
du c ted b y th e inv ento r it wa s f o u nd th a t a keep er o f
weig h t 3 . 3 X - 3 . 5 X wa s s u p p o r ted b y th e dev ic e. Th e
l o wer v a l u e is a ttr ib u ted to ina c c u r a c y o f mea s u r ement
a nd imp r ec is io n o f th e c o mp o nents . Ev en with th es e
exp er imenta l r es u l ts it c a n b e s een th a t th e weig h t
wh ic h is s u p p o r ted b y th e a p p a r a tu s o f F IG . 5 with
s witc h S W c l o s ed is g r ea ter th a n th e s u m o f th e weig h ts
wh ic h c o u l d b e s u p p o r ted b y ma g net M o r ma g netiz ed
c o r e I s ta nding a l o ne.
Th e f o r eg o ing dis c u s s io n il l u s tr a tes th e f o l l o wing
p r inc ip l es with r es p ec t to th e a r r a ng ement o f F IG . 5 :
1 . With s witc h S W c l o s ed a nd a ma g netiz ing c u r r ent
th r o u g h th e c o il o f c o r e I p r o du c ing a ?u x eq u a l to th a t
o f ma g net M, a n a ttr a c tio n f o r c e o f 3 -4 times th a t p o s s i
b l e with ma g netiz ed c o r e I s ta nding a l o ne is o b ta ined.
Th is s ig ni?c a nt inc r ea s e in ma g netic a ttr a c tio n f o r c e is
a r es u l t o f th e c o ntr ib u tio n o f ma g net M.
2 . With s witc h S W o p en th e ?u x o f ma g net M is
s h u nted th r o u g h th e no n-ma g netiz ed c o r e I a nd th e
ma g netic a ttr a c tio n o f th e p o l e p iec es to wa r d a n exter
na l b o dy is s u b s ta ntia l l y z er o .
F IG . 6 s h o ws a mo to r u til iz ing th e p r inc ip l es es ta b
l is h ed a b o v e with r es p ec t to F IG S . Th e r o to r is c o m
p o s ed o f a p er ma nent ma g net M2 , a r ma tu r es P1 a nd
P2 , a nd f er r o ma g netic c o r e I2 h a v ing a ma g netiz ing
c o il . Th e r o to r is mo u nted f o r r o ta tio n with a s h a f t a nd
r o ta tes , f o r exa mp l e, in th e c l o c kwis e dir ec tio n wh en
th e mo to r is o p er a ting . Wh en no c u r r ent ?o ws in th e
ma g netiz ing c o il o f c o r e 1 2 , th e ma g netic f l u x o f ma g net
M2 is s h o r t c ir c u ited s o a s to f o r m a c l o s ed ma g netic
f l u x c ir c u it. Th er e is th er ef o r e no ma nif es ta tio n o f ma g
netic p o l e in P1 a nd P2 .
Th e mo to r s ta to r in F IG . 6 is c o mp o s ed o f a p er ma
nent ma g net M1 , a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 a nd ir o n b a r I1
h a v ing a ma g netiz ing c o il . Th e s ta to r ma g net, c o r e a nd
a r ma tu r e p iec es a r e r ig idl y c o nnec ted to th e f r a me o f
th e mo to r . Wh en no c u r r ent is s u p p l ied to th e c o il o f
c o r e 1 1 th e ma g netic f l u x f r o m ma g net M1 b ec o mes
s h o r t c ir c u ited, f o r ming a c l o s ed ma g netic f l u x c ir c u it.
Th er e wil l th er ef o r e b e no ma nif es ta tio n o f ma g netic
p o l e in a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 a nd th e u p p er p a r ts o f th e
a r ma tu r es P1 a nd P2 a dj a c ent th e r o to r wil l no t exer t a
f o r c e o n th e r o to r . It wil l b e s een th a t wh en no c u r r ent
p a s s es th r o u g h th e r o to r a nd s ta to r c o il s , th e r o to r wil l
b e a l l o wed to r o ta te f r eel y o n its s h a f t.
F o r c o nv enienc e, th e p o wer s u p p l y a nd c o mmu ta to r
s witc h es f o r th e c o il s o f c o r es I1 a nd I2 a r e no t s h o wn.
