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Experiment F2
Fluidization
Name
: Lin Ming Jiang
(A0107784X)
Neo Yong Sheng Rennie
(A0107720R)
Theng Ben Jie Benjamin
(A0107726E)
Lab Group
: Group 8
Date of Expt.
: 06 Mar 2014
GRADE :
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Content Page
Content
Page Number
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of Experiment
1.2 Background Information
1.2.1 Packed Bed
1.2.2 Minimum Fluidization Velocity
1.2.3 Theoretical Approach
3-7
3
8-9
8
8
9
9
10-21
4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Comparison of Experimental results
4.2 Error Analysis
4.3 Improvement for this experiment
22-25
22-25
26
27
5. CONCLUSION
27
6. REFERENCES
28
APPENDICES
As attached
3
4
4-7
Experiment F2 Fluidization
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Aim of Experiment
The aim of this experiment to study the followings;
a. Mechanism of fluidisation and batch fluidisation in a solid-fluid system.
b. Effect of superficial fluid velocity on the bed characteristics and the pressure drop
across the bed.
c. Effect of particle size on the minimum fluidisation velocity, and the terminal
settling velocity.
Experiment F2 Fluidization
1.2.2
Flow through a packed bed can be regarded as fluid flow past some number of submerged
objects. In most cases, the objects are uniform spherical particles of diameter X SV. When there is
no flow through the packed bed, the net gravitational force acts downward. When flow begins
upward, friction forces act upward and counterbalance the net gravitational force. For a high
enough fluid velocity, the friction force is large enough to lift the particles. At the onset of
incipient fluidization (packed bed becomes fluidized), the superficial fluid velocity is known as
the minimum fluidization velocity Umf. Umf increases with particle size and particle density and is
affected by fluid properties.
1.2.3
Theoretical Approach
When a packed bed of particles is subjected to a sufficient high upward velocity flow of fluid, a
point is reach when the particles are lifted by the fluid, the separation of the particles increases,
and the bed becomes fluidized. The weight of the particles is supported by the drag force exerted
by the fluid on the particles and the particles become freely suspended or fluidized.
When the fluid flowed through the bed of particles, there is a pressure loss in the fluid due to the
frictional resistance increases with increasing fluid flow. At the point of fluidization, the upward
drag force exerted by the fluid on the particles become equal to the apparent weight of the
particles in the bed. The superficial fluid velocity at which the packed bed becomes a fluidized
bed is known as the minimum fluidization velocity,
A force balance across the fluidized bed can be expressed as follow,
PA 1 mf p f AH mf g
Where ,
Hmf
mf
(1)
Experiment F2 Fluidization
p
= Density of particles
= Density of fluid
Or
P
1 mf p f g
H mf
(2)
To derive an equation for minimum fluidization velocity, umf. We can equate the expression for
pressure loss in a fluidized bed (Eqn. 1) with the expression for pressure loss across a packed
bed. The Ergun equation is used for all types of flow in packed bed.
(1 ) 2 u
(1 ) u 2
P
150
1
.
75
H
3 s Dp2
3 s Dp
Where ,
= shape factor
Dp
= particle size
= Liquid viscosity
= Bed height
(3)
By equating the expression of Ergun equation with the pressure loss at the point of incipient
fluidization, a quadratic equation for minimum fluidization velocity umf is obtained.
(1 mf )( s f ) g 150
(1 mf ) 2 umf
mf
s Dp
2
1.75
(1 mf ) f umf
mf
s Dp
(4)
For small particles, only the laminar flow term of Ergun equation is significant. The equation for
minimum fluidization velocity when Rep<20,
Experiment F2 Fluidization
s2 Dp2 s f
150
u mf
3
g mf
1 mf
(5)
In view of large particles, the laminar flow term will become negligible, and u mf varies with
square root of the particle size. The equation for Rep>1000,
s D p g s f mf 3
u mf
1.75 f
1/ 2
(6)
Through plot of pressure drop across the bed against flowrate or the superficial velocity (as
shown below in Figure.1 the minimum fluidization velocity could the obtained graphically.
Experiment F2 Fluidization
At first, when there is no flow, the pressure drop zero, and the bed has a certain height. As we
proceed along the right arrow in the direction of increasing superficial velocity, tracing the path
ABCD, the pressure drop gradually increases while the bed height remains fixed. This is a region
where the Ergun equation for a packed bed can be used to relate the pressure drop to the velocity.
