On the Performance of Opportunistic Amplify-and-Forward Relaying

in Two-Wave with Diffuse Power Fading Channels

Yao Lu and Xiaoxiang Wang
Key Laboratory of Universal Wireless Communications,
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,
Beijing, 100876, P. R. China,
Email: yaolu@ieee.org, cpwang@bupt.edu.cn
AbstractThis paper considers cooperative networks in inde-
pendent and non-identical two-wave with diffuse power (TWDP)
fading channels using opportunistic amplify-and-forward (AF)
relaying. We derive new closed-form expressions for the outage
probability and symbol error rate (SER) in the high signal-to-
noise ratio (SNR) regime. Such expressions can be applied to
opportunistic AF relaying networks consisting of an arbitrary
number of relays, and in different channel fading scenarios. By
analyzing the asymptotic results, we analyze the diversity order
and the coding gain of opportunistic AF relaying networks.
Index TermsCooperative networks, amplify-and-forward,
two-wave with diffuse power.
I. INTRODUCTION
The technique of cooperative networks has attracted con-
siderable attention due to its ability to provide cooperative
diversity [1]. Among varieties of cooperative protocols, the
amplify-and-forward (AF) strategy has gained much interest
due to its signicant gain and simple implementation. To
further improve the performance of multi-relay networks,
the opportunistic relaying scheme was proposed [2, 3]. In
opportunistic relaying, only a single relay that provides the
best channel condition between the relay and the destination
is selected. Several investigations have been developed to
analyze the performance of opportunistic AF relaying in fading
channels including Rayleigh, Rician, and Nakagami-m [46].
In practice, due to the severe frequency selective fading, the
Rayleigh fading model is unable to represent the worst-case
fading scenario [7, 9]. By collecting empirical data from static
wireless sensors, it has been validated that the two-wave with
diffuse power (TWDP) fading model can comprehensively de-
scribe practical frequency-selective fading scenario [8]. Over
the past years, the performance of point-to-point systems in
TWDP fading channels was extensively analyzed [7, 1012].
However, to the authors best acknowledge few works have
conducted a comprehensive investigation on the cooperative
networks over TWDP fading channels.
In this paper, we derive the closed-form asymptotic ex-
pressions for the outage probability and symbol error rate
(SER) of opportunistic relaying networks in TWDP fading
channels. The simplicity of these two closed-form expressions
provides an effective approach to analyze the performance of
The authors are supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 60972076 and No.61072052)
opportunistic AF relaying networks in TWDP fading channels
encompassing Rayleigh and Rician fading as special cases.
Our derived results indicate that the diversity order and coding
gain can be obtained using opportunistic AF relaying.
II. SYSTEM AND CHANNEL MODEL
A. System Model
We consider a network consisting of one source node s,
R relay nodes {r
m
}
R
m=1
and one destination node d. The
channel fading coefcients of the source-to-destination (sd),
source-to-mth relay (sr
m
), and mth relay-to-destination links
(r
m
d) are respectively denoted by h
s,d
, h
s,rm
, and h
rm,d
.
The opportunistic AF relaying consists of two transmission
phases. In the rst phase, s broadcasts the signal x(n) to
d and {r
m
}
R
m=1
. The signals received by d and r
m
at
time index n are y
s,d
(n) =

E
s
h
s,d
x(n) + n
s,d
(n), and
y
s,rm
(n) =

E
s
h
s,rm
x(n) + n
s,rm
(n), where E
s
denotes
the average energy of the transmitted symbols at s, and n
s,d
and n
s,rm
denote additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN)
signals with mean powers of N
s,d
and N
s,rm
, respectively.
We dene the instantaneous signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) in
the sd and sr
m
links as
s,d
E
s
|h
s,d
|
2
/N
s,d
and
s,rm

E
s
|h
s,rm
|
2
/N
s,rm
, respectively. During the second phase, the
mth relay that satises m = arg max
m{1, ,R}
{
rm,d
}
R
m=1
is selected to forward the signal to the destination, where

rm,d
E
r
|h
rm,d
|
2
/N
rm,d
denotes the instantaneous SNR
in the r
m
d link with E
r
denoting the average signal energy
at the selective relay, and N
rm,d
denoting the mean power
of the AWGN signal in the r
m
d link. The received signal at
the destination is y
r
m,d
(n) = G