It wil l b e u nder s to o d th a t th e c u r r ent s u p p l ied to th e
c o il o f c o r e I1 is th a t nec es s a r y to ma ke th e MMF o f I1
a p p r o xima tel y eq u a l to th a t o f ma g net M1 . S imil a r l y th e
c u r r ent s u p p l ied to th e c o il o f c o r e I2 is o nl y th e a mo u nt
nec es s a r y to ma ke th e MMF o f I1 a p p r o xima tel y eq u a l
to th a t o f ma g net M2 . Th e c o mmu ta to r s witc h es ma y b e
o f a ny c o nv entio na l ty p e kno wn in th e a r t a nd th o s e
s kil l ed in th e a r t wil l r ea dil y u nder s ta nd h o w to c o n
4
s tr u c t s u c h c o mmu ta to r s in v iew o f th e dis c u s s io n
- wh ic h f o l l o ws b el o w.
3 0
4 5
Wh en th e c o mmu ta to r s witc h is c l o s ed, c u r r ent wil l
?o w th r o u g h b o th th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r c o il s a nd, a t
'th e s a me time, ma g netic p o l es wil l a p p ea r in b o th th e
r o to r a nd s ta to r a r ma tu r es a s s h o wn in F IG . 7 . Of
c o u r s e, a ma g netic r ep u l s io n o f l ike p o l es wil l o c c u r a s
indic a ted b y th e a r r o ws . Th e r ep u l s io n f o r c es a r e th e
s a me a t b o th s ides o f th e s h a f t, b u t in o p p o s ite dir ec tio n,
s o th a t th ey a r e a nnu l l ed a nd no to r q u e wil l b e p r o
du c ed u p o n th e s h a f t. If th e r o to r is r o ta ted s l ig h tl y in
th e c l o c kwis e dir ec tio n, th en th e s o u th p o l e o f th e r o to r
wil l b e r ep el l ed b y th e s o u th p o l e o f th e s ta to r a nd a t th e
s a me time a ttr a c ted b y th e no r th p o l e o f th e s ta to r .
S imil a r l y , th e no r th p o l e o f th e r o to r wil l b e r ep el l ed b y
th e no r th p o l e o f th e s ta to r a nd eq u a l l y a ttr a c ted b y th e
s o u th p o l e o f th e s ta to r , th er eb y p r o du c ing a to r q u e in
th e c l o c kwis e dir ec tio n o n th e r o to r s h a f t. It c a n th u s b e
dedu c ed th a t th e f o r c e a c ting to tu r n th e r o to r wh en it
is in th e p o s itio n o f F IG . 7 is z er o a nd th is f o r c e in
c r ea s es u ntil th e r o to r r ea c h es th e p o s itio n indic a ted in
F IG . 8. Th e r o ta tio na l f o r c e a c ting o n th e r o to r is a p
p r o xima tel y p r o p o r tio na l to th e s ine o f th e a ng l e o f
r o ta tio n f r o m F IG . 7 to F IG . 8, a nd th is is s h o wn g r a p h
ic a l l y in F IG . 1 3 .
F IG . 9 indic a tes a s imil a r c o nditio n to th e o ne s h o wn
in F IG . 7 , th e dif f er enc e b eing th a t a t b o th ends o f th e
r o to r a n a ttr a c tio n f o r c e exis ts to wa r d th e s ta to r a r ma
tu r es . Bec a u s e th e f o r c es in F IG . 9 a r e a c ting in o p p o
s ite dir ec tio ns no to r q u e wil l b e p r o du c ed o n th e s h a f t
s inc e th e f o r c es c a nc el ea c h o th er . Th e r es u l ta nt f o r c e
o n th e s h a f t is th er ef o r e z er o . Wh en th e r o to r r ea c h es
th e p o s itio n indic a ted in F IG . 9 th e c o mmu ta to r s h u ts
o f f th e c u r r ent s imu l ta neo u s l y in th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r
c o il s , l ea v ing b o th th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r with c l o s ed
ma g netic ?u x c ir c u its h a v ing no exter na l ma g netic ef
f ec t. Iner tia o f th e r o to r wil l th en c a u s e it to r o ta te
f r eel y u ntil it a g a in r ea c h es th e p o s itio n indic a ted in
F IG . 7 . Wh en th e r o to r is s l ig h tl y p a s t th e p o s itio n o f
F IG . 7 th e c o mmu ta to r o nc e a g a in s u p p l ies c u r r ent to
b o th th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r c o il s a nd th e c y c l e r ep ea ts
its el f .
