UNSYMMETRICALBENDING

Thegeneralbendingstressequationforelastic,homogeneous beamsisgivenas
(II.1)
whereMx andMyarethebendingmomentsaboutthexandycentroidal axes,respectively.Ixand
Iy arethesecondmomentsofarea(alsoknownasmomentsofinertia)aboutthexandyaxes,
respectively,andIxy istheproductofinertia.Usingthisequationitwouldbepossibletocalculate
thebendingstressatanypointonthebeamcrosssectionregardlessofmomentorientationor g y p g
crosssectionalshape.NotethatMx,My,Ix,Iy,andIxy arealluniqueforagivensection alongthe
lengthofthebeam.Inotherwords,theywillnotchangefromonepointtoanotheronthecross
section.However,thexandyvariablesshownintheequationcorrespondtothecoordinatesofa
pointonthecrosssectionatwhichthestressistobedetermined. p
Neutral Axis: NeutralAxis:
Whenahomogeneousbeamissubjectedtoelasticbending,theneutralaxis(NA)willpassthroughthe
centroidofitscrosssection,buttheorientationoftheNAdependsontheorientationofthemoment , p
vectorandthecrosssectionalshapeofthebeam.
Whentheloadingisunsymmetrical(atanangle)asseeninthefigurebelow,theNAwillalsobeatsome
angle NOT necessarilythesameangleasthebendingmoment.
(
Realizingthatatanypointontheneutralaxis,thebendingstrainandstressarezero,wecanuse
thegeneralbendingstressequationtofinditsorientation.Settingthestresstozeroandsolvingfor
theslopey/xgives
SHEARFLOWANDSHEARCEN
Restrictions:
1 Shear stress at every point in the beam must be less than the elastic limit of the material in shear 1. Shearstressateverypointinthebeammustbelessthantheelasticlimit ofthematerialinshear.
2. Normalstressateverypointinthebeammustbelessthantheelasticlimitofthematerialin
tensionandincompression.
3. Beam'scrosssectionmustcontainatleastoneaxisofsymmetry.
4. Theappliedtransverse(orlateral)force(s)ateverypointonthebeammustpassthroughthe
elastic axis of the beam Recall that elastic axis is a line connecting crosssectional shear centers elasticaxisofthebeam.Recallthatelasticaxisisalineconnectingcrosssectionalshearcenters
ofthebeam.Sinceshearcenteralwaysfallsonthecrosssectionalaxisofsymmetry,toassurethe
previousstatementissatisfied,ateverypointthetransverseforceisappliedalongthecross
sectionalaxisofsymmetry.
5. Thelengthofthebeammustbemuchlongerthanitscrosssectionaldimensions.
6. The beam's cross section must be uniform along its length. 6. Thebeam scrosssectionmustbeuniformalongitslength.
Shear Center ShearCenter
IfthelineofactionoftheforcepassesthroughtheShearCenter ofthe
beamsection,thenthebeamwillonlybendwithoutanytwist.
Otherwise,twistwillaccompanybending.
Theshearcenterisinfactthecentroidoftheinternalshearforcesystem.
D di th b ' ti l h l it l th th Dependingonthebeam'scrosssectionalshapealongitslength,the
locationofshearcentermayvaryfromsectiontosection.Aline
connectingalltheshearcentersiscalledtheelasticaxis ofthebeam.
When a beam is under the action of a more general lateral load Whenabeamisundertheactionofamoregenerallateralload
system,thentopreventthebeamfromtwisting,theloadmustbe
centeredalongtheelasticaxisofthebeam.
Shear Center ShearCenter
Thetwofollowingpointsfacilitatethedeterminationoftheshearcenterlocation.
1. Theshearcenteralwaysfallsonacrosssectionalaxisofsymmetry.
2 If the cross section contains two axes of symmetry then the shear center is located at their 2. Ifthecrosssectioncontainstwoaxesofsymmetry,thentheshearcenterislocatedattheir
intersection.Noticethatthisistheonlycasewhereshearcenterandcentroidcoincide.
SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION SHEARSTRESSDISTRIBUTION
RECTANGLE TSECTION RECTANGLET SECTION
SHEARFLOWDISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Forthebeamandloadingshown,determine:
(a) the location and magnitude of the maximum transverse shear force 'Vmax', (a)thelocationandmagnitudeofthemaximumtransverseshearforce Vmax ,
(b)theshearflow'q'distributionduethe'Vmax',
(c)the'x'coordinateoftheshearcentermeasuredfromthecentroid,
(d)themaximun shearstressanditslocationonthecrosssection.
Stressesinducedbytheloaddonotexceedtheelasticlimitsofthematerial.
NOTE:In this problem the applied transverse shear force passes through the centroid of the cross section and not its shear center NOTE:In thisproblemtheappliedtransverseshearforcepassesthroughthecentroidofthecrosssection,andnotitsshearcenter.
FOR ANSWER REFER FORANSWERREFER
http://www.ae.msstate.edu/~masoud/Teaching/exp/A14.7_ex3.html
Shear Flow Analysis for Unsymmetric Beams ShearFlowAnalysisforUnsymmetricBeams
SHEARFOREQUATIONFORUNSUMMETRICSECTIONIS
SHEAR FLOW DISTRIBUTION SHEARFLOWDISTRIBUTION
Forthebeamandloadingshown,determine:
( ) h l d d f h h (a)thelocationandmagnitudeofthemaximumtransverseshear
force,
(b)theshearflow'q'distributiondueto'Vmax',
(c)the'x'coordinateoftheshearcentermeasuredfromthecentroid
ofthecrosssection.
Stressesinducedbytheloaddonotexceedtheelasticlimitsofthe
material.Thetransverseshearforceisappliedthroughtheshear ate a e t a s e se s ea o ce s app ed t oug t e s ea
centerateverysectionofthebeam.Also,thelengthofeach
memberismeasuredtothemiddleoftheadjacentmember.
ANSWERREFER
http://www.ae.msstate.edu/~masoud/Teaching/exp/A
14.8 ex1.html _
Beams with Constant Shear Flow Webs BeamswithConstantShearFlowWebs
Assumptions:
1. Calculationsofcentroid,symmetry,momentsofareaandmoments
ofinertia arebasedtotallyontheareasanddistribution ofbeam
stiffeners.
2. Awebdoesnotchangetheshearflowbetweentwoadjacent
stiffenersandassuchwouldbeinthestateofconstantshearflow.
3 Th tiff th ti b di i d d l t 3. Thestiffenerscarrytheentirebendinginducednormalstresses,
whiletheweb(s)carrytheentireshearflowandcorrespondingshear
stresses.
Analysis Analysis
Let'sbeginwithasimplestthinwalledstiffenedbeam.Thismeansabeamwithtwostiffenersandaweb.
Such a beam can only support a transverse force that is parallel to a straight line drawn through the Suchabeamcanonlysupportatransverseforcethatisparalleltoastraightlinedrawnthroughthe
centroidsoftwostiffeners.Examplesofsuchabeamareshownbelow.Inthesethreebeams,thevalueof
shearflowwouldbeequalalthoughthewebshavedifferentshapes.
Thereasontheshearflowsareequalisthatthedistancebetweentwoadjacentstiffenersisshowntobe
'd' in all cases, and the applied force is shown to be equal to 'R' in all cases. The shear flow along the web d inallcases,andtheappliedforceisshowntobeequalto R inallcases.Theshearflowalongtheweb
canbedeterminedbythefollowingrelationship