Section 1: The New Immigrants

Through The "Golden Door"

Millions Of Immigrants:
Some immigrants seek better lives; others temporary obs
!uropeans:
"#$% & "'(%) about (% million !uropeans arrive in *+S+
Many flee religions perse,ution: -e.s driven from /ussia by pogroms
0opulation gro.th results in la,k of farmland) industrial obs
/eform movements) revolts influen,e young .ho seek independent lives
1hinese 2nd -apanese:
2bout 3%%)%%% 1hinese arrive; earliest one attra,ted by gold rush
4ork in railroads) farms) mines) domesti, servises) business
-apanese .ork on 5a.aiian plantations) then go to 4est 1oast
6y "'(%) more than (%%)%%% on 4est 1oast
The 4est Indes 2nd Me7i,o:
2bout (8%)%%% immigrants from 4est indies; most seek industrial obs
Me7i,ans flee politi,al turmoil; after "'"%) $%%)%%% arrive
9ational /e,lamation 2,t ,reates farmland) dra.s Me7i,an farmers
:ife In The 9e. :and
2 Diffi,ult -ourney:
2lmost all immigrants travel by steamship) most in steerage
!llis Island:
!llis Island & ,hief *+S+ immigration station) in 9e. ;ork 5arbor
Immigrants given physi,al e7am by do,tor; seriously ill not admitted
Inspe,tor ,he,ks do,uments to see if meets legal re<uirements
"#'( & "'(=) about "$ million immigrants pro,essed at !llis Island
2ngel Island:
2ngel Island & immigrant pro,essing station in San >ran,is,o 6ay
Immigrants endure harsh <uestioning) long detention for admittion
1ooperation >or Survival:
Immigrants must ,reate ne. life: fund .ork) home) learn ne. .ays
Many seek people .ho share ,ultural values) religion) language
!thni, ,ommunities form
>ri,tion develops bet.een "hyphenated" 2meri,ans) native&born
Immigration /estri,tions
The /ise Of 9ativism:
Melting pot & in *+S+ people blend by abandoning native ,ulture
Immigrants don?t .ant to give up ,ultural identity
9ativism & over favoritism to.ard native&born 2meri,ans
9ativists believe 2nglo&Sa7ons superior to other ethni, groups
Some obe,t to immigrants? religion: many are 1atholi,s) -e.s
"#'$) 1ongress passes litera,y bill for immigrants; 1leveland vetoes
"'"$) similar bill passes over 4ilson?s veto
2nti&2sian Sentiment:
9ativism finds foothold in labor movement) espe,ially in 4est
>ear 1hinese immigrants .ho .ork for less
:abor groups e7ert politi,al pressure to restri,t 2sian immigration
"##() 1hinese !7,lusion 2,t bans entry to most 1hinese
The Gentleman?s 2greement:
9ativist fears e7tend to -apanese) most 2sians in early "'%%?s
San >ran,is,o segregates -apanese s,hool,holdren
Gentleman?s 2greement & -apan limits emigration
In return) *+S+ repeals segregation
Section 2: The Challenges Of Urbanization
*rban Opportunities
Immigrants Settle In 1ities:
Industriali@ation leads to urbani@ation) or gro.th of ,ities
Most immigrants settle in ,ities; get ,heap housing) fa,tory obs
2meri,ani@ation movement & assimilate people into main ,ulture
S,hools) voluntary groups tea,h ,iti@enship skills
!nglish) 2meri,an history) ,ooking) eti<uette
!thni, ,ommunities provide so,ial support
Migration >rom 1ountry To 1ity:
>arm te,hnology de,reases need for laborers; people move to ,ities
Many 2fri,an 2meri,ans in South lose their livelihood
"#'%&"'"%) move to ,ities in 9orth) 4est to es,ape ra,ial violen,e
>ind segregation) dis,rimination in 9orth too
1ompetition for obs bet.een bla,ks) .hite immigrants ,auses tension
*rban 0roblems
5ousing:
4orking&,lass families live in houses on outskirts or boardinghouses
:ater) ro. houses built for single families
Immigrants take over ro. houses) (&3 families per house
Tenements & multifamily urban d.ellings) are over,ro.ded) unsanitary
Transportation:
Mass transit & move large numbers of people along fi7ed routes