E
r
h
r
m,d
y
s,rm
(n)+n
r
m,d
(n),
where n
r
m,d
is the AWGN signal with mean power of N
r
m,d
,
and G = 1/(E
s
|h
s,r m
|
2
+N
s,r m
)
1
2
is the amplifying factor. At
the destination, the maximal ratio combining (MRC) strategy
is used to combine y
s,d
(n) and y
r
m,d
(n). The total instan-
taneous SNR at the destination is
d
=
s,d
+
s,r
m

r
m
,d
s,r
m
+
r
m
,d
.
In addition, we let
s,d
= E[
s,d
],
s,rm
= E[
s,rm
] and

rm,d
= E[
rm,d
] denote the average SNR in sd, sr
m
, and
r
m
d links, respectively, where E[] denotes the expectation.
B. Channel model
We consider that the links in the system are subject to
independently and non-identically distributed (i.n.i.d) TWDP
2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference: PHY and Fundamentals
978-1-4673-0437-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE 54
fading. With the aid of [9] the probability density function
(PDF) of h
u,v
with u {s, r
m
}, v {r
m
, d}, and u = v can
be approximated as
p
|hu,v|
(r) =
r

2
e

r
2
+2
2
Ku,v
2
2
L

i=1
a
i
D
(
r

; K
u,v
,
iu,v
)
, (1)
where 2
2
denotes the power of the diffuse compo-
nent, K
u,v
denotes the ratio of the total specular power
to diffuse waves,
iu,v
=
u,v
cos [(i 1)/(2L 1)],

u,v
denotes the relative strength of the two specu-
lar components, L K
u,v

u,v
/2 is the order of
the PDF, and D(x; y, z) =
1
2
e
yz
I
0
(
x

2y(1 z)
)
+
1
2
e
yz
I
0
(
x

2y(1 +z)
)
with I
p
() denoting the pth-order
modied Bessel function of the rst kind. The rst ve values
of {a
i
}
L
i=1
are given in [9]. When K
u,v
= 0, the TWDP PDF
represents the Rayleigh fading case, and when K
u,v
= 0 and

u,v
= 0, the TWDP PDF denotes the Rician fading case.
III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
A. Outage Probability Analysis
The outage probability is dened as the probability that the
received SNR of the signal
d
falls below a certain threshold

th
, i.e. Pr(
d
<
th
), with
th
= 2
2R
1 and R denot-
ing the predetermined transmission rate. Hence, the outage
probability can be obtained by deriving the cumulative density
function (CDF) of
d
. Since it is complicated for analytical
evaluation of the outage probability using
d
, instead we use
the tight upper bound as
d

b
=
s,d
+
max
, where

max
= max {
m
}
R
m=1
, and
m
= min (
s,rm
,
rm,d
). This
upper bound has been shown accurate enough in the high SNR
regime [2].
Armed with (1) and the denition of
u,v
given in last
section, the PDF of
u,v
can be derived as
p
u,v
() =
2L

l=1
a
l
2
e

+
lu,v
u,v
2
2
u,v
2
2

u,v
I
0
(

lu,v

u,v
)
, (2)
where
lu,v
= K
u,v
[
1 + (1)
l

u,v
cos
(
(l1)/2
2L1
)]
2
2
,
a
l
= a
(l+1)/2
, and
u,v
=
u,v
/ (1 +K
u,v
). The CDF of

u,v
can be derived as
F
u,v
() =1
1
2
2L

l=1
a
l
Q
1
(

lu,v

2
,

2

u,v
)
, (3)
where Q
p
(a, b) =
1
a
p1

b
x
p
e

x
2
+a
2
2
I
p1
(ax)dx is dened
as the Marcum Q-function [13, eq. (86)]. Hereafter, to simplify
the notation, we dene K
0
K
s,d
,
0

s,d
,

K
m
K
s,rm
,

m

s,rm
, K
m
K
rm,d
,
m

rm,d
,
0,l
=
l
s,d
,

m,l
=
ls,rm
, and
m,l
=
l
rm,d
, respectively.
Since the variates
s,rm
and
rm,d
are independently dis-
tributed, the CDF of
m
is given by
F
m
() =1
[
2L

l=1
a
l
2
Q
1
(

m,l

2
,

2

s,rm
)]

