0 valutazioniIl 0% ha trovato utile questo documento (0 voti)
69 visualizzazioni25 pagine
This presentation was delivered by Sonomi Tanaka (Lead Social Development Specialist, ADB) on 12 September 2014, third day of the Designing Socially Inclusive Transport Projects Training, a pre-Transport Forum event.
Titolo originale
DSIT_Gender Analysis and Gender Action Plans in Transport Projects
This presentation was delivered by Sonomi Tanaka (Lead Social Development Specialist, ADB) on 12 September 2014, third day of the Designing Socially Inclusive Transport Projects Training, a pre-Transport Forum event.
This presentation was delivered by Sonomi Tanaka (Lead Social Development Specialist, ADB) on 12 September 2014, third day of the Designing Socially Inclusive Transport Projects Training, a pre-Transport Forum event.
Sonomi Tanaka Lead Gender Specialist Regional and Sustainable Development Department, ADB Poverty and Social Analysis Training for the Transport Sector 10 12 September 2014 | Auditorium Annex 1 & 2 The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology. Gender Equality Gender Equality --Key for Inclusive Transport Key for Inclusive Transport Gender differences in travel patterns, access, affordability need to be reflected in designs Women as a stakeholder group need to be involved to raise voice Assess project impact channels through a gender lens Gender integral in PSA ADBs numerical target for gender mainstreaming 45% of ADB and 55% of ADF A tool to translate gender analysis findings into actions Mirrors project outputs Includes gender targets and design features Key gender targets/indicators in project DMF (>50% of outputs) Inclusion of GAP in ADB project appraisal document (RRP) Gender specialists and other institutional mechanisms and resources specified Legal covenant of GAP implementation Project Gender Action Plan (GAP) Project Gender Action Plan (GAP) -- ADB gender mainstreaming tool ADB gender mainstreaming tool Composition of Transport Projects, 2009 Composition of Transport Projects, 2009--2013 2013 16% 19% 23% 17% 100% 31% 39% 50% 52% 69% 61% 50% 48% 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Project Count Gender Mainstreamed Urban Transport Projects Gender Mainstreamed Transport Projects Rest of Transport Projects Emerging Challenges Emerging Challenges Templatish gender designs Gender targets set without baseline or proxy Weak gender actions (e.g., x% women participating in consultation meetings) Unrealistic expectations (e.g., x% women in construction work in Afghanistan) Gender targets not supported by facilitating mechanisms Designs not guided by solid gender analysis What does this tell you? What does this tell you? if existing gender inequalities are addressed simultaneously Transport services and infrastructure can positively contribute to reducing gender gaps and womens empowerment. Gender Analysis: Gender Analysis: Key I ssues for Transport Key I ssues for Transport Gender differences in travel patterns Gender differences in use of modes Gender differences in time use & time poverty Gender differences in access to resources for travel Gendered use & access to public space Gender differences in mobility and safety Gender differences in access to economic opportunities Gender differences in voicing transport needs Womens Travel Patterns and Mobility Womens Travel Patterns and Mobility Constraints in Developing Countries Constraints in Developing Countries Typical Gender Barriers (1) Typical Gender Barriers (1) Barriers to mobility Rural context Women travel often by foot, around the home Importance of feeder roads, footpaths, footbridges Urban context Women may be more reliant on public transport Womens multiple tasks may prevent or add to travel times Socio-cultural constraints Barriers to gender-equal access to services Roads not enough, need transport services and intermediary means of transport Lack of intermediate means of transport Affordability Reliability linked to time poverty Quality of services Typical Gender Barriers (2) Typical Gender Barriers (2) Barriers to economic opportunities Lack of capacity to fully capture economic opportunity (e.g., skills, credit, property) Limited access to motored vehicles Womens goods/produce vs. mens Photo from AIT Typical Gender Barriers (3) Typical Gender Barriers (3) Barriers to employment in transport sector Women cannot travel far to construction sites Limited job information & skills Different approaches to pay vs. contribution Work harassment and lack of child care facilities Modern urban transport is male dominated sector Typical Gender Barriers (4) Typical Gender Barriers (4) Barriers to safety and security Road safety ignores gender Sexual harassment on public transport Physical designs and services in support of womens transport security & safety e.g. lighting, womens spaces, location Typical Gender Barriers ( Typical Gender Barriers (55)) Sexual Harassment in Urban Transport Studies in PAK, AZE, GEO Case of Baku (AZE) 79% of female metro users experience harassment Almost all did not react, or only frowned fear of escalation or violence 80% of harassed were 18-30 years old 26% experienced help from bystanders most helpers were older women 82% experienced harassment on the train itself 35% on the platform Not time specific, but more physical types are experienced when the metro is crowded Feelings: angry, annoyed, disgusted 30% have decreased metro use Possible links with metro management? (Courtesy: S. Campbell, CWRD) Barriers to influencing decision-making Lack of critical mass of women in transport sector Voices of women as road and transportation users not heard No incentive for service to respond to womens needs Peters (2011) Typical Gender Barriers (6) Typical Gender Barriers (6) World Bank/Australia Study on Gender World Bank/Australia Study on Gender and Public Transport in Kathmandu and Public Transport in Kathmandu (2013) (2013) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTqh1kAM p-U (Courtesy of the World Bank) Ways to address gender in Ways to address gender in transport projects? (1) transport projects? (1) Policy Enabling gender-responsive sector policy & institutions Participation of women and men in policy development, project planning, implementation and monitoring Accessibility Selection criteria for roads sections and urban transport services; attention to intermediate means of transport Affordability Tariff policy, cost recovery schemes, flexible tickets Acceptability Physical designs (universal access in vehicle designs, women-only spaces, separate waiting spaces, side walks, street lights); service schedules; security and safety concerns Livelihoods & Employment Labor based technologies & targets for women Training of community & community mobilization (e.g. road construction groups, savings) Income generation & market points to enhance women's capacity to capture opportunities for marketing Women as drivers, ticketing agents, etc. Capacity Gender equal training opportunities for project staff Training for women on skills & participation in decision-making Mitigation of risks HIV/AIDS, Trafficking, Labor Standards, Resettlement, Road Safety Ways to address gender in Ways to address gender in transport projects? (2) transport projects? (2) Project Output Gender Actions/Designs Proposed Output 1: Road rehabilitation At least 40% of unskilled laborers will be female with pay equity Contractors will not employ child labor on civil works contracts Road shoulders will be sealed surface enabling carts with wheels Output 2: Road asset management Capacity building of local contractors on gender and labor-based appropriate technology Sex disaggregated database to track the use of local labor Community contracts to women for sustainable road maintenance works At least 50% women road side maintenance workers Output 3: Road safety and safeguards program All project roads with speed bumps in villages and road safety signage A community-based road safety campaign with 50% women facilitators Inclusion of HIV/AIDS and human trafficking prevention programs during and after construction Output 4: Climate change adaptation Emergency warning systems will engage women in the planning stages Provisions will be included for women in actual operation of the systems Climate change adaptation will include community-based work programs involving women in planting and caring for road-side trees and other plants GAP Example 1: Cambodia Rural GAP Example 1: Cambodia Rural Road Improvement Project (2010) Road Improvement Project (2010) http://www.adb.org/themes/gender/videos/222777 22 ENGINEERING DESIGNS Stations Station, street and corridor lighting, security systems (CCTV cameras stations and approaches to stations) Separate toilets for women in stations Buses Access ramps and at-level boarding Automatic doors Signage and awareness / education campaigns within stations and buses (ITS and Passenger Information System) to protect womens safety, security and rights OPERATIONAL DESIGNS Reserved seats: Reserve 20% of seats for pregnant women, women with children, elderly Public consultation with women: to set fares, service hours, routes, quality of services Cross-subsidypolicies: affordability and higher usage. Subsidized monthly travel passes for 70% garment workers provided by garment factories Commercial Space: 15% spaces reserved for women vendors in underpasses and stations Queuing system: separate male and female queues Priority boarding: pregnant women & disabled Training: of operation staff with emphasis on gender and social aspects Employment: Percentage of jobs (SPO, bus drivers, etc.) reserved for women (20%) Awareness Campaigns: on issues faced by women e.g. safety, sexual harassment GAP Example 2: Bangladesh Greater Dhaka Sustainable Transport Project (2012) Share experience of any gender issues in your project? What actions were taken to address these issues? Challenges? Group Exercise Group Exercise Discuss Possible Gender Actions Discuss Possible Gender Actions Some Tools on Gender and Transport ADB Gender Tool Kit: Transport http://www.adb.org/documents/gender-tool-kit-transport- maximizing-benefits-improved-mobility-all ADB Tool Kit on Gender Equality Results and Indicators (Chpt 12 Transport) http://www.adb.org/documents/tool- kit-gender-equality-results-and-indicators ADB Universal Access in ADB Transport Projects: Guidelines on Universal Access WB Gender and Public Transport, Kathmandu Nepal http://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/Worldbank/document/SA R/nepal/Gender-and-Public-Transport-in-Nepal-Report.pdf Contact Us Sonomi Tanaka, Lead Gender Specialist, RSDD, ADB (stanaka@adb.org) Visit http://adb.org/gender Blog http://blogs.adb.org/subjects/gender