It c a n b e s een f r o m th is des c r ip tio n o f F IG S . 7 -9 th a t
th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r r ec eiv e c u r r ent o nl y du r ing 1 80 "
o f ea c h r ev o l u tio n. If two r o to r s a r e p o s itio ned o n th e
s a me s h a f t, ea c h o ne with its o wn s ta to r a s s h o wn in
F IG . 1 0 , th ey c a n b e a r r a ng ed s o th a t wh en o ne r o to r /
s ta to r p a ir is a c tiv a ted th e o th er r o to r /s ta to r p a ir is in
th e c l o s ed ma g netic ?u x s ta te. Ro to r A is 1 80 o u t o f
p h a s e with r o to r B a s indic a ted, s o th a t wh en th e s h a f t
is in th e p o s itio n s h o wn, th e c o il s o f 1 1 A a nd 1 2 A h a v e
j u s t b een s witc h ed o f f b y th e c o mmu ta to r a nd th e c o il s
o f HE a nd 1 2 B ( no t s h o wn) h a v e b een s witc h ed o n b y
th e c o mmu ta to r . Wh en th e s h a f t o f F IG . 1 0 h a s r o ta ted
a n a dditio na l 9 0 , r o to r B a nd s ta to r B wil l h a v e th e
ma g netic p o l es a s s h o wn in F IG . 8 wh il e r o to r A a nd
s ta to r A wil l b e in th e c l o s ed ma g netic f l u x s ta te. S imi
l a r l y , a l a r g er nu mb er o f r o to r /s ta to r p a ir s c a n b e a r
r a ng ed in s p a c ed r el a tio n o n a s ing l e mo to r s h a f t s u c h
th a t th e p o wer s u p p l ied to th e s h a f t is s u b s ta ntia l l y
c o ns ta nt th r o u g h th e entir e 3 6 0 o f r o ta tio n. F o r exa m
p l e, if 1 8 r o to r / s ta to r p a ir s a r e p r o v ided, a r o to r wil l b e
p o s itio ned a t ea c h 2 0 inc r ement a r o u nd th e s h a f t.
Po wer ma y b e s u p p l ied to ea c h r o to r /s ta to r p a ir o v er
1 80 o f th e r o to r s r o ta tio n o r , p r ef er a b l y ma y b e s u p
p l ied o nl y du r ing a p o r tio n o f s u c h 1 80 p er io d. F o r
exa mp l e, a mo to r h a v ing 1 8 r o to r /s ta to r p a ir s ma y h a v e
p o wer s u p p l ied to . ea c h p a ir o v er 2 0 ' o f th e to ta l 3 6 0 o f
o ne s h a f t r ev o l u tio n.
Th e inv ento r h a s f o u nd th a t th e ef f ic ienc y o f th e
mo to r des ig n des c r ib ed a b o v e a nd h a v ing p er ma nent
ma g nets in th e ma g netic f l u x c ir c u it is s ig ni?c a ntl y
g r ea ter th a n th a t f o r a s imil a r mo to r wh ic h u til iz es o nl y
th e el ec tr o ma g nets , with o u t r el y ing o n th e p er ma nent
ma g nets f o r p a r t o f th e ef f ec tiv e f l u x. Th e ef ?c ienc y
ma y b e f u r th er imp r o v ed, h o wev er , b y th e a dditio n o f
c a p a c ito r s to th e el ec tr o ma g net c o il c ir c u it a s s h o wn in
F IG . Il l . Ea c h r o to r o r s ta to r c o il is p r o v ided with its
o wn c a p a c ito r to f o r m a r es o na nt c ir c u it.
