The entrepreneurial Spirit is un-ethical or extra-moral (Nietzsche) in this
sense: its innovation is also a breaking of the rules, a making of alue !ithout being value"# The entrepreneur is an initiator, an author possessing a Nietzschean e$tra-moralit% (aussermoralischen Sinne), a &ei"eggerian authenticit% (Eigentlichkeit) ' the recognition of the Zuhandenheit of the !orl", of its mun"anit% - that therefore, in its resolve (Entschlossenheit) is able to rise above the (uoti"ianit% (Alltaglichkeit) of the masses an" their Sartrean mauvaise foi (ba" faith)#
The State of e(uilibrium represents the )thics of formal e(ualit%, of e(ui- valence, i"entit% not "i*erence: the bourgeois liberal State is bureaucrac% (&egel), Rationalisierung an" Entzauberung (+eber) ' a ,ositivit% (&ei"egger-s presence) that is shattere" b% the negativity (creative .estruction, not "estructive /reation) of the )ntrepreneur ' !ho represents the "%namic creative Individualitat oppose" to the tran(uilit% of the bo"% politic# 0gain, the polemos of the state of nature is turne" into the "%namic energ% (dynamisch energisch) of the captain of in"ustr%, of lea"ership ' against the statisch, hedonisch Impuls der rationalistischen !ypus, of the capitalist o!ner, the banker an" 1nancier reliant not on entrepreneurial pro1t but on passive interest# (See "oseph A# Schumpeter$ ein Sozial%konom z&ischen 'arx und (alras b% &einz .# 2urz, p#34#) The bourgeois liberal State ' the State of e(uilibrium ' is the true political State of capitalism# 5ut the Schumpeterian entrepreneur is not the pro-"uct of this ethical an" he"onistic State6 /apitalism creates the con-"itions, the institutional ingre"ients for the emergence of the entrepreneur ' but the entrepreneur must not be confuse" !ith an" mistaken for a capitalist6 The entrepreneur is the antithesis of the capitalist ' as !e have sought to "emonstrate throughout our stu"% of Schmpeter an" his capitalist metaph%sics# The capitalist seeks the tran(uilit% of the econom% ' its e(ui-librium on the economic si"e# 0n" the homologation, the e(ui-valence of )conomic e(uilibrium an" ,olitical tran(uilit% is the social ,eace of bourgeois liberal societ% ' its 2antian-&egelian )thics# 7t is not capitalism that in"uces creative "estruction: it is the entrepreneur that "oes so against the he"onism of the capitalist 1nancier, against the social ,eace of the bourgeois liberal State6 These innovations occur whenever the entrepreneur needs them, and if it were not the case that an entrepreneur, in his particular role as an entrepreneur, would already be waiting in order to use any new invention, then these innovations would never be realized in practice. It is not the innovations that have created capitalism, but capitalism that has created the innovations needed for its existence. One could gain the opposite impression only from the fact that we know only of an economy replete with development, and here, everything takes place so fast and immediately, that we cannot always distinguish between cause and effect. The process of development itself and its driving force would in this case also lie somewhere else, particularly in the personality of the entrepreneur. In the absence of people with such leadership qualities these kinds of innovations would never come alive.[4!"#$% 7n other !or"s, capitalism has create" the con"itions for the emergence of the entrepreneur: but the entrepreneur is "istinct an" separate from capitalism an" its )thical 7"eal of an e(uilibrate", static an" he"onistic liberal bourgeois societ%in !hich the capitalist market econom% provi"es the un"erpinnings for the ,olitical liberal public sphere of free"om of e$pression# This neat homologation or e(uivalence of capitalist )conom% an" bourgeois ,olitics is absolutel% impossible for Schumpeter because the real essence of capitalism is not e(uilibrium but (uite to the contrar% it is permanent crisis, it is creative .estruction ' con8ict, not social peace6 A minority of people with a sharper intelligence and with a more agile imagination perceive new combinations. Then there is an even smaller minorityand this one acts. It is this type [the Entrepreneur] that scorns the hedonic equilibrium and faces risk without timidity. e does not consider the implications a failure will inflict upon him! or care whether everyone depending upon him will lose their keep for old age. The decisive moment is therefore energy and not merely "insight#. $%chumpeter! &''&b! ()*+)(, cf. )-)&! ).