6y (%th ,entury) transit systems link ,ity to suburbs
4ater:
"#8%s ,ities have inade<uate or no piped .ater) indoor plumbing rare
>iltration introdu,ed "#$%s) ,hlorination in "'%#
Sanitation:
Streets: manure) open gutters) fa,tory smoke) poor trash ,olle,tion
1ontra,tors hired to s.eep streets) ,olle,t garbage) ,lean outhouses
Often do not do ob properly
6y "'%%) ,ities develop se.er lines) ,reate sanitation departments
1rime:
2s population gro.s) thieves flourish
!arly poli,e for,es too small to be effe,tive
>ire:
>ire ha@ards: limited .ater) not al.ays available
"'%%) most ,ities have full&time) professional fire departments
>ire sprinklers) non&flammable building materials make ,ities safer
/eformers Mobili@e
The Settlement 5ouse Movement:
So,ial .elfare reformers .ork to relieve urban poverty
So,ial Gospel movement & prea,hes salvation through servi,e to poor
Settlement houses & ,ommunity ,enters in slums) help immigrants
/un by ,ollege&edu,ated .omen) they:
0rovide edu,ational) ,ultural) so,ial servi,es
Send visiting nurses to the si,k
5elp .ith personal) ob) finan,ial problems
-ane 2ddams founds 5ull 5ouse .ith !len Gates Starr in "##'
Section 3: Politics In The Gile !ge
The !mergen,e Of 0oliti,al Ma,hines
The 0oliti,al Ma,hine:
0oliti,al ma,hine & organi@ed group that ,ontrols ,ity politi,al party
Give servi,es to voters) businesses for politi,al) finan,ial support
2fter 1ivil 4ar) ma,hines gain ,ontrol of maor ,ities
Ma,hine organi@ation: pre,in,t ,aptains) .ard bosses) ,ity boss
The /ole Of The 0oliti,al 6oss:
4hether or not ,ity boss serves as mayor) he:
1ontrols a,,ess to ,ity obs) business li,enses
Influen,es ,ourts) muni,ipal agen,ies
2rranges building proe,ts) ,ommunity servi,es
6osses paid by businesses) get voters? loyalty) e7tend influen,e
Immigrants 2nd The Ma,hine:
Many ,aptains) bosses first and se,ond generation 2meri,ans
Ma,hines help immigrants .ith naturali@ation) obs) housing
Muni,ipal Graft 2nd S,andal
!le,tion >raud 2nd Graft:
Ma,hines use ele,toral fraud to .in ele,tions
Graft & illegal use of politi,al influen,e for personal gain
Ma,hines take ki,kba,ks) bribes to allo. legal) illegal a,tivities
The T.eed /ing S,andal:
"#8# 4illiam M+ T.eed) or 6oss T.eed) heads Tammany 5all in 9;1
:eads T.eed /ing) defrauds ,ity of millions of dollars
1artoonist Thomas 9ast helps arouse publi, outrage
T.eed /ing broken in "#$"
1ivil Servi,e /epla,es 0atronage
0atronage Spurs /eform:
0atronage & government obs to those .ho help ,andidate get ele,ted
1ivil servi,e Agovernment administrationB are all patronage obs
Some appointers not <ualified; some use position for personal gain
/eformers press for merit system of hiring for ,ivil servi,e
/eform *nder 5ayes) Garfield) 2nd 2rthur:
/epubli,an /utherford 6+ 5ayes ele,ted president in "#$8
9ames independents to ,abinet
1reates ,ommission to investigate ,orruption
>ires ( offi,ials; angers Stal.arts
"##%) /epubli,an independent -ames 2+ Garfield .in ele,tion
Stal.art 1hester 2+ 2rthur is vi,e&president
Garfield gives patronage obs to reformers; is shot and killed
2s president) 2rthur urges 1ongress to pass ,ivil servi,e la.
0endleton 1ivil Servi,e 2,t & appointments based on e7am s,ores
6usiness 6uys Influen,e
5arrison) 1leveland) 2nd 5igh Tariffs:
6usiness .ants high tariffs; Demo,rats .ant lo. tariffs
"##=) Demo,rat Grover 1leveland .ins; ,annot lo.er tariffs
"###) 6enamin 5arrison) supporta higher tariffs
4ins passage of M,Cinley Tariff 2,t
"#'() 1leveland reele,ted) supports bill that lo.ers M,Cinley Tariff
/ee,ts bill that also ,reates in,ome ta7
4ilson&Gorman Tariff be,omes la. "#'=
"#'$) 4illiam M,Cinley be,omes president) raises tariffs agan