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Copyright
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without
written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to
a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.
The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a
license and may be used, copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms
of such license.
Trademarks
ABB is a registered trademark of ABB Group. All other brand or product names
mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective holders.
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
SE-721 59 Vsters
Sweden
Telephone: +46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Facsimile: +46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation
Disclaimer
The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the
concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of
guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment
addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application
is suitable and acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other
operational requirements are complied with. In particular, any risks in
applications where a system failure and/or product failure would create a risk
for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to personal injuries or
death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the
equipment, and those so responsible are here by requested to ensure that all
measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.
This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be
completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly
requested to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual
commitments, in no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or
damage resulting from the use of this manual or the application of the
equipment.
Conformity
This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European
Communities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning
electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage
directive2006/95/EC).
This conformity is proved by tests conducted by ABB AB in accordance with
the generic standard EN 50263 for the EMC directive, and with the standards
EN60255-5 and/or EN 50178 for the low voltage directive.
This product is designed and produced for industrial use.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1. Introduction
3
2. General
3
3. Self supervision in numerical relays
3
4. The Benefit of self supervision _________________________ 6
6
5. Self supervision in a modern line terminal
6. Self supervision with internal signals____________________7
7. Self supervision of hardware modules
8
7.1 Numerical module
8
7.2 Transformer input module
9
7.3 Analog to Digital conversion module
9
7.4a Binary input module with enhanced EMC capability
9
7.4b Binary input module for pulse counting______________10
7.5 Input/output module
10
7.6 Binary output module
10
7.7 Static output module
11
7.8 mA input module
11
7.9 GPS time synchronization module
12
7.10 Power supply module
12
12
7.11 Self supervision of communication modules
8. Self supervision of software
8.1 Self supervision functions
14
14
8.2 New self supervision methods
8.2.1 Error correcting code _______________________14
8.2.2 Fault tolerant file system ____________________14
8.3 Relion 670 series self supervision
14
8.4 Self supervision during start-up and stop
15
15
8.4 Self supervision during operation
9. Impact on dependability and security by self supervision 16
9.1 Dependability
16
9.2 Security
16
9.3 Impact of self supervision on single protection_________ 17
9.4 Impact of self supervision with redundant protection____ 17
17
10. Additional supervision via process signals
11. Conclusions
18
ABB AB
1. INTRODUCTION
One of the major benefits of microprocessor technology
is that no additional hardware is required for the self
supervision, a function that increases the availability
and reliability of the whole system, by ensuring that
product and system faults can be detected immediately.
The self supervision can be performed by software
functions, utilizing standard features as watchdog
functions, checksum etc., and some extra software
functions, to get as much coverage as possible for the
self supervision. However, the self supervision must be
as simple as possible, to keep the reliability high.
The current and voltage circuits, and the communication
links, can also be monitored continuously by an external
client such as a substation monitoring system (SMS) or
substation control system (SCS), for example by taking
measuring values from Main 1 and Main 2 at regular
intervals during steady state conditions and comparing
these values. An other option is reporting to the control
center for comparison with the result from the state
estimation. It is also possible to monitor the dataflow in
the various communication systems connected to the
supervised device.
Messages from the self supervision system can be
available both locally and remotely, which further
simplifies fault tracing, and cuts down the time for
repair, e.g. by identification of defective parts.
As an example of the improved availability with self
supervision, the Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) can be
compared with conventional static or electromechanical equipment without supervision.
With a test interval of e.g. 2 years, the MTTR without
supervision is approximately 1 year, since a fault will
most likely not be detected until the next test is
performed. With supervision, a fault can normally be
repaired within 48 hours, see figure 1 below. This
means that the MTTR will be 2 days instead of 365
days, a significant improvement.
Routine
test
Without self supervision
MTTR < 1- 5 years
Relay
fault
Routine
test
Dependability
Security
Unavailability
of line C
Electromechanical
/ static
Numerical
Single
Redundant
Single
Redundant
