CHAPTER1 CHAPTER1

POWER SYSTEM SCADA

Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition Systems q y
POWER SYSTEM
SCADA SCADA
Introduction
Used in industrial and engineering applications
Introduction
Used dust a a d e g ee g app cat o s
To monitor and control distributed systems from a
master location
Solutions across a large variety of industries
Electric power gen. ,trans., & distr.
Oil and gas industry metering and control systems
Traffic signals
Etc.
Used in US Utilities industry since 1960s
Introduction Introduction
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition) systems are described in the IEEE Acquisition) systems are described in the IEEE
Std C37.1-1994 specifications as "a system
operating with coded signals over p g g
communication channels so as to provide
control of RTU [Remote Terminal Unit]
i t " equipment. "
SCADA
DESIGN.WHY? DESIGN.WHY?
Ability to perform operations at an unattended
location fromoperating center location from operating center
Successful carried out the power system
ti id i ifi t t i operations can provide significant cost savings
SCADA
DESIGN.WHY?
Locations whereby such operation much done
DESIGN.WHY?
Locations whereby such operation much done
from time to time, e.g. opening or closing
circuit breakers
Cost providing and maintaining operator attended
cannot be justified
Delay operation may lengthen an outage and
deteriorate customer service
Operator attendance of remote stations are Operator attendance of remote stations are
uneconomically
TYPICAL SCADA
SYSTEM SYSTEM
SCADA HISTORY SCADA HISTORY
Began in the early 1960s as an electronic system
operating as input/output transmissions between a operating as input/output transmissions between a
master station and a remote station. The master
station would receive data through a telemetry g y
network and then store the data on mainframe
computers.
SCADA HISTORY SCADA HISTORY
In the early 1970s, distributed control systems (DCS)
were developed to control separate remote
b d i h 1980 i h h d l f subsystems and in the 1980s, with the development of
the microcomputer, process control could be
distributed among remote sites. Further development distributed among remote sites. Further development
enabled DCS to use programmable logic controllers
(PLC), which have the ability to control sites without
t ki di ti f t taking direction from a master.
SCADA HISTORY SCADA HISTORY
In the late 1990s, SCADA systems were built with DCS
capabilities and systems were customized based on capabilities and systems were customized based on
certain proprietary control features built in by the
designer. Now, with the Internet being utilized more
as a communication tool, SCADA and telemetry
systems are using automated software with certain
portals to download information or control a process portals to download information or control a process.
SCADA HISTORY
Engineered SCADA systems today not only
SCADA HISTORY
Engineered SCADA systems today not only
control processes but are also used for
measuring, forecasting, billing, analyzing and g, g, g, y g
planning. Todays SCADA system must meet a
whole new level of control automation while
i t f i ith t d b l t i t interfacing with yesterdays obsolete equipment
yet remain flexible enough to adapt to
tomorrows developments tomorrows developments.
Control and Supervision
of SCADA systems of SCADA systems
Term applied
to remote operation (control) of such devices as motors or
b k d l b k ( ) d circuit breakers and signaling back (supervision) to indicate
the desired operation has been effected
Simple systems have been used in power utility p y p y
operations,early systems the supervision was provided by
Red light indicate the device was closed
Green light indicate the operation successfully completed (e.g. Green light indicate the operation successfully completed (e.g.
opening circuit breaker)
SCADA EARLY SYSTEM SCADA EARLY SYSTEM
Wires required for each devices between control point
and controlled devices, therefore
Cost and complexity increased directly with number of
devices to be remotely controlled and supervised
Highly cost because of distances Highly cost because of distances
Reliability suffered due to electrical noise induced in the
control circuit
Wi i it i i i d b th f l ti l b t Wire circuit can minimized by the use of selective relays but
system became complex and difficult to maintain, limited in
speed of operation
SCADA MODERN SYSTEM SCADA MODERN SYSTEM
Computer based system
Master unit consists of digital computer with I/O Master unit consists of digital computer with I/O
equipment
Transmit control messages to remote units
Receive information
Displayed on CRT and printed on electric printers
Display graphic info Display graphic info.
Online diagrams
Wall diagrams
SCADA
ARCHITECTURES ARCHITECTURES
Evolved in parallel with the growth and
sophistication of modern computing technology sophistication of modern computing technology
Three generations of SCADA
First Generation- Monolithic
Second Generation- Distributed
Third Generation- Network
Monolithic SCADA
Systems
Computing concept in general centered on mainframe
Systems
Computing concept in general centered on mainframe
systems
Networks non-existent Networks non existent
Standalone systems with virtually no connectivity to
other systems y
WAN use today unknown that time
Use of two identically equipped mainframe systems Use of two identically equipped mainframe systems
Primary
Backup (take over when failure detected at primary
Monolithic SCADA
Systems Systems
Distributed SCADA
Systems
Use Local Area Networking (LAN) technology to
Systems
Use Local Area Networking (LAN) technology to
distribute the processing across multiple systems
Multiple stations connected to LAN to share Multiple stations connected to LAN to share
information in real time
Mini computer class less expensive than first p p
generation
Distributed stations served as
Communications processors-communicate with RTU
Operator interfaces-human-machine inteface with system operator, etc.