When the point B is reached, the bed starts expanding in height while the pressure drop levels off
and no longer increases as the superficial velocity is increased. This is when the upward force
exerted by the fluid on the particles is sufficient to balance the net weight of the bed and the
particles begin to separate from each other and float in the fluid. As the velocity is increased
further, the bed continues to expand in height, but the pressure drop stays constant. It is possible
to reach large superficial velocities without having the particles carried out with the fluid at the
exit. This is because the settling velocities of the particles are typically much larger than the
largest superficial velocities used.
After fluidization, it settles back into a more loosely packed state; this is why the constant bed
height on the return loop is larger than the bed height in the initial state. If we now repeat the
experiment by increasing the superficial velocity from zero, well follow the set of curves ECD
in both directions. Because of this reason, we define the velocity at the point C in the figure as
the minimum fluidization velocity V.
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Quantity
2 rotameter with different adjustable flow rates, 2 differential
pressure meters and 1 pump for each column, a total of 3
column containing particles of different sizes
Diameter of columns
5 cm
969 g
963 g
861 g
Density of water at 20 oC
998.2 Kg/m3
Viscosity of water at 20 oC
9.93 x 10-4
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Care must be taken when adjusting the flow rate of the fluid to prevent the overflow of fluid
and fluidized bed.
During the experiment, no one should attempt to disassembling or dismantling any parts of
the experimental setup. As this experiment involved working fluid running at high velocity
which may be cause undesirable effects when not handled properly.
2.4. Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Q
(L/min)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.10
0.00
Pin
Pout
P (Psi)
P (Pa)
H (m)
U (m/s)
2.19
2.30
2.44
2.49
2.55
2.60
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.63
2.62
2.62
2.59
2.55
2.50
2.39
2.28
2.22
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.19
0.00
0.11
0.25
0.30
0.36
0.41
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.42
0.43
0.39
0.36
0.31
0.20
0.09
0.03
0.00
758.42
1723.69
2068.43
2482.11
2826.85
2964.75
2895.80
2895.80
2964.75
2895.80
2964.75
2688.96
2482.11
2137.38
1378.95
620.53
206.84
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.344
0.345
0.347
0.350
0.355
0.361
0.368
0.360
0.353
0.349
0.347
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.346
0.000000
0.000849
0.001699
0.002123
0.002548
0.002972
0.003397
0.003822
0.004246
0.004671
0.004246
0.003822
0.003397
0.002972
0.002548
0.002123
0.000849
0.000000
Porosit
y
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.54
0.54
0.55
0.55
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.53
0.53
0.53
0.53
10
Experiment F2 Fluidization
11
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Therefore, theoretical pressure drop for column 1 can be calculated by using equation:
And the theoretical minimum fluidization velocity Umf for column 1 can be obtain by using
Ergun equation:
12
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Where
&
Q
(L/min)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
Pin
Pout
P (Psi)
P (Pa)
H (m)
U (m/s)
2.20
2.22
2.23
2.25
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.00
68.95
137.90
275.79
413.69
482.63
551.58
620.53
689.48
758.42
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.000000
0.000849
0.001699
0.002548
0.003397
0.004246
0.004671
0.005096
0.005520
0.005945
Porosit
y
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
13
Experiment F2 Fluidization
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.1
2.05
2
1.95
1.9
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
1.55
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.37
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.49
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.54
2.56
2.57
2.58
2.59
2.60
2.61
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.62
2.61
2.61
2.60
2.59
2.59
2.57
2.56
2.55
2.54
2.52
2.51
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.30
827.37
896.32
965.27
1034.21
1103.16
1172.11
1241.06
1310.00
1378.95
1447.90
1516.85
1585.79
1654.74
1723.69
1792.64
1930.53
2068.43
2137.38
2206.32
2275.27
2413.17
2482.11
2551.06
2620.01
2688.96
2757.90
2826.85
2826.85
2826.85
2826.85
2757.90
2757.90
2688.96
2620.01
2620.01
2482.11
2413.17
2344.22
2275.27
2137.38
2068.43
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.353
0.359
0.360
0.362
0.359
0.358
0.355
0.353
0.352
0.351
0.351
0.351
0.350
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.006369
0.006794
0.007219
0.007643
0.008068
0.008493
0.008917
0.009342
0.009766
0.010191
0.010616
0.011040
0.011465
0.011890
0.012314
0.012739
0.013163
0.013588
0.014013
0.014437
0.014862
0.015287
0.015711
