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3GPP Time Line and Evolution
LTE Requirement (3GPP TR 25.913)
Peak data rate 100 Mbps (DL) and 50 Mbps (UL) to 20 MHz
Throughput increased by 3-4 times and 2-3 times for the downlink to uplink from HSDPA Rel 6 ( DL =
14.4 Mbps , to use transmitter sites that have been used in UTRA/ GERAN
Throughput increased by 3-4 times and 2-3 time UL = 5.7 Mbps )
Spectrum efficiency by continuing as for the downlink to uplink from HSDPA Rel-
6 (DL = 14.4 Mbps, UL = 5.7 Mbps)
Flexible use of spectrum(1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz)
Lower latency :
Radio access network latency ( user plane UE RNC- UE ) below 10 ms
The ability of the use mobility up to 350 km / hour
Coverage up to a radius of approximately 5 km
Enhance MBMS ( Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service ) efficiency ( 1 bit/s/Hz)
Retaining 3GPP RAT ( Radio Access Technology ) which already exist and support internetworking with
him.
Architecture simplification , minimization and packet based interface , full IP
LTE Architecture
In the LTE network is divided into
2 basic network, namely:
1. E UTRAN (Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
2. EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
SERVICE
The IP Multimedia Sub-System (IMS) is a good example of service
machinery that can be used in the Services Connectivity Layer to
provide services on top of the IP connectivity provided by the lower
layers.
For example, to support the voice service, IMS can provide Voice over
IP (VoIP) and interconnectivity to legacy circuit switched networks
PSTN and ISDN through Media Gateways it controls.
EPC
Functionally the EPC is equivalent to the packet switched domain of the
existing 3GPP networks.
EPC consist of :
MME ( Mobility Management Entity )
SAE GW represents the combination of the two gateways, Serving
Gateway (S-GW) and Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
( Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
MME is a controller at each node on the LTE access network. At UE
in idle state (idle mode), MME is responsible for tracking and
paging procedure which includes retransmission therein.
MME is responsible for selecting SGW (Serving SAE Gateway)
which will be used during initial attach EU and the EU time to do
intra - LTE handover.
Used for bearer control, a different view R99 / 4 which is still
controlled by the gateway
Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)
In order to handle QoS as well as control rating and charging, and
billing
EPC Cont
Home Subscriber Server (HSS)
For management and security subscriber, combination AUC and HLR
Serving SAE Gateway (SGW)
- Set the path and forwards the data in the form of packets of each user
- As an anchor / liaison between the UE and the eNB at the time of the
inter handover
- As a liaison link between the 3GPP LTE technology with the technology
(in this case the 2G and 3G)
Gateway Packet Data Network (PDN GW)
- Provides for the UE 's relationship to the network packet
- Provide a link relationship between LTE technology with technology
non 3GPP (WiMAX) and 3GPP2 (CDMA 20001X and EVDO)
EPC Cont
E-UTRAN
Role of Radio Access Network (RAN), namely Node B and RNC is
replaced with ENB, so as to reduce operational and maintenance cost
of the device other than the simpler network architecture
E-nodeB functions : all radio protocols, mobility management, header
compression and all packet retransmissions
As a network, E-UTRAN is simply a mesh of eNodeBs connected to
neighboring eNodeBs with the X2 interface.
(Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network)
User Equipment
Functionally the UE is a platform for communication
applications, which signal with the network for setting
up, maintaining and removing the communication links
the end user needs.
This includes mobility management functions such as
handovers and reporting the terminals location, and in
these the UE performs as instructed by the network
FREQUENCY & BANDWIDTH IN LTE
Key Consideration to Spectrum Selection
* Band Selection Source: 3GPP TS 36.101
Illustration for Spectrum Selection
Channel Bandwidth Flexibility
LTE provides channel bandwidth flexibility for operation in
differently-sized
LTE supports paired and unpaired spectrum on the same
hardware spectrum
Channel Bandwidth Impact
OFDM
OFDM vs Single Carrier
Spectral efficiency of OFDM compared to classical
multicarrier modulation: (a) classical multicarrier
systemspectrum; (b) OFDMsystemspectrum.
