Gas Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M .

Mallikarjuna

4.6 Limited Pressure Cycle (or Dual Cycle):

This cycle is also called as the dual cycle, which is shown in Fig.4.6. Here the heat

addition occurs partly at constant volume and partly at constant pressure. This cycle is a

closer approximation to the behavior of the actual Otto and Diesel engines because in

the actual engines, the combustion process does not occur exactly at constant volume

or at constant pressure but rather as in the dual cycle.

Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression.

Process 2-3: Constant volume heat addition.

Process 3-4: Constant pressure heat addition.

Process 4-5: Reversible adiabatic expansion.

Process 5-1: Constant volume heat rejection.

3 4

Volume

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Gas Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

Constant Volume
Constant Pressure
4

2
5

Entropy
Fig.4.6. Dual cycle on p-v and T-s diagrams

Air Standard Efficiency:

Heat sup plied = m C v ( T3 - T2 ) + m Cp ( T4 - T3 )

Heat rejected = m C v ( T5 - T1 )

Net work done = m C v ( T3 - T2 ) + m Cp ( T4 - T3 ) - m CV ( T5 - T1 )

m C v ( T3 - T2 ) + m Cp ( T4 - T3 ) - m C v ( T5 - T1 )
ηth =
m C v ( T3 - T2 ) + m Cp ( T4 - T3 )

T5 - T1
ηth = 1 -
( T3 - T2 ) + γ ( T4 - T3 )
P3 v v
Let, = rp ; 4 = rc ; 1 = r
P2 v3 v2

T2 = T1 r γ - 1
T3 = T2 rp = T1 r γ - 1 rp
T4 = T3 rc = T1 r γ - 1 rp rc

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Gas Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

γ -1 γ -1 γ -1
T5 ⎛v ⎞ ⎛v v ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
=⎜ 4⎟ = ⎜ 4. 2⎟ =⎜ c⎟
T4 ⎝ v5 ⎠ ⎝ v 2 v5 ⎠ ⎝r⎠

γ -1
⎛r ⎞
T5 = T4 ⎜ c ⎟ = T1 rp rcγ
⎝r⎠

T1 rp rcγ - T1
ηth = 1 -
{( T r
1
γ -1
) (
rp - T1 r γ - 1 + γ T1 r γ - 1 rp rc - T1 r γ - 1 rp )}

= 1-
( rp rcγ - 1)

{( rp r γ - 1 - r γ - 1 ) + γ ( rp rc r γ - 1 - rp r γ - 1 )}
1 ⎧⎪ rp rcγ - 1 ⎫⎪
ηth 1 - γ -1 ⎨ ⎬
r ( )
⎪⎩ rp - 1 + γrp ( rc - 1) ⎭⎪

From the above equation, it is observed that, a value of rp > 1 results in an increased

efficiency for a given value of rc and γ. Thus the efficiency of the dual cycle lies between

that of the Otto cycle and the Diesel cycle having the same compression ratio.

Mean Effective Pressure:

Workdone
mep =
Displacement volume

m C v ( T3 - T2 ) + m Cp ( T4 - T3 ) - m C v ( T5 - T1 )
=
v1 - v 2

m C v ( γ - 1) T1 ⎛ r - 1 ⎞
v1 - v 2 = ⎜ ⎟
p1 ⎝ r ⎠

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Gas Power Cycles Prof. U.S.P. Shet , Prof. T. Sundararajan and Prof. J.M . Mallikarjuna

p1 r ⎧⎪ T3 - T2 γ ( T4 - T3 ) T5 - T1 ⎫⎪
mep = ⎨ + - ⎬
( r -1)( γ - 1) ⎪⎩ T1 T1 T1 ⎭⎪

=
p1 r
( )( )
r - 1 γ - 1
{ ( ) (
r γ - 1 rp - 1 + γ r γ - 1 rp ( rc - 1) - rp rcγ - 1 )}

=
p1 r
( )( )
r - 1 γ - 1
{ {( ) } (
r γ - 1 rp - 1 + γ rp ( rc - 1) - rp rcγ - 1 )}

Indian Institute of Technology Madras