0.016136
0.016561
0.016985
0.017410
0.017834
0.018259
0.017834
0.017410
0.016985
0.016561
0.016136
0.015711
0.015287
0.014862
0.014437
0.014013
0.013588
0.013163
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.45
0.44
0.44
0.44
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
14
Experiment F2 Fluidization
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.42
2.39
2.38
2.36
2.34
2.31
2.30
2.28
2.25
2.24
2.22
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.19
0.29
0.26
0.23
0.22
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
1999.48
1792.64
1585.79
1516.85
1310.00
1241.06
1103.16
965.27
758.42
689.48
551.58
344.74
275.79
137.90
68.95
0.00
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.349
0.012739
0.011890
0.011040
0.010191
0.009342
0.008493
0.007643
0.006794
0.005945
0.005096
0.004246
0.003397
0.002548
0.001699
0.000849
0.000000
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
15
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Therefore, theoretical pressure drop for column 2 can be calculated by using equation
And the theoretical minimum fluidization velocity Umf for column 2 can be obtain by using
Ergun equation shown previously
Q
(L/min)
0.00
0.10
0.20
Pin
Pout
P (Psi)
P (Pa)
H (m)
U (m/s)
2.19
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.20
2.20
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.000000
0.000849
0.001699
Porosit
y
0.42
0.42
0.42
17
Experiment F2 Fluidization
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
3.60
3.70
3.80
3.90
4.00
4.10
4.20
4.30
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.22
2.23
2.23
2.24
2.24
2.25
2.25
2.26
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
2.34
2.35
2.36
2.36
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.41
2.42
2.43
2.44
2.45
2.46
2.47
2.49
2.50
2.51
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.33
0.34
0.35
68.95
68.95
137.90
137.90
137.90
206.84
206.84
275.79
275.79
344.74
344.74
413.69
413.69
482.63
551.58
551.58
620.53
689.48
758.42
827.37
896.32
965.27
1034.21
1034.21
1034.21
1172.11
1241.06
1310.00
1378.95
1447.90
1516.85
1585.79
1654.74
1723.69
1792.64
1930.53
1999.48
2068.43
2275.27
2344.22
2413.17
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.310
0.002548
0.003397
0.004246
0.005096
0.005945
0.006794
0.007643
0.008493
0.009342
0.010191
0.011040
0.011890
0.012739
0.013588
0.014437
0.015287
0.016136
0.016985
0.017834
0.018684
0.019533
0.020382
0.021231
0.022081
0.022930
0.023779
0.024628
0.025478
0.026327
0.027176
0.028025
0.028875
0.029724
0.030573
0.031423
0.032272
0.033121
0.033970
0.034820
0.035669
0.036518
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
18
Experiment F2 Fluidization
4.40
4.45
4.50
4.55
4.60
4.55
4.50
4.45
4.40
4.35
4.30
4.25
4.20
4.15
4.10
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.00
0.50
0.00
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.58
2.58
2.58
2.57
2.58
2.58
2.57
2.57
2.57
2.56
2.56
2.54
2.53
2.51
2.49
2.47
2.45
2.44
2.39
2.37
2.35
2.33
2.32
2.29
2.27
2.26
2.24
2.21
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.19
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.37
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.35
0.35
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.28
0.26
0.24
0.23
0.18
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
2482.11
2482.11
2482.11
2482.11
2482.11
2551.06
2482.11
2482.11
2551.06
2482.11
2482.11
2482.11
2413.17
2413.17
2275.27
2206.32
2068.43
1930.53
1792.64
1654.74
1585.79
1241.06
1172.11
1034.21
896.32
827.37
620.53
482.63
413.69
275.79
137.90
0.00
0.310
0.312
0.313
0.315
0.315
0.315
0.314
0.313
0.312
0.312
0.312
0.311
0.311
0.310
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.309
0.037367
0.037792
0.038217
0.038641
0.039066
0.038641
0.038217
0.037792
0.037367
0.036943
0.036518
0.036093
0.035669
0.035244
0.034820
0.033970
0.032272
0.030573
0.028875
0.027176
0.025478
0.023779
0.022081
0.020382
0.018684
0.016985
0.015287
0.013588
0.011890
0.008493
0.004246
0.000000
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.42
19
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Therefore, theoretical pressure drop for column 3 can be calculated by using equation
And the theoretical minimum fluidization velocity Umf for column 3 can be obtain by using
Ergun equation shown previously
Experiment F2 Fluidization
22
Experiment F2 Fluidization
4. DISCUSSION
4.1 Comparison of experimental results
Column
1
Column
2
Column
3
Experimenta
l P (Pa)
Theoretical P
(Pa)
Experimental Umf
(m/s)
Theoretical Umf
(m/s)
2964.7468
3264.32
0.003397
0.0103
2826.8516
2863.13
0.017410
0.0048
2482.1136
2566.03
0.037367
0.0169
Table 6: Experimental data comparison with theoretical values calculated using Ergun
Equation
From the raw data tabulated and graphs plotted, it can be observed that the pressure drop P
increases with flow rate until the minimum fluidization velocity whereby the bed expands and
porosity increases, and the pressure drop remains at the same value after that with further
increment of fluid velocity.
