Name: - AJIT KUMAR. Executive Power Management (July 2011-14) SAP ID: - 500018540.
Guide: - Sh. Pramod Kumar Saxena.
Introduction: - To ensure stability on the electricity grid, electricity supply and demand must remain in balance in real time. Traditionally utilities have called upon peaking power plants to increase power generation to meet rising demand. Demand-side management (DSM), which includes energy efficiency and demand response (DR), works from the other side of the equation instead of adding more generation to the system, it pays energy users to reduce consumption. Utilities pay for demand-side management capacity because it is typically cheaper and easier to procure than traditional generation. Demand-side management allows energy users of all kinds to act as virtual power plants. By voluntarily lowering their demand for electricity, these businesses and organizations help stabilize the grid, and they are paid for providing this important service.
Problem Domain:- The electricity network is built to accommodate peak use. Managing the demand of peak use is important to efficiently expand the network and keep electricity prices reasonable. Sometimes we may not even need to expand the network to provide additional capacity as reducing peak demand will be enough. We embrace demand management which complements our role as an Energy Solutions business and our purpose of connecting people with electricity in a way that is safe, reliable and affordable. We are also obliged under the Access code (which governs the way we supply electricity) to consider alternatives to supply side network capacity investment such as demand management where this leads to lower overall costs. Solution Domain. Demand management can include targeted incentives, technologies and customer education programs directed towards reducing or changing patterns of energy use. For businesses this could include: Reducing your demand at peak times on request from Grid. Moving your main hours of operation to earlier or later in the day on days of peak demand Substituting where your power comes from during peak hours, i.e. use a generator, or cogeneration. Installing more efficient equipment, such as energy efficient lights. Changing some electrical loads to other fuels, such as natural gas. Improving the power factor of loads by installing power factor correction capacitor banks. For residential customers, implementing demand management may mean: Direct load control of appliances like air conditioners, pool pumps and the like, which allows power consumption to be managed at peak times. Customers generally do not experience any difference in comfort during these events. Off peak tariffs to encourage electricity use at times other than during peak. Incentives for improving energy efficiency of homes and installing energy efficient appliances. Energy efficiency customer education programs. System Domain:- To charge higher prices during Peak Hours Improving the efficiency of various end uses by using energy efficient appliances, better housekeeping and reducing energy leakages. This is important for agriculture where energy efficiency is very low (30-50%). Promoting use of Energy Efficient Technologies and addressing Aggregate Technical and Commercial (AT&C) Losses. Application Domain:- Demand side management we can implement in following sectors- Residential Sector. Agriculture Sector. Commercial Sector. Industrial Sector.
Feasibility Study:- Categorization of Demand-side Implementation feasibility Methods (bullets) and Examples (sub-bullets).
Implementation Time Type Horizon Alternative Pricing. Direct Incentives.
Outreach and Cooperation Regional Codes and Standers.
Resource Planning (years) Pricing and Rate Structures o Demand charge o Time-based rate o Off-peak rate o Inverted rate o Seasonal rate o Variable levels of service o Promotional rate o Conservation rate o Net metering Paid for Adoption o Cash grant o Rebate o Buyback program o Low/no interest loan o Subsidized installation or modification o Employee rewards for successful program marketing Billing credit Resource Adequacy
Trade Ally Cooperation o Training o Certification o Cooperative ads and marketing o Selected product sales/service Direct Customer Contact o Energy audit o Direct installation o Exhibits/displays/clinics Ads and Promotion o Mass media o Point of purchase advertising o Customer education Energy Efficiency Standards o Building codes o Appliance efficiency standards (e.g., Energy Star)
o Industry efficiency requirements
Renewable Energy Standards o Renewable portfolio standards
Operational Planning (months) o Time of use Paid for Performance o Seasonal Conservation Credit o Installed Capacity
o Public conservation appeal (e.g., radio, TV, Internet, newspaper appeal Variable Service Subscription o Demand subscription service Day-ahead Operations (days) Dynamic Pricing o Critical peak pricing o Real-time pricing o Regional operator economic demand response (DR) o Demand bidding of forward energy Public Appeal o Voluntary day-ahead DR (e.g., day-ahead appeal for DR)
o Demand limiting (e.g., day-ahead demand subscription) o Premium power (e.g., dispatachable Day-of Operations (minutes to hours) Discounted Rate o Curtailable load o Interruptible load o Dispatchable standby generation o Direct load control Regional operator emergency DR o Demand bidding of ancillary services. Curtailable load o Interruptible load o Dispatchable standby generation o Direct load control o Voluntary emergency DR o Voluntary emergency standby generation. o Voluntary emergency load reduction (e.g., pre-planned Voluntary interruptible/curtailable load)
standby generation) o Optional binding mandatory curtailment o Priority service
Emergency Operating Procedures o Rolling blackout Expected Out Come:- Following are the expected outcome of Demand side Management System:- 1. Reduction in Green House Gasses Emission. 2. Development of Smart Grid. 3. Improvement in Plant Utilization Factor. 4. Improvent in Utilization of Transmission and Distribution Network. 5. Reduction in Power Shortage. 6. Efficient Utilization of System. 7. Improvent in use of Energy Efficient eqipments.