Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031

DOI 10.1007/s13369-013-0922-5
RESEARCH ARTICLE - ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Minimization of Power Losses in Distribution System via
Sequential Placement of Distributed Generation
and Charging Station
J. J. Jamian M. W. Mustafa H. Mokhlis
M. A. Baharudin
Received: 13 September 2012 / Accepted: 15 December 2012 / Published online: 29 January 2014
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals 2014
Abstract Energy saving in a distribution system through
minimization of power losses is a crucial task for cost-effec-
tive operation. One of the most effective approaches in min-
imizing losses is through the application of distributed gen-
eration (DG). To achieve minimum losses, the correct size
of DG could be determined using various optimization tech-
niques. Different from other approaches, this paper presents
an alternative method to minimize losses through optimal
size of DG and optimal location of charging station (CS),
which overall reduces the power losses of the network. This
paper also investigates the impact of constant voltage (PV) or
constant power (PQ) mode of DG to the overall power losses
with the aim of choosing the best mode. The suitable DG
operation modes and proper sequential placement between
DG and CS does not only reduce the power losses, it has
also opened new possibilities to add new additional loads in
the system. The algorithms performance shows promising
results in minimizing power losses when tested using 33 bus
radial distribution networks.
Keywords Charging station Distribution generation
Loss reduction Optimization Optimal new load placement
J. J. Jamian (B) M. W. Mustafa M. A. Baharudin
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
Johor Bahru, Malaysia
e-mail: jasrul@fke.utm.my
M. W. Mustafa
e-mail: wazir@fke.utm.my
M. A. Baharudin
e-mail: mariff@fke.utm.my
H. Mokhlis
Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
e-mail: hazli@um.edu.my
1 Introduction
The high penetration of distributed generation (DG) in distri-
bution network has provided many opportunities to improve
the efciency of distribution network. With proper coordi-
nation of DG the distribution network will have minimum
power losses and at the same time, open new opportunities
to add new loads near to the consumer side. Many attempts
of using optimization methods to allocate the DG into the
distribution network have been proposed either for a sin-
gle DG unit [13] or using multiple DG units [46]. The
analysis in [7] is one of the recent studies on optimal place-
ment of multiple DGunits. The author used a multi-objective
optimization analysis on the system by considering vari-
ous types of load models that exist in the network such
as industrial load, residential load, mixed load and others.
Besides that, the authors have also analyzed the impact of
1 3
3024 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031
DG on the most sensitive bus in the network. In addition,
[8] also used the voltage sensitive analysis of the line for
the determination of the suitable location for multiple DG
units as voltage supporters. The authors used the DG as a
tool to improve the voltage prole. This concept has also
been implemented in [9] where GA was applied in deter-
mining the suitable DG location for improving the voltage
stability. The objective of DGsizing is not only limited to the
reduction of power losses and lowering the cost of generation
[10], but the sizing of DG can also be used to minimize the
total harmonic distortion (THD) in the network [11], con-
trolling the stability margin of the network [12] and many
more.
Apart from improving the voltage prole, the optimal
location of DG units can also be used to minimize the losses
in the network [13, 14]. However, these losses can be further
lowered by nding the optimal size of DG. Thus, most of the
researchers tend to make adjustments using the modern opti-
mization method to nd the ideal size of DGafter the optimal
placement has been achieved. The study in this manuscript,
on the other hand proposes a novel approach to ensure that the
system operates optimally with minimum power losses after
the optimal location for DG has been obtained. By maintain-
ing the initial size of the DG (to maximize their output), the
proper placement of charging station (CS) modeled as a con-
stant current load (CCL) in the system can help to improve
the efciency of the distribution network. Thus, this strat-
egy (allocate DG and load) is very useful for power utili-
