Subject: Chemistry Type of Lesson: Practical Activity, Discussion

Grade: 10 CSEC OBJ: A 1.2 Explain the difference et!een

the three states of matter in terms of
ener"y and arran"ement of particles
Term: Christmas UNIT: 1 #tates of $atter
urat!on: %0 minutes Lesson: " &i'uid ( )aseous state of *ater
#ee$: 1
Objectives
As a result of this lesson, you !ill e ale to:
1+ ,utline the physical properties of !ater in the li'uid state.
2+ Explain ho! li'uid particles ehave in terms of -inetic ener"y and
other associated physical properties.
.+ /se dra!in"s and flo! dia"rams to sho! the arran"ement of
particles of matter in the li'uid state of !ater and compare this to
the arran"ement of particles in the solid state of !ater.
0+ Discuss !hy the heat ener"y re'uired for chan"in" !ater from the
li'uid state to the "aseous state is relatively lar"e.
1+ Explain ho! the processes of evaporation and coolin" are rou"ht
aout y chan"in" the state of matter.
Prerequisite Student Knowledge
1+ 2ou should e a!are that the properties of matter can chan"e.
2+ 3here are physical and chemical chan"es !hich may occur to
chan"e matter from one state to another.
Important Points
1+ *ater in the solid state is called ice and it can chan"e to a li'uid state
!hich !e call !ater y a physical chan"e called meltin". $eltin"
occurs !hen !ater in the solid state "ains ener"y to chan"e the
arran"ement of the particles into li'uid !ater.
Key Terms
meltin" point oilin" point free4in" point
Student Instructional Material 1
Challenge Areas
Distin"uish et!een meltin" point5 free4in" point and oilin" point
quipment!"aterial #eeded$
Containers of varyin" shapes and si4es, pencil crayons, thermometer
#ote to Student$
1+ 6or a pure sustance, the meltin" point and free4in" point occur at
the same temperature
#hape is a physical property of a sustance
2
Introduction
1) Introductory %ct!&!ty
a. &oo- at a "lass of ice. *hat do you oserve7
*rite this para"raph in your note noo-.
i. 3he states of matter can e chan"ed dependent on conditions of
temperature and pressure. 3emperature and pressure can affect the
arran"ement of the particles, the types of forces et!een the particles and the
types of motion !hich the particles under"o. *ater exists in three states: solid,
li'uid and "as and is ale to chan"e its state dependent on the temperature and
pressure conditions.
ii. 8n this lesson !e !ill focus on the chan"e in state of !ater from a solid to
a li'uid and from a li'uid to a solid.
2) %ct!&!ty: Investigating the energy changes which occur when the temperature of water
changes.
a. 2our teacher !ill place you in "roups of threes and you !ill e provided !ith a
heat source, thermometer, 100 " ice, 110 cm
.
!ater at room temperature.
. Carry out the follo!in" steps outlined in *or-sheet 2.1 and record your results
usin" a data tale:
#or$s'eet "(1
%!m: Investigating the energy changes which occur when the
temperature of water changes
%pparatus: heat source, thermometer, 100 " ice, 110 cm
room temperature
)et'od
1+ Place the 110 cm
and place the ea-er and its contents on a tripod stand over the
9unsen urner or hot plate.
2+ 3a-e the temperature of the ice:!ater mixture usin" the
thermometer. 9e careful not to use the thermometer as a stirrin"
rod and not to ma-e it touch the ottom or sides of the ea-er.
Allo! it to remain in the mixture for aout .0 seconds, measure
and record the temperature in the data tale.
.+ &i"ht the 9unsen urner and ad;ust it to a medium flame.
$easure and record the temperature of the mixture every .0
seconds. /se a stirrin" rod to stir the ice and !ater efore
ma-in" each temperature readin". Also, record the physical state
Description Explanation
Student Instructional Material
%arning
1. Do not use the
thermometer as a
stirring rod.
2. Do not make the
thermometer touch
the bottom or sides of
the beaker
.
of the !ater at each .0 second interval.
0+ Continue until the !ater e"ins to oil for aout . minutes.
*esu+ts
Complete the follo!in" tale !ith your results and share your results
!ith the !hole class:
Tab+e 1 ,eat!n- ata and Obser&at!ons
T!me !n m!nutes
Temperature .
/
C0
1'ys!ca+ State
0.0
3he teacher !ill "uide you in an exercise to ma-e a temperature:time
"raph.
Interpretat!on
After completin" the "raph, your teacher !ill "uide you in
interpretin" your "raph. Ans!er the follo!in" 'uestions:
1+ ,serve your "raph and note !here the curve is flat. *hat is the
temperature of the !ater and the physical state at that point7
Explain !hat you thin- mi"ht have een happenin" to the !ater
at that point.
2+ <o! do the flat portions on the "raph relate to the meltin" point
and oilin" points of !ater7
.+ 8dentify the processes y !hich !ater chan"es from a solid to a
Student Instructional Material
%arning
This activity should take
about 10 minutes.