98.4
68.1
0.02
99.5
49.5
0.03
99.4
95.5
0.01
99.4
92.1
0.02
Missing protection or
non selective operation
ABB AB
= Detection ability in %
1= Failure rate for not self supervised components
%
1,0
0,5
Self supervision
0,1
0
50
100
ABB AB
years
10
Station HMI
Feeder A
Control
Monitoring
Substation Information
system (Intranet)
Load B
Protection
Control
Monitoring
Scada
Load C
Protection
Control
Monitoring
Self
Supervision
0,01
20
ABB AB
FAIL
WARNING
NUMFAIL
NUM/ WARNING
RTCERROR
TIMESYNCH
ERROR
RTEERROR
A/D
IEC61850
ERROR
NUM
cPCI bus
132Mbyte
U
I
WATCHDOG
GPS
I/O
I/O
I/O
PSM
OEM OEM
LDCM LDCM
LMDERROR
APPERROR
SETCHGD
ABB AB
SETGRPCHGD
FTFERROR
FAIL
WARNING
NUMFAIL
NUMWARNING
RTCERROR
GS
I/O
I/O
Power
supply
I/O
I/O
CAN
CAN
Power fail
CPU
RTEERROR
A/D
WATCHDOG
LMDERROR
APPERROR
SETCHGD
Settings changed
SETGRPCHGD
FTFERROR
IED 670
TRM
A/D
Conversion
Module
AD1
Main
Processing
Module
NUM
GPS
Synch
Module
Binary
I/O
Module
Binary
GSM
BIM
BIM
I/O
Module
Binary
I/O
Binary
I/O
Binary
I/O
mA
Input
Power
Supply
Module
Module
Module
Module
Module
BIM
BOM
BOM
MIM
I/O
I/O
I/O
mA
CPU
CAN
1Mbit/s
Logics
6I
6U
~
~
A/D
~
~
OEM
LDCM
Communication
I/O
I/O
cPCI
OR
NO
NC
C
Internal fail
Analogue
Input
Module
PSM
Signal name
ADxx
BIM-Error
BOM-Error
IOM-Error
MIM
MIM-Error
LDCM
LDCM-Error
Description
Analog In Module Error status
Binary In Module Error status
Binary Out Module Error status
In/Out Module Error status
Millampere Input Module Error
status
Line Differential Communication
Error status
ABB AB
TRM
Memory
Up to 128 Mb FLASH
Up to 256 Mb DRAM
A/D
A/D low
30
A/D
Controller
A/D high
MPC
360001
1 or 3 ms for protection
Debounce filter, T = 5 ms
35
70
[ms]
ABB AB
BIM card and communicates with the CPU via the CAN
bus, see figure 15
[m A]
30
3,5
DCfail
[ms]
T = 5 ms
>N
Increased interference
immunity (2 x IEC for 50 ms)
[mA]
30
1s
Increased interference
immunity
35
70
[ms]
<N
1s
ABB AB
10
ABB AB
11
Scada
Feeder A
Control
Monitoring
Load C
Load B
Protection
Control
Monitoring
Protection
Control
Monitoring
GPS
Connection
to antenna
ABB AB
12
Application
Product specific configuration
AFL
HMI
Logic/timers
Communication
Base software
Hardware
Figure 28. Software structure
Base software
The base software is close to the hardware,
incorporating basic elements such as start-up routines,
self supervision, operative system, etc. The operative
system is an embedded real time system, which enables
the safe execution of program code in real time.
Application, product specific configuration
The application functional library, AFL, contains all the
protection, control and monitoring functions as software
modules, which are available, as well as possibilities to
connect future modules. A part of the application library
for protection and control functions are shown in figure
29.
The signals that are marked with a number in the two
columns to the right can be configured to the event
recorder by the Signal Matrix Tool (PCM 600).
Future
Fault locator
Phase preference logic
Series compensation
Fuse failure
Time delayed o/c protection
Auto-reclosing
Line differential protection
PROTECTION AND
CONTROL FUNCTIONS
ABB AB
13
GS
I/O
I/O
Power
supply
I/O
I/O
CAN
CAN
Power fail
CPU
A/D
cPCI
OR
Errors Warnings
(Internal events)
Internal fail
The ECC does not affect the bit error rate and data rate
ABB AB
14
IO fail
IO stopped
OR
Set
Reset
IO started
OR
OR
LON ERROR
FTF fatal error
OR
Watchdog
NUMFAIL
RTCERROR
OR
TIMESYNCHERROR
Time reset
OR
NUMWARNING
RTCERROR
Set
Reset
Settings changed
OR
Reset
RTC OK
SYNCH OK
Internal
WARN
Set
Internal
FAIL
Set
Reset
TIMESYNCHERROR
SETCHGD
1 second pulse
ABB AB
15
ABB AB
16
Trajectory of local (Current Terminal 1) contribution to total neg. seq. diff. current
90
No directional
test done:
neither
external,
nor internal
150
fault
declared
120
1,0
60
30
15ms
Excursion
from 0 deg
due to
transient
ct saturation
26ms
0,1
II. Self supervision ( = 90 %)
8ms
180
I. Manual testing ( = 90 %)
External
fault
region
0.1
0.2
330
210
0.3 kA
0,01
Internal
fault
declared
here 8 ms
after fault
0.4 kA
years
300
240
10
270
Local contribution to total negative sequence diff. current
Directional limit (within 60 degrees is an internal fault)
20
Impact of self
supervision
Non redundant
relay scheme
I. Manual testing ( = 90 %)
0,01
II. Self supervision ( = 90 %)
0,001
0,0001
years
0
10
20
ABB AB
17
Main conclusion
Self supervision of protection and control
hardware and software reduces both
downtime as well as the maintenance costs,
as the regular maintenance periods can be
extended.
11 Conclusions
The conclusion by a joint study of two utilities in
Sweden was that automatic testing or supervision
cannot fully replace manual testing when increased
dependability is concerned. The main reason is that not
the whole fault clearing system can be tested. Self
supervision will increase the dependability, security
and availability of the protection equipment, but will
have the main impact on security
The fault detection capability of all manual testing and
self supervision must be high, >90 % respective >70 %
according to this study to achieve a substantial reduction
in the probability of failure to operate. The achievable
reduction in the average probability of failure to operate
when a single protective relay is equipped with
automatic testing is limited. When the probability of
failure to operate for a manually tested single protective
relay is not acceptable a redundant protection is
preferred to automatic testing.
In practice no reduction in probability of failure to
operate can be achieved with automatic testing of
redundant protection. On the other hand, the security is
very much improved, which makes the self supervision
extremely valuable.
The joint study by the Swedish State power Board and
the Swedish utility EON, has shown that the base to
ABB AB
18
Contact us
ABB AB
Substation Automation Products
Phone
+46 (0) 21 34 20 00
Fax
+46 (0) 21 14 69 18
www.abb.com/substationautomation