It is wel l kno wn th a t wh en a n indu c ta nc e is c o n
nec ted in a c ir c u it o f a l ter na ting c u r r ent th e c u r r ent wil l
l a g b y 9 0 with r es p ec t to th e v o l ta g e ( neg l ec ting th e
r es is tiv e v a l u e o f th e indu c ta nc e), a nd th a t wh en a c a
p a c ito r is c o nnec ted in a c ir c u it o f a l ter na ting c u r r ent
th e c u r r ent l ea ds b y 9 0 with r es p ec t to th e v o l ta g e
( neg l ec ting c u r r ent l o s s es in th e c a p a c ito r ). In o th er
wo r ds , th e indu c tiv e a nd c a p a c itiv e ef f ec ts a r e th e s a me
b u t a r e 1 80 o u t o f p h a s e.
Th e p o wer dr a wn b y a n a l ter na ting c u r r ent c ir c u it in
wh ic h th e c u r r ent is o u t o f p h a s e r el a tiv e to th e v o l ta g e
c a n b e c a l c u l a ted a s f o l l o ws :
Wh er e:
Co s ( b = th e a ng l e b y wh ic h c u r r ent l a g s with r es p ec t
to v o l ta g e. Th e v a l u e o f th e c o s ine q ; c a n v a r y f r o m 0 to
1 . If th e v a l u e r ea c h ed z er o ; th e p o wer c o ns u med b y th e
c ir c u it wo u l d b e z er o ( imp o s s ib l e in p r a c tic e). Bu t if th e
c o s d) = I, th en th e p o wer c o ns u med is :
Th e c o nditio n wh en c o s d) = l in a r ea c tiv e c ir c u it is
c a l l ed r es o na nc e a nd, wh en p r es ent, it c a u s es th e
c o u nter EMF e to b e a nnu l l ed.
If th e c o il r es is ta nc e is s ma l l th e ins ta nta neo u s c u r r ent
wil l a tta in extr emel y h ig h v a l u es . S imil a r l y , th e v o l ta g e
a c r o s s th e c a p a c ito r s wil l r ea c h a mu c h h ig h er v a l u e
th a n th a t o f th e a p p l ied v o l ta g e s o u r c e dep ending o n th e
Q f a c to r o f th e c o il s . Th e Q f a c to r is g iv en b y :
Wh er e:
X = Indu c tiv e r ea c ta nc e o f th e c o il s
R = Res is ta nc e o f th e c o il s '
Th e v a l u e o f Q in a g iv en c o il c a n b e inc r ea s ed b y r e
du c ing th e r es is ta nc e o f th e c o il o r b y inc r ea s ing th e
dia meter o f th e wir e. Th e v o l ta g e E, a c r o s s ea c h c a p a c i
to r is g iv en b y :
Wh er e:
E is th e a p p l ied v o l ta g e
If a 2 4 v o l t s u p p l y is c o nnec ted to a c ir c u it o f th e ty p e
s h o wn in F IG . I2 with a f a c to r Q = 5 , th en th e v o l ta g e
a c r o s s th e c a p a c ito r s is 1 2 0 v o l ts . F o r th e s a me c ir c u it,
if th e a p p l ied v o l ta g e is 2 4 v o l ts a nd th e c o il r es is ta nc e
is 1 o h m, th e o s c il l a ting c u r r ent wil l b e 2 4 a mp s
F IG . Il l s h o ws th a t with s witc h S W in p o s itio n I th e
s ta to r E a nd th e r o to r B r ec eiv e c u r r ent f r o m th e b a t
ter y a nd th eir r es p ec tiv e c a p a c ito r s wil l b e c h a r g ed
wh il e r o to r A. a nd s ta to r A a r e in c l o s ed c ir c u it th r o u g h
s witc h S W. If s witc h S W is mo v ed to p o s itio n II th e
r o to r A a nd th e s ta to r A wil l r ec eiv e c u r r ent f r o m th e
1 5
2 5
3 5
4 0
4 5
5 5
6 5
4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
6
b a tter y a nd th eir r es p ec tiv e c a p a c ito r s wil l b e c h a r g ed;
s ta to r B a nd r o to r . B a r e no w in c l o s ed c ir c u it th r o u g h
s witc h S W a nd th eir r es p ec tiv e c a p a c ito r s wil l dis
c h a r g e, p r o du c ing in th e c o il s o f th e r o to r a nd th e s ta to r
a c u r r ent f l o w in th e o p p o s ite dir ec tio n a s th a t r ec eiv ed
f r o m th e b a tter y .