ties in identifying suitable location for DG and CS that can
minimize the power losses.
The CCL load type is chosen in this study, since it well
representing the operation characteristic of CS for the elec-
trical vehicle. In other words, the CS will be located in the
system after the installation of DG for two main purposes: to
help the system to operate with minimum power losses and
to support the growth of electric vehicle (EV) in the future.
Thus, the main contribution of this research is to determine
the optimal locations of DG unit as well as CS in the sys-
tem, so that the power losses impacts on the distribution
network can be minimized. After the allocation of the DG
unit and its power output, the proposed algorithm for opti-
mal CS location is used to utilize the existing DG output and
make the distribution system to be more efcient. Further-
more, at the end of this research, the comparison between CS
allocations based on the proposed method is compared with
random location to prove the effectiveness of the proposed
method.
This paper is organized as follows: The problem descrip-
tion is presented in Sect. 2 along with description of some
main components of the power systems used in this study.
The mathematical model and proposed algorithm for opti-
mal sequential placement between DG and CS in the distri-
bution network is then dened in Sect. 3. Section 4 shows
the simulation results in terms of voltage prole at each bus
in the network, power losses reduction due to DG allocation
and also the impact of allocation of CS in power systems.
Last but not least, Sect. 5 presents the conclusions of the
study.
2 Characteristic of DG and CS Units
Distributed generation can operate as PQ or PV bus depend-
ing on the ability of the DG in producing a constant volt-
age. In [15], the authors have described in detail this issue
and have categorized the type of DG based on their ability.
In this study, by assuming that the power system planner
has a choice to choose either PV or PQ mode, the analy-
sis on the impact of these two types of mode to the distri-
bution network is studied in terms of voltage prole and
power losses. For the DG allocation process, only a sin-
gle unit of DG is assumed to be placed at a bus, since it
is not practical to allocate multiple units of DG at the same
bus.
As mentioned in the Sect. 1, the CCL load has been cho-
sen in this analysis to represent the CS for electrical vehicle.
This is due to the charging process, which draws a constant
current until it reaches 80 % of the state of charging (SoC).
Presently, there are three types of CS that are being used
in some countries, which are the CS levels I, II and III. All
these CSs are categorized based on the voltage level and
the voltage source types (either AC or DC) for the charging
process. The CS levels I and II use AC/DC approaches to
charge the EV with the voltage level around 100 and 230 V,
respectively. Although the CS for levels I and II are using
the standard voltage value to charge the EV, it requires a
very long time to complete the process (few hours). On the
other hand, the CS level III (or also known as fast charg-
ing method) uses a different approach to charge the EV,
which is using the DC/DC converter. The CS level III is
the faster charging process compared to the other two CSs.
However, it causes some drawbacks to the distribution net-
work, such as larger reactive power consumption and volt-
age drop. In summary, all these charging methods have their
own advantages and disadvantages, either in terms of the
charging performance or impact to the distribution system
[1618].
In this study, the charging AC level II method is used
in the analysis. Suppose the maximum power for a single
charging slot is 7.7 kW. With the assumption that each CS
consist of 10 units per charging point and always draw-
ing maximum power, each unit of CS consumes 77 kW
power from the distribution network. Thus, the rated power
demand (P
oCCL
) for the CS in this study is equal to 77 kW,
with the constant current value of 320 A at voltage level of
230 V.
1 3
Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031 3025
3 Allocation of DG and CS Units in Distribution
Network
The process to determine the DG output in this study begins
by nding the optimal location for DG and followed by the
allocation of CSs to optimize the operation system(minimum
power loss).
3.1 Mathematical Modeling for DG Allocation
From the initial study [19], the optimal location for DG can
be obtained by nding the maximum value of loss saving
where:
S
i
=
n

