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The document summarizes experiments conducted to study the characteristics of a power source. Rectification is used to convert alternating current to direct current. Half-wave and full-wave rectification are compared. Filters are then used to reduce ripple in the rectified output. Experiments are performed to determine the output voltage, resistance, and maximum power delivered by the source under different load resistances. The results are analyzed and plotted on graphs.
Descrizione originale:
To develop familiarization and to study characteristics of a power source.
The document summarizes experiments conducted to study the characteristics of a power source. Rectification is used to convert alternating current to direct current. Half-wave and full-wave rectification are compared. Filters are then used to reduce ripple in the rectified output. Experiments are performed to determine the output voltage, resistance, and maximum power delivered by the source under different load resistances. The results are analyzed and plotted on graphs.
The document summarizes experiments conducted to study the characteristics of a power source. Rectification is used to convert alternating current to direct current. Half-wave and full-wave rectification are compared. Filters are then used to reduce ripple in the rectified output. Experiments are performed to determine the output voltage, resistance, and maximum power delivered by the source under different load resistances. The results are analyzed and plotted on graphs.
OBJECTIVES; To develop familiarization and to study characteristics of a power source. BRIEF HISTORY; In practice, alternating currents are not so dependable to use because their periodically reverse their direction (A). Therefore it is usually very important to use some electrical devices to solve this problem, hence the use of a rectifier to make the current to flow in one direction. A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), into direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. There process is known as rectification. This can be done using diodes and resistors. Rectification may serve other rules other than to generate direct current for use as a source of power, for example, detectors of radio signals and detecting presence of a flame in gas heating systems, but we are now dealing with power source. The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC characterized by pulsating voltages and currents.
HAVEWAVE RECTI FI CATI ON; Rectification process can be done in two categories: half wave rectification and full wave rectification. In half wave rectification half of AC power is passed, while the other half is blocked. Half wave though inefficient can be achieved with a single diode in a one phase-supply. Half-wave rectifiers yield a unidirectional but pulsating direct current.
FULL-WAVE RECTI FI CATI ON; A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input wave-form into one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its input. It converts both polarities of the input wave-form to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. In a non-centered tapped transformer, four diodes are used instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four diodes arranged this way are called Diode Bridge or bridge rectifier.
For single-phased AC, if the transformer is center tapped, then two diodes back-to-back (i.e. anodes-to-anodes or cathode-to cathode) can form a full-wave rectifier. Twice as many windings are required on the transformer secondary to obtain the same out-put voltage compared to bridge rectifier above.
FI LTERS: Even after rectification, there is notable noise referred to as ripples. To further reduce this ripple. A capacitor input is used. This complements the reservoir capacitor with a choke (inductor) and a second filter capacitor so that a steadier DC output can be obtained across the terminal of the filter capacitor. The reservoir capacitor needs to be large enough to prevent the troughs of the ripple getting below the voltage DC is being regulated to. Introduction; The Ohms law provides the basis of our experiment where V s = IR s Vs= voltage of a source. Rs= Resistance But since the voltage source, for example a battery source, there is always the internal resistance, we therefore write the effective resistance as; Rs= R+r R Resistance of the circuit. R Internal resistance. Taking into consideration a circuit as shown below, we have;
In this system we have by Ohms Law, Vo= IRo. By including the effective Resistance, it shall be given by; Vo=IRo. 1/R=1/R1 + 1/R, .. 1/Rs= (Ro+R1)/RoR1 Rs= RoR1/(R1+R2), therefore Vs = (IoRoR1)/(R1+R2) Vs = VoR1/R1+ R2. We can now represent the source by a certain output voltage Vs and the source resistance Rs as shown below.
We can now say that across the terminals AB, we have a source of output voltage Vs with an effective resistance Rs. This effective source resistance is often called the output resistance of the device as seen from AB. This is the basis of our experiments. PROCEDURE; EXPERIMENT 1; To obtain the output voltage and output resistance of a given source. The theoretical circuit diagrams was as shown below, from which the practical circuit was devised based on the same principle.
I. The resistor RL called the load resistor was connected along with a millimeter.
II. A capacitor of value 470f was used to reduce the ripple so that steady current was achieved. The current drawn from the source is measured by a millimeter and the new voltmeter reading VL, is noted to be lower than Vs. If Rs be the output resistance of the source then Vs Irs= VL. Thus the output resistance is given by; Rs= Drop in the output voltage/Load current= (Vs VL)/I THE RESULTS; While using R1 = 470 R2 = 1K The observations were tabulated as follows;
EXPERIMENT 2; The experiment was set up to study the variation of the output resistance Rs with changes in the value R1 and R2, the ratio R1/R2 remaining constant. The calculated value of Vs was Vs = VoR2/(R1+R2), R1 = 940 R2 = 2K Vs = Vo* 2000/2940. = 12* 0.680 = 8.16. The value of Rs changes. Rs should be Rs = R1R2/(R1 +R2)= 940*2000/(2000+940), = 0.6395K. IF R1=470 and R2 =1K Rs= R1R2/(R1+R2)=470000/1470 = 0.3197K. EXPERIMENT 3; To study the power delivered by source of different Loads. If for a certain load RL, the current is I, the voltage across VL, then the power delivered by the source is given by, I max V RL 26.5 0 0 20.5 2 100 16.5 3.2 200 14 4.1 300 13 4.7 400 10.5 5.2 500 9.5 5.5 600 8.5 5.8 700 8 6 800 7 6.2 900 6.5 6.4 1000 P = VLI. From the tabulated data we can calculate power using equation of the power above.
The graph of P versus RL was a smooth curve through the given points.
The graph analysis was as follows; The following experiment was conducted so as to develop farmilialisation and to study the characteristics of POWER SOURCE. The data for RL, VL and I for a given values of R1 and R2. R1- 470 R2- 1k TABLE OF VALUES;
The equation of the smooth curve was as follows; y = A2 + (A1-A2)/(1 + exp((x-x0)/dx). The data analysis for the graph was as follows; Sigmoidal(Boltzmann) fit to Data1_B: Weight given by Data1_C error bars. Chi^2/DoF 2270.79256 R^2 -0.16869 --------------------------------------------- Init(A1) 0 0.292 Final(A2) 61.100 0.176 XatY50(x0) 140.94 -- Width(dx) 1.0000 -- --------------------------------------------- XatY20 139.55447 XatY80 142.32706
Data: Data4_B Model: Boltzmann Equation: y = A2 + (A1-A2)/(1 + exp((x-x0)/dx)) Weighting: y Instrumental
Chi^2/DoF = 3.09906 R^2 = 0.99832
A1 -101.24074 46.60441 A2 28.33863 0.13516 x0 -162.02935 67.29407 dx 127.02504 7.89994 P O W E R LOAD RESISTOR B Boltzmann fit of Data4_B THE GRAPH OF POWER AGAINST LOAD RESISTOR (RL)
The data analysis was as follows; Sigmoidal(Boltzmann) fit to Data4_B: Weight given by Data4_C error bars. Chi^2/DoF 3.09906 R^2 0.99832 --------------------------------------------- Init(A1) -101.24 46.6 Final(A2) 28.339 0.135 XatY50(x0) -162.03 67.3 Width(dx) 127.03 7.90 --------------------------------------------- XatY20 -338.12345 XatY80 14.06475