In a mo to r o f th e ty p e s h o wn in F IG . 6 a nd c o n
s tr u c ted with r el a tiv el y c l o s e to l er a nc es a nd h a v ing a
s ma l l a ir g a p b etween r o to r a nd s ta to r , b u t h a v ing no
r es o na nt c ir c u it, h ig h v a l u es o f c o u nter EMF r es u l t a nd
th e v a l u e o f th e c o u nter EMF inc r ea s es with th e s h a f t
s p eed a s in a ny s ta nda r d mo to r . Unl es s a h ig h eno u g h
v o l ta g e is s u p p l ied to th e c o il , th is l a r g e c o u nter EMF
v a l u e wil l p r ev ent th e c u r r ent th r o u g h th e c o il f r o m
r ea c h ing a h ig h eno u g h v a l u e to g iv e th e el ec tr o ma g net
a f l u x a p p r o xima tel y eq u a l to th a t o f th e p er ma nent
ma g net. Th e ?u xes o f th e el ec tr o ma g net a nd p er ma nent
ma g net mu s t b e o f r o u g h l y th e s a me ma g nitu de f o r th e
des ir ed inc r ea s e in ef ?c ienc y to r es u l t. Wh a t th e r es o
na nt c ir c u it o f F IG . 1 1 do es is to u s e th e l a r g e v a l u e o f
p o wer s to r ed in th e c ir c u it to g iv e th e el ec tr o ma g net
th e s a me f l u x a s th a t o f th e p er ma nent ma g net with o u t
r eq u ir ing a dditio na l p o wer ( o r g r ea ter v o l ta g e to o v er
c o me th e c o u nter EMF ) f r o m th e p o wer s o u r c e.
Na tu r a l l y , th e s witc h ing f r eq u enc y o f S W in F IG . ' 1 1
h a s to b e a p p r o xima tel y eq u a l to th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y
o f th e c ir c u it. Th is r eq u ir es th a t th e s h a f t s p eed b e h el d
nea r l y c o ns ta nt s o th a t th e s h a f t-mo u nted c o mmu ta to r
wil l s witc h a t th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y , o r th a t th e r es o
na nt f r eq u enc y o f th e c ir c u it b e mo di?a b l e to c o inc ide
with th e s h a f t s p eed. Th o s e s kil l ed in th e a r t wil l r ec o g
niz e th a t a v a r ia b l e c a p a c ita nc e ma y b e u s ed to ma tc h
th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y o f th e c ir c u it to th e p r ev a il ing
l o a d s o th a t o p timu m ef f ic ienc y c a n b e ma inta ined a t a l l
times .
Th e inc r ea s ed ef f ic ienc y c a n b e s een f r o m th e f o l l o w
ing tes t da ta wh ic h wa s o b ta ined b y th e inv ento r in a s et
o f exp er iments o n a p r o to ty p e mo to r o f th e ty p e de
s c r ib ed h er ein. Th e v a l u es g iv en a r e a t th e ma ximu m
r a ted c a p a c ity .
' V in I in F S p eed
TES T v o l ts a mp s o z r p m
I MOTOR WITHOUT PERMA
NENT MAG NETS . AND
WITHOUT RES ONANT
CIRCUIT 8. 8 9 . 8 5 4 0 0
II MOTOR WITH PERMANENT
MAG NETS , AND WITHOUT
RES ONANT CIRCUIT l 0 9 1 2 4 0 0
III MOTOR WITH PERMANENT
MAG NETS AND WITH
RES ONANT CIRCUIT 1 6 . 5 4 . 5 8 80 0
Th e s a me p r o to ty p e mo to r wa s u s ed in a l l th r ee tes ts ,
th e c a p a c ito r s o f th e r es o na nt c ir c u it b eing b y p a s s ed f o r
tes ts with o u t th e r es o na nt c ir c u it a nd th e p er ma nent
ma g nets b eing r emo v a b l e f r o m th e r o to r . Th is p r e
v ented mino r s tr u c tu r a l v a r ia tio ns ( s u c h a s a ir g a p to l er
a nc e) f r o m h a v ing a ny ef f ec t o n th e da te f r o m tes t to
tes t.