Motivation for OFDM Approaches
Advantages
Efficient in the use of frequencies
Highly scalable
Overcome delay spread, multipath & frequency selective fading, and
ISI
Weaknesses
Frequency Offset
Nonlinear Distortion (PAPR)
PAPR illustration
OFDM Concept
Multicarrier modulation/multiplexing technique
Available bandwidth is divided into several sub-channels
Data is serial-to-parallel converted
Symbols are transmitted on different sub-channels
OFDM Block Diagram (Tx)
Diagram Block Contents:
S/P Serial to Parallel Converter
Sub-Carrier Modulator
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
P/S Parallel to Serial Converter
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
OFDM Block Diagram (Rx)
Diagram Block Contents:
S/P Serial to Parallel Converter
Sub-Carrier Modulator
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
P/S Parallel to Serial Converter
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
Cyclic Prefix
Useful for multipath delay spread
Guard Interval (cyclic prefix) : short & long
Type of Cyclic Prefix
OFDMA & SC-FDMA
OFDMA vs. SCFDMA
Definition
OFDMA is a multiple access technique based on OFDM as the
modulation technique. It is used for DL transmission in LTE
SC-FDMA is a hybrid UL transmission scheme in LTE which has single-
carrier transmission systems with the long symbol time and flexible
frequency allocation of OFDM.
SC-FDMA Diagram Block
SC-FDMA frequency-domain transmit processing (DFT-S-OFDM)
showing localized and distributed subcarrier mappings.
Type of OFDMA Sub-Carrier
Data sub-carrier
Carry QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM symbol
Pilot sub-carrier
It is used to facilitate channel estimation and coherent
demodulation at the receiver
Null sub-carrier
Guard sub-carrier
DC sub-carrier
Subcarrier Mapping
(N
pilot
-2)/2
N
subcarrier data
/ 2
P
I
L
O
T
N
subcarrier data
/ 2 N
pilot
/2
BW
N
subcarrier data
See slide #19 or 3GPP TS 36.104
N
pilot
N
FFT-Point
- N
subcarrier data
MULTI ANTENNA TECHNIQUE
Multiple Antenna Technique
Existing Tech Smart Antenna MIMO Antenna
Multiple Antenna Technique
Two popular techniques in MIMO wireless systems:
Spatial Diversity: Increased SNR
Receive and transmit diversity
mitigates fading and improves
link quality
Spatial Multiplexing: Increased rate
Spatial multiplexing yields
substantial increase spectral
efficiency
Spatial Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Space-time Code (STC): Redundant data sent over time and space
domains (antennas).
Receive SNR increase about linearity with diversity order N
r
N
t
Provide diversity gain to combat fading
Optional in 802.16d (2x2 Alamouti STBC), used in 3G CDMA
Spatial Multiplexing
MIMO Multiplexing
Data is not redundant less diversity but less repetition
Provides multiplexing gain to increase data-rate
Low (No) diversity compared with STC
LTE SUPPORTING TECHNOLOGIES
HARQ
AMC
HARQ
HARQ or retransmission
scheme in LTE use stop-and-
wait retransmission system.
Adaptive Modulation
SNR-CQI Mapping for BLER 10%
Adaptive Modulation Illustration
Constellation Diagram
QPSK
16 QAM
64 QAM
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Standard for
CQI mapping
Scheduling
Control Plane
Control Plane (C-Plane) is use to describe
the protocols that convey information from the DTE to the end
user (the control) of a node, or between nodes in the network
to conveying required information to set,
control and clearing the connection protocol.
User plane (U-plane) is a protocol used directly in the transfer of user
data from the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) to the other end-users. U-
plane provides the function of delivery or transfer user
information, and include all relevant mechanisms of information
transfer such as flow control and error recovery. In the user plane used
approach layer .
User Plane
CONTROL PLANE
USER PLANE
LTE CHANNELS
LTE Layer Mapping
Layer Function
Radio Link Control Layer (RLC)
> Retransmission
> Segmentation
Medium Access Control Layer (MAC)
> Uplink and downlink scheduling at the eNodeB
> HARQ
Physical Layer (PHY)
> Modulation/demodulation
> Coding/decoding
LTE Downlink Channel Mapping
LTE Downlink Logical Channels
Paging Control Channel ( PCCH)
> A downlink channel that transfers paging information and system
information change notifications.
> This channel is used for paging when the network does not know
the location cell of the UE
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
> Provides system information to all mobile terminals connected to
the eNodeB.
> A downlink channel for broadcasting systemcontrol information
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
> Channel for transmitting control information between UEs and
network.
> This channel is used for UEs having no RRC connection with the
network.
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
> A point-to-multipoint downlink channel used for transmitting MBMS
> Control information from the network to the UE, for one or several
MTCHs.
> This channel is only used by UEs that receive MBMS
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
> A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated
control information between a UE and the network.
> Used by UEs having an RRC connection
> This control channel is used for carrying user-specific control
information, e.g. for controlling actions including power control,
handover, etc..
LTE Downlink Logical Channel Cont
LTE Downlink Logical Channel Cont
Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
> A point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting traffic data
fromthe network to the UE.