[
2L

l=1
a
l
2
Q
1
(

m,l

2
,

2

rm,d
)
]
. (4)
Using the result in order statistics [14], the CDF of
max
is
F
max
() =
R

m=1
F
m
(). (5)
The PDF of
max
can be obtained by taking the derivative of
(5) with respect to as
p
max
() =
R

m=1
p
m
()
R

i=1,i=m
F
i
(), (6)
where p
m
(x) denotes the PDF of
m
given by
p
m
() =
[
1
2
2L

l=1
a
l
Q
1
(

m,l

2
,

2

s,rm
)]
p

rm,d
()
+
[
1
2
2L

l=1
a
l
Q
1
(

m,l

2
,

2

s,rm
)
]
p
s,rm
().
Armed with (2) and (6), the CDF of
b
can be derived as
F

b
() =

2
0
p
max
(
1
)p

s,d
(
2
)d
1
d
2
=

0
p

s,d
(
2
)F
max
(
2
)d
2
. (7)
With the aid of (7) the outage probability is
P
(outage)
Opp-AF
= F

b
(
th
). (8)
Although the denite integral in (7) can be calculated using
symbolic software such as MATLAB and MATHEMATICA,
we derive the asymptotic outage probability to simplify it.
With the aid of the asymptotic results, we can gain valuable
insights into the performance in the high SNR regime. First
of all, we propose the following lemma to express the PDF
p

b
() in a simple series form.
Lemma 1: For an opportunistic AF relaying network with
R relays in TWDP fading environments, the PDF for
b
is
p

b
() = p

s,d
(0)
R

m=1
p
m
(0)
R
+o
(

R
)
, (9)
where o(x) denotes a higher order function of x such that
lim
x
a(x)
x
= 0.
Proof: See Appendix A.
Based on Lemma 1, we present the asymptotic outage
probability expression in the following theorem.
Theorem 1: For an opportunistic AF relaying network with
R relays, the outage probability can be approximated by
P
(outage)
Opp-AF
(O
c

s,d
)
O
d
, (10)
55
TABLE I
PARAMETER CONFIGURATIONS FOR SEVERAL COHERENT MODULATION
SCHEMES.
Modulation P
E
BPSK (, , g; ) with =
1

, =
1
2
, and g = 2
BFSK
(, , g; ) with =
1

, =
1
2
, and
g =
{
1 orthogonal BFSK
1.43 minimum correlation
MPSK
(, , g; ) with =
1

, =
M1
M
, and
g = 2 sin
2
(

M
)
MQAM
(
1
,
1
, g
1
; ) + (
2
,
2
, g
2
; ) with

1
=
4

(
1
1

M
)
,
1
=
1
2
, and g
1
=
3
(M1)

2
=
4

(
1
1

M
)
2
,
2
=
1
4
, and g
2
=
3
(M1)
where the outage diversity O
d
and the coding
gain O
c
are given by O
d
= R + 1 and
O
c
=
[
1
R+1
(

th
2
2
)
R+1

1
R+1
with =
(

2L
l=1
a
l
2
e

0,l
2
2
)

R
m=1
[

2L
l=1
a
l
2
(

s,rm
e

m,l
2
2
+
rm,d
e

m,l
2
2
)]
,

s,rm
=
s,d
/
s,rm
, and
rm,d
=
s,d
/
rm,d
.
Proof: See Appendix B.
B. SER Analysis
The average SER of the opportunistic relaying network can
be obtained using
P
(SER)
Opp-AF
=

0
P
E
()p

b
()d. (11)
The conditional SER P
E
() is listed in Table I for binary
phase shift keying (BPSK), binary frequency shift keying
(BFSK), M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary
quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM). From Table I,
P
E
() can be obtained from the evaluation of (, , g; ) =