Ensure that the units of
measurement which
were used for time and
temperature are
appropriate.
Do not connect the data
points with a straight
line.
0
li'uid and then from a li'uid to a "as.
0+ Explain !hat happens to the particles of !ater as it chan"es state
from ice to li'uid !ater.
&ody o' (esson
10 Group 2or$ 3
In4u!ry5based
+earn!n-
a( 6our
teac'er
2!++
re&!e2
2!t' you
2'at
p'ys!ca+
propert!es
of
substance
s are(
. ,utlin
e the
physical
properties
of !ater in
the li'uid
and solid
state in
terms of
the
arran"eme
nt of
particles,
motion of
the
particles,
Student Instructional Material 1
shape and
volume.
c. 2our
teacher
!ill
demonstra
te ho! to
represent
particle
arran"eme
nts on a
dia"ram as
you
descrie
the
arran"eme
nt to the
class. 2ou
!ill then
e allo!ed
to
complete
the tale
elo!
usin" the
specified
headin"s.
d. Complete
the follo!in" tale in
*or-sheet 2.2:
#or$s
'eet
"(":
Physical state: #olid
Property
#hape
=olume
Arran"ement of
Particles
Compressiility
Student Instructional Material >
Physical state: &i'uid
Property Description Explanation
#hape
=olume
Arran"ement of
Particles
Compressiility
2+ !scuss!on of %ct!&!ty
a. 2our teacher !ill explain that the temperature of matter, in this case !ater, is an
indirect measure of the avera"e -inetic ener"y of the particles that ma-e up that
matter. 3herefore, the temperature of the !ater:ice mixture "ives an indication of the
-inetic ener"y of the !ater molecules at that particular temperature. 3he hi"her the
temperature the faster the !ater molecules ?particles+ are movin".
. 2our teacher !ill then illustrate this movement of the !ater molecules usin"
circles and arro! dia"ram.
c. 2our teacher !ill explain that: *ater in the solid state can chan"e to a li'uid state
y addin" heat. 3he temperature at !hich a solid melts to form a li'uid is called its
meltin" point. 3he temperature at !hich ice melts is 0
0
C. 3his means that ice: the
solid state of !ater, can exist elo! this temperature ut !ill e"in to chan"e state
from a solid to a li'uid at 0
0
C @ this is referred to as its meltin" point. *hen li'uid
!ater chan"es to ice: solid state, it loses heat ener"y, so the temperature ecomes
lo!er, the motion of the particles ecomes more restricted and this is referred to as
coolin" or free4in" temperature. 3he temperature at !hich the !ater e"ins to chan"e
to ice is called its free4in" point.
d. 2ou should e ale to determine from your experiment that !ater can chan"e from
a li'uid to steam if more heat is added to cause the -inetic ener"y of the molecules to
further increase.
Student Instructional Material A
Closure
In5C+ass %ss!-nments
1+ Ans!er the follo!in" 'uestions:
a. Dra! dia"rams to illustrate the chan"e in state of particles of ice and !ater from
the solid to the li'uid state. 9e sure to include explanations in your dia"ram.
. Differentiate et!een the solid state of matter and the li'uid state of matter usin"
the particle theory of matter.
Out5of5C+ass %ss!-nment
1+ 8dentify the physical properties that you could use to tell the difference et!een the
follo!in" pairs of matter:
a. charcoal and sno!
b. lead and copper
c. salt and su"ar
d. vine"ar and !ater
e. "rape:nut ice:cream and vanilla ice:cream.
2+ Descrie the physical chan"e that is ta-in" place in each of the follo!in":
a. A pot of chic-en soup ules and steams on the stove.
b. &i'uid candle !ax drips and ecomes hard.
c. 3he car !indscreen e"ins to Bfo"C on the inside.
Supplemental
G+ossary of Terms
1'ys!ca+
propert!es
Characteristics that can e oserved
!ithout chan"in" the composition of
matter. Physical properties include
colour, odour, taste, density, soluility,
meltin" point and oilin" point.
1art!c+e t'eory $atter is made up of particles.
)e+t!n- po!nt 3he meltin" point of a sustance is the
temperature at !hich it chan"es from
the solid state to the li'uid state at
atmospheric pressure
,r
3he temperature at !hich a solid and its
li'uid exist to"ether in e'uilirium.
Student Instructional Material %
CSEC 7uest!ons
1+ Explain !hy more heat ener"y is necessary to chan"e !ater from a li'uid to !ater vapour
!hile less heat ener"y is re'uired to chan"e it from ice to li'uid !ater. D% mar-sE.
2+ #tate the difference et!een oilin" point and free4in" point.D 0 mar-sE.
*ecommended )ater!a+s
3extoo-, "raph paper, thermometer, stirrin" rod, ea-er, ice and pure !ater.
B!b+!o-rap'y
Atherton, $. and &a!rence, F., Chemistry for the Cariean: A CGC course. Fohn $urray.
Student Instructional Material H