> This channel is only used by UEs that receive MBMS
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH )
> A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of
user information.
> A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink
LTE Downlink Transport Channel
Paging Channel ( PCH)
> Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power
saving
> Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell;
> Mapped to physical resources which can be used dynamically also
for traffic/other control channels.
Broadcast Channel ( BCH )
> The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH)
> Fixed, pre-defined transport format
> Broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell
Multicast Channel ( MCH)
> Broadcasts in the entire coverage area of the cell;
> Supports MBSFN combining of MBMS transmission on multiple cells;
> Supports semi-static resource allocation e.g. with a time frame of a long
cyclic prefix
Downlink Shared Channel ( DL-SCH )
> Main channel for downlink data transfer. It is used by many
logical channels.
> Supports Hybrid ARQ
> Supports dynamic link adaptation by varying the modulation, coding and
transmit power
> Optionally supports broadcast in the entire cell;
> Optionally supports beam forming
> Supports both dynamic and semi-static resource allocation
> Supports UE discontinuous reception (DRX) to enable UE power saving
> Supports MBMS transmission
LTE Downlink Transport Channel Cont
LTE Downlink Physical Channel
Physical Downlink Shared Channel ( PDSCH)
> This channel is used for unicast and paging functions
> Carries the DL-SCH and PCH
> QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAMModulation
Physical Downlink Control Channel ( PCSCH)
> Informs the UE about the resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH,
and Hybrid ARQ information related to DL-SCH
> Carries the uplink scheduling grant
> QPSK Modulation
Uplink Physical Channels
Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
> Used to report the Hybrid ARQ status
> Carries Hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs in response to uplink transmissions.
> QPSK Modulation
Physical Braodcast Channel (PBCH)
> This physical channel carries system information for UEs
requiring to access the network.
> QPSK Modulation
LTE Uplink Channels
Uplink Physical Channels
Physical Radio Access Channel ( PRACH)
> for random access functions
Physical Uplink Shared Channel ( PUSCH)
> Carries the UL-SCH
> QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM Modulation
Packet Uplink Control Channel ( PUCCH)
> Sends Hybrid ARQ ACK/NAKs
> Carries Scheduling Request (SR)
> Carries CQI reports
> BPSK and QPSK Modulation
Uplink Transport Channels
Random Access Channel (RACH)
> Channel carries minimal information
> Transmissions on the channel may be loss due to collisons
Uplink Shared Channel ( ULSCH )
> Optional support for beam forming
> Support HARQ
Uplink Logical Channels
Common Control Channel ( CCCH)
> Channel for transmitting control information between Ue and
network.
> This channel is used for UEs having no RRC connection with the
network.
Dedicated Control Channel ( DCCH)
> A point-to-point bi-directional channel that transmits dedicated control
information between a UE and the network.
> Used by UEs having an RRC connection.
Dedicated Traffic Channel ( DTCH)
> A point-to-point channel, dedicated to one UE, for the transfer of user
information.
> A DTCH can exist in both uplink and downlink.
LTE FRAME STRUCTUR
> Functions
System can maintain synchronization and manage the different type of
information that need to be carried between the eNodeB and UE
> LTE frame structure consist of
1. FDD ( Frequency division duplex)
2. TDD ( Time division duplex )
> A radio frame has duration of 10 ms
> A resource block spans 12 subcarriers over a slot duration of 0.5 ms
> BW RB = 180 KHz
> BW Subcarrier = 15 kHz
FDD Frame structure
TDD Frame Structure
DwPTS : Downlink Pilot Time Slot
GP : Guard Period
UpPTS : Uplink Pilot Time Slot.