Distributed SCADA
Systems Systems
Networked SCADA
Systems
Architecture is closely related to second generation
Systems
Architecture is closely related to second generation
SCADA
Primary difference is that open systemarchitecture Primary difference is that open system architecture
rather than a vendor controlled, proprietary
environment
Multiple network systems, sharing master station
functions
Major improvement possible to distribute SCADA
functionally across a WAN and not just a LAN
Networked SCADA
Systems Systems
SCADA Systems
Configuration
Consists of master unit, RTUs and some
Configuration
Consists of master unit, RTUs and some
communication links between them
Communications links can be Communications links can be
Wire circuits
Microwave channels Microwave channels
Or power line carrier channels
Configurations determined by Configurations determined by
System requirements
Availability of communication channels a ab y o o u a o a s
Cost factors
SCADA Systems
Configuration
One for one SCADA systemwith a master unit
Configuration
One for one SCADA system with a master unit
for each remote unit
M R M R
M R
SCADA Systems
Configuration
Astar or hub SCADA system
Configuration
Astar or hub SCADA system
with one master unit for several remotes but only
one remote on each communication circuit one remote on each communication circuit
R3
R1
M
R4 R2
SCADA Systems
Configuration
A party-line SCADA system
Configuration
A party line SCADA system
With several remote units on a single
communication circuit communication circuit
M
R1 R2 R3 R4
SCADA-Supervisory
Master Units Master Units
The heart of the system
System Nerve Center Located in
Electric Utility Energy Control Center (ECC); Electric Utility Energy Control Center (ECC);
Dispatchers Use to Monitor and Control Power System
Operator initiate operations of an RTU are made through the
master unit and reported back to the master fromthe RTUs master unit and reported back to the master from the RTUs
Signals between MU and RTU are tones of audio frequency and
messages transmitted by frequency shift technique.
This technique is desirable because of its relative immunity This technique is desirable because of its relative immunity
from noise interference
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units Units
Supervisory Master
Units
Ensure the desired device is selected and correct operation
Units
p
is chosen, the operator at the master station should
follows a procedure
Method called Select before operate Method called Select before operate
Operator selects the remote station
Remote station acknowledges that it has been selected Remote station acknowledges that it has been selected
After receiving assurance that the desired operation has
been acknowledged by the remote unit, the operator
performthe operation perform the operation
Remote unit the performs the operation and signals back to
the master
Supervisory Remote
Units Units
Located at selected stations
E i d ith d th t Equipped with modems so that
Can accept messages from the master
Signal back to the master that messages have been
received
Desired operation can be performed
Supervisory Remote
Units Units
Supervisory Remote
Units
Relay functions
Units
Relay functions
Located in the RTUs
Used to open or close the selected control circuits Used to open or close the selected control circuits
to the controlled equipment on command from the
master unit
f To sense when an operation has been performed
so that the RTU can signal back to the master that
the desired operation has been completed the desired operation has been completed.
Supervisory Remote
Units Units
Transducer functions
Used to convert such quantities as voltage current Used to convert such quantities as voltage, current,
watts and vars to direct current or voltage
proportional to the measure quantity
Then by means of A/D converters convert the
quantity to digital form
U d b th t f t i i f th Used by the system for transmission from the
remote to the master
Add. SCADA System
Application Application
Various programs incorporated with SCADA
T i ti To improve operations
Minimize the manual effort required of power
system operators
Add. SCADA System
Application Application
Add. SCADA System
Application Application
Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
U th SCADA t t t id th Use the SCADA system computer to provide the
AGC function
Computer based systemproviding more capability Computer based system providing more capability
at reduced cost
Receive wide acceptance and application Receive wide acceptance and application
SCADA-AGC
Computer A
Input/Outp
SCADA AGC
CRT
Data
Computer A
(primary)
Input/Outp
ut
Equipme
nttt
Bus
Typewriter
Controller
Line
Buffer
s
Mode
ms
Remote
Units
Line
Printer
To Mop Board
indicating and
Recording
instruments
Computer B
(standby)
Input/Outp
ut
Equipem
nt
SCADA-AGC SCADA AGC
Operator
Console
1
MODEMS RTUS
Master
Unit
MOD
EMS
Typewriter
1
2
C i ti Ci it
CRT
3
4
Communication Circuits
Graphic
Instrument
Board
System Diagram
Board
SCADA-Security
monitoring monitoring
when provides sufficient info on the conditions
existing on a power systemto SCADA computer existing on a power system to SCADA computer
system
Able to check the limits of loading and other quantities g q
in order to determine whether the system is or at near
an emergency state
Cause an alarm to be sounded to alert system
operator
SCADA-Security
monitoring monitoring
SCADA- Static-state
estimation estimation
To provide a reliable real time model
D l d f ti ti th t t f Develop procedures for estimating the state of
the system
Calculate from available data
The result found is an estimate of the security y
of the system
SCADA- Static-state
estimation estimation
SCADA-Steady-state
security analysis security analysis
Use to determine whether a power system is
secure and could stand the outage of certain secure and could stand the outage of certain
lines or equipment without a system
emergency emergency
Also used to determined a strategy for
ti ti t t th t t corrective action to restore the system to a
normal security condition
SCADA- Online load
flow
A load flowprogramcan be developed using
flow
A load flow program can be developed using
actual operating data provided sufficient info is
telemetered to a master unit telemetered to a master unit
Such program can predict loadings of the lines
and stations under selected future conditions and stations under selected future conditions
Program also used to calculate the penalty
f t (t i i l f t ) d d f factors (transmission loss factors) needed for
economic operation of the system