0
e

g
2 sin
2

d. With the aid of (11) and Table I, the

average SER can be calculated using familiar mathematical
software packages. To gain valuable insights into opportunistic
relaying networks in the high SNR regime, we derive the
asymptotic SER in the following theorem.
Theorem 2: For an opportunistic AF relaying network with
R relays, the SER can be approximated by
P
(SER)
Opp-AF
(G
c

s,d
)
G
d
, (12)
where G
d
= R + 1 denotes the diversity order.
For BPSK, BFSK, and MPSK, the coding gain G
c
is G
c
= [(, , g)]

1
R+1
, and for MQAM G
c
=
[(
1
,
1
, g
1
) +(
2
,
2
, g
2
)]

1
R+1
, with (, , g) is
given by (13) at the top of next page, where (z) =

0
e
t
t
z1
dt [15, eq. (8.310.1)].
Proof: See Appendix C.
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, we provide numerical and simulation results
to validate the theoretical analysis developed in previous
section. In all examples, the sr
m
and r
m
d links are assumed
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0


O
u
t
a
g
e

p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(dB) E /N0 s
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Simulation result
Analytical result
Asymptotic result
Fig. 1. Outage probability of opportunistic AF relaying in four different
fading cases. Case 1: K = 10 and = 1 (hyper-Rayleigh), Case 2: K = 0
and = 1 (Rayleigh), Case 3: K = 4 and = 0.5 (TWDP), Case 4:
K = 4 and = 0 (Rician).
to be equal, i.e., E[h
s,rm
] = E[h
rm,d
] = 1, and the sd link
has doubled distance of the others, which by assuming path-
loss exponent 3, i.e. E[h
s,d
] = 1/8. The power is identically
allocated to s and r
m
as E
s
= E
r
. Without loss of generality,
we assume that the mean powers of all the AWGN signals are
identical, i.e. N
s,d
= N
s,rm
= N
rm,s
= N
0
. The analytical
results for the outage probability and SER are obtained using
(8) and (11), respectively. The asymptotic results for outage
probability and SER are obtained using (10) and (12), respec-
tively. The transmission rate is set as R = 1 bps/Hz, and
symbols are modulated by BPSK.
Example 1: We investigate the outage probability and SER
of opportunistic AF relaying with R = 2 relays. To investigate
the impact of different fading scenarios on the whole network,
we assume that all the links are subject to independent and
identical distribution (i.i.d), i.e. K
0
= K
m
=

K
m
= K, and

0
=
m
=

m
= . We consider four different fading
cases including hyper-Rayleigh fading [8], Rayleigh fading,
TWDP fading, and Rician fading. Fig. 1 depicts the analytical
outage probability, simulation result, and asymptotic outage
probability versus E
s
/N
0
, and Fig. 2 depicts the analytical
SER, simulation result, and asymptotic SER versus E
s
/N
0
.
From Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, we observe that the analytical results
match precisely with the Monte Carlo simulations only in the
high SNR regime. Such an observation results from the fact
that we used
b
to approximate
d
. We also note that Case 1
performs poorer than Case 2. This observation results from the
cancellation of the two specular waves when they are antiphase
and the low power of the diffuse components. In addition, we
observe that Case 4 outperforms Case 3, which results from
the fact that for xed K, the performance becomes worse when
increases.
Example 2: In this example, we investigate the outage
probability and SER of opportunistic AF relaying networks
with various number of relays in i.n.i.d fading environments.
56
(, , g) =
(R + 1)2
R+1
(2
2
g)
R+1
[

cos
2(R + 1)
(
sin
2R+1
+
R

k=1
(2R + 1)(2R 1) (2R + 3 2k)
2
k
R(R 1) (R + 1 k)
sin
2R+12k

)
+
(2R + 1)!!
2
R+1
(R + 1)!