The bed heights initially remain the same and increased at the minimum fluidization velocity and
stay increasing with increment in the fluid velocity as the fluid drag force and buoyancy force
has overcome the gravitational force. The fluid velocity is decreased slowly back to 0 L/min,
however, the bed height is found slightly higher than their original value, this could be due to
their inertial force.
As shown in the Table 6, the experimental pressure drops at the minimum fluidization for the 3
columns are only slightly lower as compared to the theoretical pressure drops.
The minimum fluidization velocities obtained by the experimental data are far higher than the
theoretical values calculated by using Ergun Equation.
Column
0.5
0.003397
0.017410
0.037367
23
Experiment F2 Fluidization
From Table 7, it is found that as the particle size increases, the minimum fluidization velocity
also increases.
24
Experiment F2 Fluidization
25
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Based on the comparison above, both column 1 and 2 follows the shape quite closely to the
theory. However for column 3, the graphical results did not match as closely because the
fluctuating height during our experiment contributes to the inconsistency, which would be further
discussed in our error analysis portion.
The graphical results however, still follow the upward trend and to be more prcised in our
results, the parameter of the flow interval reading/data can be obtained more repetitively for all
the columns to ensure a more accurate, consistent end result for our graph plotted.
The height of the bed in the column did not change until it begin to fluidize, resulted in the
pressure reading between the value of the flow rate to be of 0 and the value till it begin to
fluidize should be recorded. The result did not affect the mechanism of fluidization and batch
fluidization in a solid-fluid system but it explained the sudden change in the graph for P from
26
Experiment F2 Fluidization
the value of 0 to the moment it begin to fluidize. Hence the result will deviate slightly to the
theory.
4.2 Error Analysis
Comparing the theoretical values with the experimental values of minimum fluidization velocity,
it could be observed that there exist some differences in the velocities. The deviation in the
experimental data from the ideal case could be attributed to the following factors:
1. Flow rates may not be measured accurately by reading off from the flow meter.
2. Human error during the data taking. The top surfaces of the packed beds were not even, thus
approximated bed heights were observed and recorded.
3. There could have been air locks in the line where the pressure readings were taken thus
resulting in incorrect pressure reading.
4. Possible leaks in the water line may give an incorrect flow reading and pressure reading.
5. Unsteady flow meters or combination of flow meters to adjust the flow could have also
resulted in incorrect pressure readings.
6. As the particles were not packed in a flat line of arrangement, the bed height could have been
recorded wrongly.
7. The beads in column 3 were heavy, small particles of dirt were seen floating atop of the bead
thus it might affect the voidage that will deviate from the end results
8. The viscosity and density of the working fluid were water at 20 oC, however the actual
temperature of the water might not be exactly at that temperature.
27
Experiment F2 Fluidization
Samples from flow rate of 30 and 50 ml/min could be repeated to ensure accuracy.
Flow rate of the system can be checked by using a measuring cylinder and stop watches
to confirm the pumps are working fine.
System can be run at even more different flow rates to obtain better correlation between
the residential time and conversion rate.
5. CONCLUSION
From the experimental data, it can be concluded that:
a. At the point of minimum fluidization velocity, the pressure drop across the packed bed
will not further increase linearly with the superficial velocity but will remain constant.
b. Bed height and bed void fraction increase linearly with increasing superficial velocity
when minimum fluidization condition is reached.
c. It could be also seen that the velocities (both terminal velocity and minimum fluidization
velocity) increases linearly with the particle size.
d. The experiment fluidization velocity is, to a certain extent, close to the calculated
fluidization velocity.
28
Experiment F2 Fluidization
6. REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Martin Rhodes, Introduction to particle technology, 2nd Ed. Publisher Wiley, 2008
5.
Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7th Edition. 1997 (Ed: R.H. Perry, D.W. Green,
and J.O. Maloney), McGraw-Hill, New York.
29