Trends in Ionization Energy

Period trends
All the atoms in the same period have the same valence energy level and the same shielding. The increasing
nuclear charge increases the attraction of valence electrons so ionization energy generally increases from left
to right. The exceptions at full and filled orbitals break the pattern because removing an electron from a
stable (low energy) configuration will require more energy. Li has a low 1st ionization because 2 core electrons
block the +3 nuclear charge more than they could block the +10 nuclear charge in the Ne atom that would
have large ionization energy.
Trends in Electron Affinity
Period trends
Electron affinity is low for metals and high for nonmetals. It is easiest for group 7Ato get and hold an extra
electron because it gets them to full energy level. Electron affinity increases from left to right as atoms
become smaller, with greater nuclear charge and get closer to a full energy level.
http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/benoitn/chem11/units/review/periodic_table/trends_p_table.htm
The electrons in the outer shell are called valence electrons.
Valence electrons are found in the outermost shell of an atom and that determines the atoms chemical
properties.
Elements with the same number of valence electrons tend to react in similar ways.
Because s and p electrons fill sequentially
A horizontal row on the periodic table is called a period. Elements in the same period have the same number
of occupied energy levels.
http://www.oakland.k12.mi.us/Portals/0/Learning/PeriodicTable.pdf
The electrons in the partially filled outermost shell (or shells) determine the chemical properties of the atom;
it is called the valence shell.
Periods 1, 2, & 3
The first three rows of the periodic table, called periods 1, 2 and 3, corresponding to the n=1, n=2 and n=3
levels, visible in the green numbers to the left. Hydrogen is seen to have 1 electron in the 1s level, and to the
right, helium, in Group 18, has 2 electrons in the 1s level, a completely filled shell, the "duet rule." Helium is
the first in the series of "noble gases." Moving down to period 2, lithium is the first element in the row, with
a filled 1s configuration (denoted by the [He] prior to the 2s1 notation). The [He] is carried across the period
as first the 2s and then the 2p orbitals fill, arriving at the configuration for neon, following the "octet rule".
Period 3 follows a similar pattern. Please note that the number of outer-shell electrons, which is represented
as the righmost digit in the group number, is the major determinant of the elements valence, thus, this is the
valence orbital.
https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/periodic-properties/the-history-of-the-periodic-table/periodic-table-
position-and-electron-configuration/
The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the
elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat,
meaning that elements with similar behavior fall into the same vertical columns.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Period_3_element
The table is arranged into groups (columns) by the number of electrons in the outer electron field. So Na in
grp. I has only 1 outer electron, whereas Cl in grp. VII has 7. From left to right are periods of increasing
atomic number.
The groups are very important for understanding how any element will behave. The elements in each group
share similar characteristics because they have the same number of outer electrons, so react similarly.
Despite this, the reaction rate varies as you go down the periods because the distance between the outside
electrons and the atom nucleus gets greater.
Acid-Base Properties of Oxides
Those oxides that are produced in the reactions above have various physical properties. Sodium and
magnesium oxides have ionic structures and silicon, phosphorous and sulphur oxides have covalent bonding.
Aluminium oxide on the other hand, has a type of boding that is somewhere in between. Since aluminium
has a very high charge density it is able to distort the electron cloud so that aluminium oxide has a very
covalent character.
In the table below are the reactions of period 3 oxides with water, with the resulting pH.
You will notice that the trend in the pH of the solutions formed goes from alkaline to acidic. This is because the
less electronegative sodium has a weak Na-O bond and the oxygen is more easily given up to reacts with H+.
Further along though, a strong S-O bond keeps this together and more H+ is generated. The amphoteric
aluminium oxide has a bonding which is both ionic and covalent in nature.
When these oxides are reacted with acids or bases, a neutralisation would occur with a salt and water
produced. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric, meaning it reacts with both acids and bases.
http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/inorganic/thetable.html
Metallic character

"Tendency of an atom to form positive ions by losing electrons is called its metallic character."

The more readily an atom loses electrons, the more metallic it is.
The metallic character of elements decreases as we move across a row from left to right in the periodic table
and increases as we move down a column in the periodic table. This is because on moving across a row in
the periodic table, the number of valence electrons increases which causes elements to gain electrons rather
than losing them. When we move down a column in the periodic table, the metallic character increases
because the number of valence electrons remains same and the atomic size increases which makes the
valence electrons more far away from the nuclear attraction and thus easier to lose.
http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/trends-in-the-periodic-table.html#properties-of-trends-
in-periodic-table
As we go across a period
1. The outermost electrons are about the same distance from the nucleus
2. There is very little additional shielding.
3. The atom gets smaller
4. The outermost electrons are held more tightly.
5. Reactivity as a nonmetal increases.
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/robertsonr/chem1110-20/PeriodicTable%20trends_red.pdf
Freudenrich, Ph.D., Craig. "How the Periodic Table Works" 28 January 2009. HowStuffWorks.com.
<http://science.howstuffworks.com/periodic-table.htm> 09 September 2013.

Chemical Reactivity:
METALS
DOWN a Group: In METALS reactivity INCREASES as you go DOWN a Group because the farther down a
Group of metals you go, the easier it is for electrons to be given or taken away, resulting in higher reactivity.
ACROSS a Period: In METALS reactivity DECREASES as you go ACROSS a Period because though they still
want to give away valence electrons they have more of them to get rid of, which requires more energy. Not
as easy to blow off a little steam!
NON-METALS
UP a Group: In NON-METALS reactivity INCREASES as you go UP a Group because the higher up and to the
right atoms are, the higher the electronegativity, resulting in a more vigorous exchange of electrons.
Fluorine? A greedy, impatient beast when it comes to electron exchange manners.
ACROSS a Period: In NON-METALS reactivity INCREASES as you go ACROSS a Period because (notice how
trends repeat?) the closer you get to fulling your s- and p- orbitals the more motivated you are to do so.
http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/lindabennett1/502/Periodic%20Table%20e%20config/PTable_trends%20around%20tabl
e.html
Metals are generally shiny, malleable, and hard. Metals are also good conductors of electricity.
Examples of metals are Gold, Silver, Iron, Uranium, and Zinc.
Non-metals do not conduct heat or electricity very well. Non-metals are typically brittle and are not
easily molded into shapes. Example non-metal elements are Hydrogen and Carbon.
Metalloids share characteristics of both metals and non-metals and are also called semimetals.
Metalloids are typically semi-conductors, which means that they both insulate and conduct electricity.
This semi-conducting property makes Metalloids very useful as a computer chip material. Examples of
metalloid elements are Silicon and Boron.
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/sciences/what-are-two-properties-of-metals-nonmetals-and-
metalloids
1. Metallic properties, non-metallic properties, which third row elements

2. Statement relating the metallic and non-metallic properties of the element to their position in the periodic table

3. Infer the color of the indicator in acidic and basic solutions

4. Classify solutions of each oxides as acid or basic


5. Statement relating the acid and basic properties of the element to their position in the periodic table

6. Relate 2 and 5