]
(13)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
S
E
R


(dB) E /N s 0
Simulation result
Analytical result
Asymptotic result
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Fig. 2. SER of opportunistic AF relaying in four different fading cases.
Case 1: K = 10 and = 1 (hyper-Rayleigh), Case 2: K = 0 and = 1
(Rayleigh), Case 3: K = 4 and = 0.5 (TWDP), Case 4: K = 4 and
= 0 (Rician).
We assume that K
0
= 10,
0
= 1, K
m
=

K
m
= 0,

m
=

m
= 1. Fig. 3 depicts the analytical outage
probability, simulation result, and asymptotic outage proba-
bility versus E
s
/N
0
, and Fig. 4 depicts the analytical SER,
simulation result, and asymptotic SER versus E
s
/N
0
. From
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, we note that the asymptotic expression
approximates the outage probability well. The match between
the simulation results and the analytical ones in the high SNR
regime validates the previous theoretical derivation. We also
note that increasing the number of relays can enhance the
performance by improving the diversity order gain and coding
gain, simultaneously.
V. CONCLUSIONS
We derived the closed-form expressions for outage probabil-
ity and SER when the SNR is sufciently high. Our resulting
expressions are applicable for the cooperative networks over
TWDP fading channels, and remain valid in Rayleigh and
Rician fading as special cases. The simulations validated
that the asymptotic results are tight and match well with
the simulated ones at high SNR. Our performance analysis
revealed that the diversity order of opportunistic AF relaying
is determined by the number of relays in the network, while
the coding gain is tightly related to the channel fading scenario
and the number of relays.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
O
u
t
a
g
e

p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y


(dB) E /N s 0
Simulation result
Analytical result
Asymptotic result
R=1
R=2
R=3
R=4
Fig. 3. Outage probability of opportunistic AF relaying with different number
of relays. K
0
= 10,
0
= 1, Km =

Km = 0, m =

m = 1.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
10
8
10
7
10
6
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
S
E
R


(dB) E /N s 0
Simulation result
Analytical result
Asymptotic result
R=1
R=2
R=3
R=4
Fig. 4. SER of opportunistic AF relaying with different number of relays.
K
0
= 10,
0
= 1, Km =

Km = 0, m =

m = 1.
APPENDIX A
PROOF OF LEMMA 1
Note that p

b
() can be written in series form as
p

b
() =
t

i=0
1
i!

i
p

i
(0)
i
+o(
t
). (14)
Hence, we need to determine

i
p
b

i
(0). Note that
b
=
s,d
+

max
, the moment generating function (MGF) M

b
(s) is
M

b
(s) = M

s,d
(s)M
max
(s) (15)
57
where M

s,d
(s) and M
max
(s) denote the MGFs for
s,d
and

max
respectively. From [10] and applying the property of
Laplace transform, M

s,d
(s) is given by
M

s,d
(s) =

2L
l=1
a
l
e

0,l

s,d
s
1+2
2

s,d
s
2 (1 + 2
2

s,d
s)
(16)
From the denition of MGF and applying the integral mean
value theorem [15], M
max
(s) is given by
M
max
(s) =

0
e
s
p
max
()d = e
s
,
with (0, ). From the initial value theorem [16], we have
p

b
(0) = lim
s
s
e
s
2 (1 + 2
2

s,h
s)
2L

l=1
a
l
e

0,l

s,d
s
1+2
2

s,d
s
= 0.
From [15, Sec. 17.12.2] and applying lim
s
sM

s,d
(s) =
p

s,d
(0) and lim
s
s
t1
M
max
(s) =

t1
pmax

t1
(0),

t
p
b

t
(0) can be obtained as

t
p

t
(0) = lim
s
sM

s,d
(s)s
t1
M
max
(s)
=p

s,d
(0)

t1
p
max

t1
(0) (17)
Note that

t
p
s,d

t
(0) = 0 when t = 1, 2, , R 1.
Moreover, using [15, eq. (0.43.2)], we have

R1
p
max

R1
(0) = R!
R

m=1
p
m
(0). (18)
Now substituting (18) into (17), we have

R
p

R
(0) = R!p

s,d
(0)
R

m=1
p
m
(0). (19)
Substituting (19) into (14), we achieve the expression given
in (9).
APPENDIX B
PROOF OF THEOREM 1
The outage probability can be approximated as
P
(outage)
Opp-AF
F