*+(/ 0ost people tend to their usual daily business and have enough to do at that. 0ost of the time such people are on slippery ground and the effort to stand straight e1hausts their energies and suppresses all appetite for further e1ploration. [2urthermore! t]hey do not have the force and the leisure to think the matter through. The daily work keeps them down! organi3ation as well as the influence of their colleagues inflict untearable chains on them. This is the masses. $%chumpeter! &''&b! ()&+)*, cf. )-)&! ).&+*/ In each sector there are statically disposed individuals and there are leaders. %tatically disposed individuals are characteri3ed by essentially doing what they have learnt! by moving within the received boundaries and by having in a determining way their opinion! dispositions and behaviour influenced by the given data of their sector. 4eaders are characteri3ed by perceiving new things! by changing the received boundaries to their behaviour and by changing the given data of their sector. $%chumpeter! &''&b! (&5, cf. )-)&! 6(&+*/
&s gibt 'irtschaftssub(ekte )deren *erhalten durch den hedonische Impuls definitive charakterisiert ist, 'irtschaftssub(ekte die man als +statisch, kat &sochen be-eichnen kann. [Theorie, ./%
5% Schumpeter-s o!n a"mission, the trans-crescence of the capitalist econom% gives rise to profoun"l% revolutionar% an" unsettling crises or e$traeconomic e*ects through the creative "estruction brought about b% the competitive innovation of entrepreneurs that (uite simpl% cannot be governe" b% them an" that therefore re(uire e$(uisitel% politico-institutional intervention on the operation of the market econom% b% capitalist State institutions# 7n other !or"s, far from being a self-regulating mechanism at or near an% form of e(uilibrium - !hether static or "%namic or evolutionar% -, the capitalist econom% nee"s to be constantl% guided and governed b% a central political institution such as the mo"ern State that necessaril% invali"ates the notion of entrepreneurial competition an" innovation as pure scienti)c economic categories6 Schumpeter theorises the entrepreneurial spirit an" the process of innovation in isolation from the political institutions of capitalism, !hich he belittles as the he"onic an" static state of e(uilibrium# 0s !e sa! earlier in this stu"%, the chief ob9ection move" b% :a$ +eber against Schumpeter-s theor% !as precisel% that it un"ul% neglecte" the paramount relation bet!een state bureaucrac% an" private capitalist factor% ' both of !hich +eber sa! as aspects of enterprise (*etrieb)# 7n the !or"s of /acciari,
7Ecco perche# 8eber parla del Politiker! non dell# Imprenditore. Egli non dimentica l# Imprenditore9 ne aveva gia# ricercato le origini. 0a! tra il )-'6 e il )-)5! il problema decisivo diviene la scelta politica sulla forma e sui tempi del rapporto scien3a:sviluppo! le istituzioni politiche atte a assumere gli effetti dell# innova3ione. In realta#! nessun mercato puo# piu# fun3ionare in forma schumpeteriana 7pura;. In termini espliciti9 nessun Imprenditore potrebbe piu# esistere senza Stato!; $Pensiero egativo e !azionalizzazione! pp.)65:-/. [That is why 8eber speaks of the Politiker! not of the Entrepreneur. e does not neglect the Entrepreneur + he had already traced his origins <in the "=rotestant Ethic#>. ?ut for 8eber the decisive problem between )-'6 and )-)5 became that of the political choice of the modality and timing of the relationship science: development! of the political institutions able to govern the effects of innovation. In reality! no market could function any longer in "pure# %chumpeterian fashion. E1plicitly put9 no entrepreneur can e1ist any longer without the intervention of the State.] The 1nal point then becomes a (uestion: !h%, !hen all is sai" an" "one, must capitalist societ% procee" or evolve or "evelop or trans-cresce through crises; 0n" !hat "oes that tell us about the nature of innovation or technological progress an" its motivation, that is to sa%, pro1t;