LTE TDD Sub Frame Allocations
D : sub frame for downlink transmission
S :"special" sub frame used for a guard time
U : sub frame for uplink transmission
Planning Coverage
Downlink Link Budget LTE
Unit Value Info
Data Rate kbps 1000
Transmitter - eNodeB
a. Tx Power dBm 46 a
b. Tx Antenna Gain dB 18 b
c. Loss System dB 3 c
d. EIRP dBm 61 a+b+c
Receiver - UE
e. Ue Noise Figure dB 7 e
f. Thermal Noise dBm -102.7 k*T*B
g. SINR dB -5 g
h. Receiver Sensitivity dBm -100.7 e+f+g
i. Interference Margin dB 3 i
j. Control Channel Overhead dB 1 j
k. Rx antenna gain dBi 0 k
l. Body Loss dB 0 l
MAPL dB 157.7 d-h-i-j+k-l
MAPL Calculation
Propagation Model
LTE 700 MHz
Okumura-Hatta
LTE 2100 MHz
Cost 231-Hatta
LTE 2600 MHz
SUI
M T R T c p
C )logd 6,55logh (44,9 ) a(h logh 13,82 ) (logf 33,9 46,3 L
(d/100) log 47.9 109.78 Lp
d log hB] log 6,55 [44,9 CH - hB log 13,82 f log 26,16 69,55 Lp
Pathloss SUI
Lp = 109.78 + 47.9 log (d/100)
78 . 109 ) 100 / log( 9 . 47 Lp d
9 . 47 / ) 78 . 109 ( ) 100 / log( Lp d
9 . 47 / ) 78 . 109 (
10 ) 100 / (

Lp
d
9 . 47 / ) 78 . 109 (
10 100

Lp
x d
9 . 47 / ) 78 . 109 7 . 157 (
10 100

x d
00042 . 1
10 100x d
966 . 1000 d
meters
Radius Calculation
L = 2,6 d
2
L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d
2
L = 1,3 . 2,6 . d
2
Radius Calculation
L = 2,6 d
2
L = 1,95 . 2,6 . d
2
2
(1) x 2.6 L
2.6 L
2
(1) x 2.6 x 1.95 L
5.07 L
2
km
2
km
For Omni directional
For trisectoral
Number of eNodeB
Urban Area (Trisector)
total area 242.928

2
km
07 . 5 / 928 . 242
eNodeB
N
48
eNodeB
N
PLANNING CAPACITY
Calculation steps:
1. Number of user
2. User density
3. Services and Type
4. Penetration : building, vehicular, pedestrian
5. BHCA and call duration
6. OBQ
7. Site calculation
Number of User
Where:
Un : num of user on year n
Uo : initial num of user (based on urban/sub-urban)
a : percent of cellular user (%)
b : penetration of operator A (%)
d : Percent of LTE user
N : num of civilian in the object area
gf : num of user growth factor
n : planned year
u/sub : urban or sub-urban penetration (%)
Uo is Uo
u
or Uo
sub
Uo
sub
= sub x UoN
Uo
u
= u x UoN
Un = Uo (1 + gf)
n
UoN = a x b x d x N
Customer Prediction Parameter
Ex :
Population = 1445892 people
Cellular penetration = assumption 80%
LTE penetration = assumption 10 %
LTE provider A penetration = assumption 50 %
User prediction in 5
th
years
U5 = 57835 ( 1 + 0.05 )
5
assumption fp=5%
= 73814 user
Population 1445892 people
Customer cellular (80%) 1156713 user
Customer LTE (10%) 115671 user
Customer LTE provider A (50%) 57835 user
Example User Calculation
Ex :
urban penetration = assumption 60 %
suburban penetration = assumption 40 %
Urban user = 73814 x 60 % = 44288 user
Suburban user = 73814 x 40 % = 29525 user
User Density
L
u
: urban area wide
L
sub
: sub-urban area wide
L : object area wide
C
u
: Urban area density
C
sub
: sub-urban area density
L
u
= L x u L
sub
= L x sub
C
u
= Un/ L
u
C
sub
= Un/L
sub
Example User Density Calculation
Ex :
urban area penetration = assumption 40 %
suburban area penetration = assumption 40 %
Openarea = assumption 20 %
=>
Urban area wide (Lu) : 242,928 km
2
Sub-urban area wide (Lsub) : 242,928 km
2
=>
C
u
= 44288 / 242,928 = 182,31232 user/km
2
C
sub
= 29525 / 242,928 = 121,54155 user/km
2
Services and Type
Services (Rb)
VoIP : 64 kbps
FTP : 1000 kbps
Video : 384 kbps
Type (c)
Building : 50 %
Vehicular : 30 %
Pedestrian : 20 %
Penetration (p) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.5
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.4
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.3
BHCA (B) per type per service
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 0.008
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 0.009
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 0.008
Call duration (h) per type per service (ms)
e.g: BUILDING VoIP usage penetration = 60
BUILDING FTP usage penetration = 50
PEDESTRIAN Video usage penetration = 50
service net user bit rate (Rb)
VoIP 64000
FTP 1000000
Video 384000
type
call duration (h)
voip video ftp
building 60 40 50
pedestrian 60 50 70
vehicular 60 40 80
BHCA (B)
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,008 0,008 0,009
Video 0,007 0,008 0,009
FTP 0,009 0,008 0,008
Penetrasi User (p)
Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 0,5 0,5 0,2
Video 0,3 0,3 0,2
FTP 0,4 0,4 0,3
OBQ (Offered Bit Quantity)
VoIP
OBQ
T
= c
T
x C
u; T
x p
T
x Rb
VoIP
x B
T
x h
T
FTP
OBQ
T
= c
T
x C
u; T
x p
T
x Rb
FTP
x B
T
x h
T
Video
OBQ
T
= c
T
x C
u; T
x p
T
x Rb
Vid
x B
T
x h
T
Note: if T= pedestrian, then OBQ
T
is pedestrian OBQ, B
T
is
pedestrian BHCA, etc.