F r o m th e tes t da ta g iv en a b o v e wh ic h wa s o b ta ined
a t ma ximu m r a ted c a p a c ity o f th e mo to r , a nd th e f o l
l o wing f o r mu l a s :
ELECTRICAL POWER INPUT = P1 , . - V1 , . x 1 , ,
( wa tts = v o l ts > < a mp s )
MECHANICAL POWER OUTPUT = PM = F X
r X 2 X r ev /s ec
4 , 0 6 4 , 4 4 2
, 7 8
Wh er e r = D is ta nc e f r o m th e c enter o f th e mo to r s h a f t o f s a id r o to r a s s emb l y a nd s a id s ta to r a s s emb l y c o m
to th e p o int o f a p p l ic a tio n o f f o r c e F . - p r is es a f er r o ma g netic c o r e, a c o il wr a p p ed a r o u nd s a id
OVERALL EF F ICIENCY = P, -, , PM X 1 0 0 % c o r e a nd a p er ma nent ma g net p o s itio ned f o r h a v ing its
th e f o l l o wing c o nc l u s io ns c a n b e dr a wn: ?u x p a th s h u nted th r o u g h s a id c o r e, wh en s a id c o il is
INPUT POWER OUTPUT POWER EF F I
TES T Pin-wa tts Pa n-wa tts CIENCY
I MOTOR WITHOUT PERMANENT
MAG NETS , AND WITHOUT RE
S ONANT CIRCUIT 85 . 3 2 . 3 2 . 7
II MOTOR WITH PERMANENT
MAG NETS , AND WITHOUT I
RES ONANT CIRCUIT 9 0 . 0 5 . 5 6 . 1
III MOTOR WITH PERMANENT
MAG NETS AND WITH RE
S ONANT CIRCUIT 7 4 . 3 7 . 3 9 . 9
As c a n b e s een in th e f o r mu l a f o r mec h a nic a l p o wer
o u tp u t, b o th th e to r q u e ( F X r ) a nd th e v el o c ity ( r ev /- de-ener g iz ed, s u c h th a t th e ef f ec tiv e exter na l ma g netic
s ec ) a r e c o ns ider ed. Th is is nec es s a r y b ec a u s e th e f l u x is s u b s ta ntia l l y z er o , a nd f o r h a v ing its ?u x a dditiv e
to r q u e o r v el o c ity a l o ne h a s no s ig ni?c a nc e, s inc e to th a t o f th e el ec tr o ma g net f o r med b y s a id c o r e a nd
to r q u e c a n exis t with o u t r o ta tio na l mo tio n. F o r c o m- 2 0 s a id c o il , wh en s a id c o il is ener g iz ed, to f o r m ma g netic
mer c ia l mo to r s da ta is o f ten p r o v ided a b o u t to r q u e to p o l es a l ig ned with th e p o l es o f s a id p er ma nent ma g net,
deter mine a t wh ic h l o a d th e mo to r wil l s ta r t, b u t it is wh er ein th e ma g netic dens ity o f s a id exter na l f l u x is
r el a tiv e b ec a u s e th r o u g h a s er ies o f g ea r s th e l o a d o n th e s u b s ta ntia l l y do u b l ed a s c o mp a r ed to th e dens ity wh ic h
s h a f t c a n b e v a r ied. Th e o u tp u t p o wer o f th e mo to r wo u l d r es u l t f r o m a s ing l e o ne o f s a id ma g nets ; s a id
c a nno t b e v a r ied in th is ma nner . Ha v ing c l a r i?ed th es e 2 5 mo to r inc l u ding c o mmu ta to r s witc h mea ns f o r a l ter
c o nc ep ts o f p o wer , it is imp o r ta nt to keep in mind th a t na tel y c o nnec ting ea c h s a id c o il to a nd dis c o nnec ting
o nl y th e p o wer into a nd p o wer o u t o f th e mo to r is ea c h s a id c o il f r o m a n ener g iz a tio n s o u r c e; a nd ea c h o f
c o mp a r ed h er ein in ev a l u a ting ef f ic ienc y . " s a id s ta to r a nd r o to r a s s emb l ies inc l u ding a c a p a c ito r
Th e tes ts c o ndu c ted b y th e inv ento r inc l u ded th e u s e c o nnec ted in s er ies with ea c h s a id c o il .