b
(
th
). (20)
With the aid of Lemma 1, the CDF of
d
is given by
F

b
() =

0
p

s,d
(0)
R

m=1
p
m
(0)t
R
dt. (21)
Applying I
0
(0) = 1 and Q
1
(x, 0) = 1, we have
p

s,d
(0) =
1
2
2

s,d
2L

l=1
a
l
2
e

0,l
2
2
, (22)
and
p
m
(0) =
1
2
2
2L

l=1
a
l
2

m,l
2
2

s,rm
+
e

m,l
2
2

rm,d

. (23)
Substituting (22) and (23) into (21) and setting =
th
, we
can obtain the expression given in (10).
APPENDIX C
PROOF OF THEOREM 2
Note that for different modulations, P
E
() can be expressed
in the term of (, , g; ), thus we can derive the asymptotic
SER by evaluating
(, , g) =

0
(, , g; )p

s,d
(0)
R

m=1
p
m
(0)
R
d.
According to Lemma 1, we can approximate (, , g) as
(, , g)

(, , g)
=

0
e

g
2 sin
2

R
(
1

s,d
)
R+1
dd
(24)
With the aid of [15, eq. (3.381.4), and eq. (2.511.2)], (24) can
be written as

(, , g) = (, , g). (25)
With the aid of Table I, we can approximate SER as given in
(12) for different modulations.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Sendonaris, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang, User cooperation diversity.
part I, II, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 19271948, Nov.
2003.
[2] A. Bletsas, A. Khisti, D. P. Reed, and A. Lippman, A simple cooperative
diversity method based on network path selection, IEEE J. Sel. Areas
Commun., vol. 24, pp. 659672, Mar. 2006.
[3] E. Beres and R. Adve, Outage probability of selection cooperation in the
low to medium SNR regime, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 589591,
July 2007.
[4] A. Bletsas, H. Shina, and M. Win, Outage optimality of amplify-and-
forward opportunistic relaying, IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 3, pp.
261263, Mar. 2007.
[5] B. Maham and A. Hjrungnes, Performance analysis of amplify-and-
forward opportunistic relaying in Rician fading, IEEE Signal Process.
Lett., vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 643646, Aug. 2009.
[6] , Asymptotic performance analysis of amplify-and-forward cooper-
ative networks in a Nakagami-m fading environment, IEEE Commun.
Lett., vol. 13, no 5, pp. 300302, May 2009.
[7] S. H. Oh and K. H. Li, BER performance of BPSK receivers over
two-wave with diffuse power fading channels, IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 14481454, Jul. 2005.
[8] J. Frolik, A case for considering hyper-Rayleigh fading channels, IEEE
Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 12351239, Apr. 2007.
[9] G. D. Durgin, T. S. Rappaport, and D. A. de Wolf, New analytical models
and probability density functions for fading in wireless communications,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 50, no. 6, pp. 10051015, Aug. 2002.
[10] S. H. Oh, K. H. Li, and W. S. Lee, Performance of BPSK pre-detection
MRC systems over two-wave with diffuse power fading channels, IEEE
Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 27722775, Aug. 2007.
[11] H. A. Suraweera, W. S. Lee, and S. H. Oh, Performance analysis
of QAM in a two-wave with diffuse power fading environment, IEEE
Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 109111, Feb. 2008.
[12] Y. Lu and N. Yang, Symbol error probability of QAM with MRC di-
versity in two-wave with diffuse power fading channels, IEEE Commun.
Lett., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1012, Jan. 2011.
[13] A. H. Nuttall, Some integrals involving the Q function, Naval Un-
derwater Systems Center, New London Lab., New London, CT, 4297,
1972.
[14] H. A. David and H. N. Nagaraja, Order Statistics: Third Edition. John
Wiley, 2003.
[15] I. S. Gradshteyn and I. M. Ryzhik, Table of Integrals, Series, and
Products, 7th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2007.
[16] C. L. Phillips and J. M. Parr, Signals, System, and Transforms. Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1999.
58