Periodic Properties of the

Elements

Part I
Mendeleev’s Original Periodic Table
 Isoelectronic (Series)

Species having the same ground-state

electron configuration are isoelectronic

Ex:
Mg2+, F-, Na+, Ne, Al3+, O2-, N3-

All the above species are part of the same

isoelectronic series
 Periodicity:
Properties of elements repeat and vary
depending on their location in the periodic
table

• Effective Nuclear Charge

• Atomic Radius
• Ionic Radius
• Ionization Energy (I1, I2, …)
• Electron Affinity
 Effective Nuclear Charge

Zeff : the positive charge (from nucleus) felt

by an electron
 ☼ Zeff is the result of opposing forces

☼ As Zeff increases, e- will experience greater

attraction to the nucleus
☼ Use Zeff estimates to compare elements
Ex:

Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6

10 p+
shield e-
outermost e-
4 e-

Zeff = Z – S = – = +6
Ex:

F 1s2 2s2 2p5

9 p+
shield e-
outermost e-
4 e-

Zeff = Z – S = – = +5
Effective nuclear charge
 Zeff Ne > Zeff F

• Equal e- shielding
• Ne has more protons than F
• Ne outermost e- experience greater attractive force
towards the nucleus

☼ the strength of attraction between the

outermost e- and the nucleus determines
an atom’s periodic properties
 Atomic Radius
One-half the distance between two adjacent nuclei
•
Atomic radius decreases across the periodic
table to the right.
Atomic radius increases as you go down the
table.
☼ As Zeff decreases, atomic radius
increases (e- are held with less force
thus farther from the nucleus)
Ex: Atomic radius of K > Ca. Why?

K 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

19 p+ 18 e-
Zeff = – = +1
Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
Zeff = 20 – 18 = +2
 K > Ca

• Equal e- shielding
• Ca has one more proton than K
• Zeff Ca > Zeff K
• Ca outermost e- experience more attractive force towards
the nucleus

☼ Ca outermost e- are pulled closer to the

nucleus than those of K
 Ionic Radii- Cations
radius decreases due to an increase in Zeff
•
Cations are smaller than their parent atom
•

2+
Ca 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

Zeff = 20 – 12
18 = +8
+2
Zeff Ca < Zeff Ca2+
Ca2+ is smaller than Ca
 Ionic Radii- Anions

• radius increases due to crowding of more e-

into a subshell
• additional repulsion between e- forces them
farther from nucleus
• Anions are larger than their parent atom
Ex: Rank the following isoelectronic series in
order of decreasing size:
Rb1+, Sr2+, Se2-, Br1-

Rb1+ Zeff = 37 - 30 = +7
Sr2+ Zeff = 38 - 30 = +8
Se2- Zeff = 34 - 30 = +4
Br1- Zeff = 35 - 30 = +5

Se2- > Br1- > Rb1+ > Sr2+

 Ionization Energy
• Minimum energy required to remove
the outermost electron form an isolated
neutral atom in the gaseous state.
• kJ/mol
• X(g)  X+(g) + e-

• ∆H = I1 (1st Ionization Energy)

Why?

☼ As Zeff increases, e- are held with more

force
☼ As attractive force increases, more
energy is required to remove an e-
 break
HW: p. 339 # 82, 85, 86
p. 340 # 87, 88, 90

LP: Lab 9 (both parts)