o f a Pr o ny b r a ke f o r mea s u r ing o u tp u t p o wer . S u c h 3 2 . Th e dev ic e o f c l a im 1 , wh er ein th e r es o na nt f r e
dev ic e is wel l -kno wn to th o s e s kil l ed in th e a r t a nd q u enc y o f ea c h c ir c u it f o r med b y a s er ies -c o nnec ted
f u r th er des c r ip tio n is u nnec es s a r y h er e. Th e r es u l ts o f a c o il a nd c a p a c ito r is s u b s ta ntia l l y eq u a l to th e s witc h ing
s er ies o f tes ts c o ndu c ted o n th e p r o to ty p e mo to r with - f r eq u enc y o f s a id c o mmu ta to r s witc h mea ns .
o u t p er ma nent ma g nets o r r es o na nt c ir c u it, o n th e 3 . Th e dev ic e o f c l a im 1 , wh er ein s a id mo to r inc l u des
mo to r with p er ma nent ma g nets a nd with o u t r es o na nt 3 5 a r o ta ta b l e s h a f t, s a id r o to r a s s emb l y b eing mo u nted o n
c ir c u it, a nd o n th e mo to r with p er ma nent ma g nets a nd s a id s h a f t a nd wh er ein th e s witc h ing f r eq u enc y o f s a id
with r es o na nt c ir c u it, a r e s h o wn in Ca s es I, II a nd III o f c o mmu ta to r s witc h mea ns is p r o p o r tio na l to th e s p eed
F IG . 1 2 , r es p ec tiv el y . No te th a t th e p ea k ef f ic ienc y o f o f r o ta tio n o f th e mo to r s h a f t. .
th e Ca s e III a r r a ng ement is mo r e th a n tr ip l e th a t o f 4 . Th e dev ic e o f c l a im 3 , inc l u ding mea ns f o r a dj u s t
Ca s e I a nd a b o u t 6 0 % g r ea ter th a n th a t o f Ca s e II. 4 0 ing a l o a d a p p l ied to s a id s h a f t, wh er eb y s a id c o mmu ta
Al th o u g h th e a c tu a l ef f ic ienc y v a l u es o b ta ined a r e r el a - to r s witc h ing f r eq u enc y is ma inta ined a p p r o xima tel y
tiv el y l o w in c o mp a r is o n with c o mmer c ia l l y ma nu f a c - eq u a l to th e r es o na nt f r eq u enc y o f ea c h c ir c u it f o r med
tu r ed mo to r s , it is to b e no ted th a t th e v a l u es wer e b y a s a id s er ies -c o nnec ted c o il a nd c a p a c ito r .
o b ta ined f r o m tes ts c o ndu c ted o n a s o mewh a t c r u de 5 . Th e dev ic e o f c l a im 1 , inc l u ding mea ns f o r a dj u s t
p r o to ty p e a nd indic a te o nl y th e r el a tiv e inc r ea s e in 4 -5 ing th e v a l u e o f ea c h s a id c a p a c ito r , wh er eb y th e r es o
ef ?c ienc y wh ic h is p o s s ib l e with th e imp r o v ed mo to r o f na nt f r eq u enc y o f ea c h c ir c u it f o r med b y a s a id s er ies
th e p r es ent inv entio n. c o nnec ted c o il a nd c a p a c ito r is ma inta ined a p p r o xi
I c l a im: ma tel y eq u a l to th e c o mmu ta to r mea ns s witc h ing f r e
1 . An el ec tr ic mo to r c o mp r is ing a t l ea s t o ne r o to r q u enc y .
a s s emb l y a nd a t l ea s t o ne s ta to r a s s emb l y ; wh er ein ea c h 5 0 * " " *
5 5
6 5