1

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S S T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N E L E V E N T H E D I T I O N
W W W. P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S W W W. P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S 2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc.
Al l rights reserved.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc.
Al l rights reserved.
PowerPoi nt Presentati on
by Charlie Cook
PowerPoi nt Presentati on
by Charlie Cook
Foundations of
Individual Behavior
Chapter 2
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 22
Biographical Characteristics
Biographical Characteristics
Biographical Characteristics
Personal characteristicssuch as age, gender, and
marital statusthat are objective and easily obtained
from personnel records.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 23
Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence
Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence
Ability
An individuals capacity to perform the various tasks
in a job.
Intellectual Ability
The capacity to do mental activities.
Multiple Intelligences
Intelligence contains four subparts:
cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 24
Physical Abilities
Physical Abilities
Physical Abilities
The capacity to do tasks demanding stamina,
dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 25
Learning
Learning
Learning
Invol ves change
Is relati vel y permanent
Is acquired through experience
Learning
Invol ves change
Is relati vel y permanent
Is acquired through experience
Learning
Any relatively permanent change in behavior
that occurs as a result of experience.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 26
Theories of Learning
Theories of Learning
Key Concepts
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Key Concepts
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Classical Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which an individual
responds to some stimulus that would not
ordinarily produce such a response.
2
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 27
Theories of Learning (contd)
Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Reflexi ve (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement
Key Concepts
Reflexi ve (unlearned) behavior
Conditioned (learned) behavior
Reinforcement
Operant Conditioning
A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary
behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 28
Theories of Learning (contd)
Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
Key Concepts
Attentional processes
Retention processes
Motor reproduction processes
Reinforcement processes
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct
experience.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 29
Theories of Learning (contd)
Theories of Learning (contd)
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effecti ve than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learning
speed and permanence.
Key Concepts
Reinforcement is required to change behavior.
Some rewards are more effecti ve than others.
The timing of reinforcement affects learning
speed and permanence.
Shaping Behavior
Systematically reinforcing each successive step that
moves an individual closer to the desired response.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 210
Types of Reinforcement
Types of Reinforcement
Positi ve reinforcement
Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negati ve reinforcement
Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs.
Punishment
Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an
undesirable behavior.
Extinction
Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its
cessation.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 211
Schedules of Reinforcement
Schedules of Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is
demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to
make the behavior worth repeating but not every
time it is demonstrated.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 212
Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)
Schedules of Reinforcement (contd)
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals.
Variable-Interval Schedule
Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant
number of responses.
3
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 213
Behavior Modification
Behavior Modification
Fi ve Step Problem-Sol ving Model
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and apply intervention
5. Evaluate performance improvement
Fi ve Step Problem-Sol ving Model
1. Identify critical behaviors
2. Develop baseline data
3. Identify behavioral consequences
4. Develop and apply intervention
5. Evaluate performance improvement
OB Mod
The application of reinforcement concepts
to individuals in the work setting.
2005 Prenti ce Hall Inc. Al l rights reserved. 214
OB MOD Organizational Applications
OB MOD Organizational Applications
Well Pay versus Sick Pay
Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not
absence.
Employee Discipline
The use of punishment can be counter-productive.
Developing Training Programs
OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness.
Self-management
Reduces the need for external management control.