Internet Protocols

IPv4 and IPv6

Learning objectives :
What is a Network Address?
What is an IP?
What are frames and Packets ?
What is the scope of IP ?
How are IPv4 and IPv6 different ?
Network Address
A network address serves as a unique identifier for a computer on a
network.
When set up correctly, computers can determine the addresses of other
computers on the network and use these addresses to send messages to
each other.
One of the best known form of network addressing is the Internet Protocol
(IP) address. IP addresses consist of four bytes (32 bits) that uniquely
identify all computers on the public Internet.
Another popular form of address is the Media Access Control
(MAC) address. MAC addresses are six bytes (48 bits) that manufacturers
of network adapters burn into their products to uniquely identify them.

What is Internet Protocol?
Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how
computers communicate over a network.
There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6
(IPv6).
IP Frames IP Packets
IP packets are carried over link-
layer technologies such as
Ethernet (10 Mbps), Fast Ethernet
(100 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet
(1000 Mbps), Frame Relay, and
many others.
Each link-layer technology family
has its own link-layer frame that
carries IP packets.
IP packet is carried between the
frame header and frame trailer of
a link-layer frame.
An IP packet has two
fundamental components:
1. IP header
IP header contains many fields
that are used by routers to
forward the packet from
network to network to a final
destination.
Contains layer 3 info
Fields within the IP header
identify the sender, receiver, and
transport protocol and define
many other Parameters.
2. Payload
Represents the information
(data) to be delivered to the
receiver by the sender.
Contains data & upper-layer info

IP addresses
There are two parts
of an IP address:
Network ID
Host ID
The various classes
of networks
specify
additional or
fewer octets to
designate the
network ID
versus the host
ID.
Scope of IP with the OSI Reference Model
What is IPv4?
First version of Internet Protocol to be widely used &accounts for
most of todays Internet traffic
IPv4, defines a 32-bit address - 232 (4,294,967,296) IPv4 addresses
available
There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses.
The first problem is concerned with the eventual depletion of the IP
address space.
Traditional model of classful addressing does not allow the address
space to be used to its maximum potential.

What is IPv6?
IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger
address pool than IPv4.
It was deployed in 1999 and should meet the worlds IP addressing
needs well into the future.
Why IPv6?
To provide a larger address space requirements
Introduction of new services :
Integration
Multicast
Quality of Service
Security
Mobility (MIPv6)
Stateless Address Auto-configuration
Aggregation based address hierarchy- efficient backbone routing
Support for resource allocation, more security and mobility


IPv6
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234

8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by :
Leading zeros can be removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
Difference between Ipv4 and Ipv6
The technical functioning of
the Internet remains the same
with both versions
It is likely that both versions
will continue to operate
simultaneously on networks
well into the future.
To date, most networks that
use IPv6 support both IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses in their
networks.
IPv4 Address IPv6 Address
Address Length 32 bits 128 bits
Address Representation -
decimal
hexadecimal
Internet address classes Not applicable in IPv6
Multicast addresses (224.0.0.0/4) IPv6 multicast addresses
(FF00::/8)
Broadcast addresses Not applicable in IPv6
Unspecified address is 0.0.0.0 Unspecified address is ::
Loopback address is 127.0.0.1 Loopback address is ::1
Public IP addresses Global unicast addresses
Private IP addresses (10.0.0.0/8,
172.16.0.0/12, and
192.168.0.0/16)
Site-local addresses (FEC0::/10)
Autoconfigured addresses
(169.254.0.0/16)
Link-local addresses (FE80::/64)
Difference between Ipv4 and Ipv6
IPv4 Address IPv6 Address
Text representation: Dotted decimal notation Text representation: Colon hexadecimal format with
suppression of leading zeros and zero compression.
IPv4-compatible addresses are expressed in dotted
decimal notation.
Network bits representation: Subnet mask in dotted
decimal notation or prefix length
Network bits representation: Prefix length notation
only
DNS name resolution: IPv4 host address (A)
resource record
DNS name resolution: IPv6 host address (AAAA)
resource record
DNS reverse resolution: IN-ADDR.ARPA domain DNS reverse resolution: IP6.ARPA domain
Text representation: Dotted decimal notation Text representation: Colon hexadecimal format with
suppression of leading zeros and zero compression.
IPv4-compatible addresses are expressed in dotted
decimal notation.
Doubts ?
The important thing is not to stop
questioning
-Albert Einstein