T : Type (Building; Vehicular; Pedestrian)
OBQ contd
Where:
OBQ
VoIP
= OBQ
vehicular
+ OBQ
building
+ OBQ
pedestrian
OBQ
FTP
= OBQ
vehicular
+ OBQ
building
+ OBQ
pedestrian
OBQ
Video
= OBQ
vehicular
+ OBQ
building
+ OBQ
pedestrian
OBQ
total
= OBQ
VoIP
+ OBQ
FTP
+ OBQ
Video
OBQ
total
= 20,74860049 + 13,97825 + 8,260936 = 42,98779
OBQ
Service Building Pedestrian Vehicular
Voip 1,400158616 0,5600634 0,252029
Video 2,940333094 5,2505948 1,008114
FTP 16,40810878 8,1675919 7,000793
20,74860049 13,97825 8,260936
OBQ contd
eNodeB Capacity
ms
N
x xN
Hz
bit
Mbps e PeakBitRat
subframe per symbol
s subcarrier
1
] [

Bandwidth (MHz)
Modulation
QPSK 16 QAM 64 QAM
1.4 2.016 Mbps 4.032 Mbps 6.048 Mbps
3 5.04 Mbps 10.08 Mbps 15.12 Mbps
5 8.4 Mbps 16.8 Mbps 25.2 Mbps
10 16.8 Mbps 33.6 Mbps 50.4 Mbps
15 25.2 Mbps 50.4 Mbps 75.6 Mbps
20 33.6 Mbps 67.2 Mbps 100.8 Mbps
Site Calculation
Site (L)
L = (50.4 x 3) / OBQtotal
= (50.4 x 3) / 42,98779 = 3,5172778 km2
Radius (d)
d = (L / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5
= (3,5172778 / 2.6 / 1.95) ^ 0.5 = 0,832912489 km
50.4 Mbps ---> (asumption: using 64 QAM 1/1, BW = 10 MHz)
Site Calculation Cont
Number of eNodeB (M)
M = Lu / L
= 242,928 km
2
/ 3,5172778 km
2
= 69,06704366
We use Lu JUST IN CASE we
count urban capacity only
LTE Simulation Using Atoll
Getting Started with Atoll
New -> From a
Document
Template
Choose LTE
workspace
Setting Project Area
It is used to display
the project area
from the map
raster.
To set the
coordinate type
and the area
displayed on the
worksheet.
Import Raster Map
raster is a contour
map based on the
topography of the
area. Raster
consist of clutter
map, height map
and vector map
Import Raster Map Cont
Clutter index ->
Clutter Classes
Height index ->
Altitude
Vector index ->
Vectors
Frequency Band
frequency bands and can be
seen in the LTE specification
3GPP.org
Antenna Polarization Model
add the
appropriate
antenna used
Antenna Polarization Model
Setting Feeder
To setting feeder &
connector loss at
eNode B equipment
Setting Transmitter Frequency Band
after determining
the frequency
band, set the
transmitter
frequency as the
frequency and
morpho class used
Setting Transmitter Frequency Band Cont
Environtment
Delete user
Delete environtment
Delete User Profile
Delete service then
setting service type
Services
Delete service then
setting service type
Edit Service
Service
VoIP Video FTP
Add User Profile
Assumption throughput user = 50 kbps
Add User Profile
Pedestrian
Vehicular
Add Environtment
Plotting eNode B
eNode B can be in
place based on
planning calculation or
the use of existing
nodeB or BTS
Make a Prediction
make predictions
based on
measured
fill of the receiver
sensitivity
specification
Click calculate
Coverage by Signal Level
Result Histogram and CDF Chart
Reference
[1] Abdul Basit, Syed. Dimensioning of LTE Network Description of
Models and Tool, Coverage and Capacity Estimation of 3GPP
Long TermEvolution radio interface. 2009.
[2] Coverage and Capacity Dimensioning Recommendation:
Ericsson. 2009.
[3] Holma, Harri and Antti Toskala. WCDMA for UMTS HSPA
Evolution and LTE. John Willey and Son: 2007.
[4] 3GGP. TS 36.XXX LTE TS Group Series. 2009.