i =1
(2D
i
I
2
ai
I
DG
i
+ D
i
I
2
DG
i
)R
i
(1)
where i line number in system, D
i
1, if DG located at the
branch, else 0, I
ai
line real active current, I
DG
i
DG i th bus
real active current, R
i
line resistance, S
i
i th bus loss saving
value.
The formula for loss saving is derived from the difference
between the initial power losses and the new power losses
after the DG is connected to the network. The DG current
(I
DG
) value is calculated based on (2) for each bus except
the slack bus. By nding the I
DG
for each bus, the saving
losses (S
i
) caused by the possible DG connection can be
obtained.
I
DG
=

n
i =1
D
i
I
ai
R
i

n
i =1
R
i
(2)
The bus which has maximum loss saving value is chosen as
the best location to allocate the DG. The size of DG can be
obtained by multiplying the I
DG
with the bus voltage value
for that particular bus. By allocating the selected DG into
the network and assuming it as a base system, the load ow
analysis will be executed again to nd the next location of DG
until the stopping criteria is attained. However, the authors
in [19] only considered the PQ bus types (negative load) of
DG.
In this study, the comparison between DGoperating in PV
mode and DG operating in PQ mode are discussed and the
best results between them are used in this analysis.
3.2 Mathematical Modeling for CS Allocation
The presence of CS unit in the network will also affect the
amount of current owing in the branch. Since the CS is
always in constant current mode, the new active current that
affects the amount of power losses in the branches is:
I
new
ai
= I
ai
+ I
CS
(3)
Start
Solve Load Flow For
Existing Network
Determine Optimal Placement And
Capacity For DG Unit Using (1)- (2)
Substitute / Installed The DG Unit
Based At The Optimal Location
Next DG Capacity =
Negative Value?
Determine Next
DG Location
Determine Optimal Location
For CS Unit In The Network
Number Of CS Units > 2
At Selected Location?
Select 2
nd
lower Min Pincr (5) in
the system
Number Of CS = Max?
Print Number Of DGs With
Their Capacities And CS
Locations
End
Solve Load Flow
Analysis For The
Current Network
No
No
YES
YES
YES
No
Fig. 1 Process to coordinate DG and CS in the distribution system
The new power loss that occurs at the branch where CS is
connected can be derived as the following equation:
P
losses
new
= D
i
|I
new
ai
|
2
R
i
= D
i
(I
ai
+ I
CS
)
2
R
i
= D
i
(I
2
ai
+2I
CS
I
ai
+ I
2
CS
)R
i
(4)
where I
CS
real active current consumed by CS.
The objective functions to determine the best location for
CS is based on the minimumincrement value of power losses
in the network after the CS is connected to the line/branch,
where:
1 3
3026 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031
Fig. 2 The 33 bus radial
distribution network
2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
23 24 25
Substation
132/12.66
kV
Fig. 3 Voltage prole for
distribution network
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

p
.
u
Bus Number
DG as PV bus DG as PQ bus
MinP
incr
= P
losses
new
P
losses
initial
= D
i
n

i =1
(I
2
ai
+2I
CS
I
ai
+ I
2
CS
)R
i
I
2
ai
R
i
= D
i
n

i =1
I
2
CS
R
i
+2I
CS
I
ai
R
i
(5)
and subject to:
V
min
(0.95 p.u) V
i
V
max
(1.05 p.u) (6)
0 Cap(DG
j
) Cap
max
DG
j
(7)
Thus, from formulae (1) to (7), the DG and CS units are
located in the distribution network based on the proposed
algorithm to improve the power losses value in the system.
Figure 1 shows the analysis and the process for determining
the best location for CS to obtain the optimized distribution
systemoperation after the optimal DGallocation process has
been completed. From the gure, the maximum number of
DG units allowed in the system is limited by the negative
value of DG capacity. It means that, at the negative value
condition, the DG is not operating as a generator, but operat-
ing as a motor in the system. Once this value is reached, the
process is stopped.
After the number of DG and its value is obtained, the CS
units will play a role in optimizing the existing DG output
in the system. By using a formula that has been discussed
for optimal CS allocation (5), one by one CS is placed at the
appropriate locations until reaching the maximumnumber of
CS (in this case study, maximum CS = 6 units). Each bus
is assumed to have only two CS units (maximum per bus).
When the bus has already contained two units of CS, the next
minimumpower increment [ Min P
inc
formula in (5)] value
is chosen as the optimal location.
4 Results and Discussion
The proposed algorithm is tested using 33 bus radial dis-
tribution system to determine the optimal location for DG
and also CS as shown in Fig. 2. The system line data and
load data can be obtained from [20]. For this system, the
power base value is 10 MVA and the voltage base value is
12.66 kV.
1 3
Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031 3027
Fig. 4 Comparison of power
loss reduction caused by the DG
in different modes
203.1854
61.5574
50.7895
51.4797
104.4886
92.6551
84.3875
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
without DG 1st DG placement 2nd DG placement 3rd DG placement
P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s
e
s

(
k
W
)
DG at PV bus mode DG at PQ bus mode
Table 1 Comparison of power reduction caused by the DG
Size of
DG (MW)
Total power
losses (kW)
Location
(bus)
Without DG 203.1854
1st DGs placement 2.4878 61.5574 6
2nd DGs placement 0.7291 50.7895 25
3rd DGs placement 0.3556 51.4797 16
4.1 Effect of DG Operation Modes to Distribution Network
Performance
In [19], the DG was assumed as a negative load and the bus
where DG is connected is analyzed as a PQ mode. However,
DG can also be analyzed in a PV mode [15, 21, 22], if DG is
able to ensure that the voltage, where the DG is connected,
always provides a constant voltage value by adjusting its own
reactive power supply. Mini-hydro is one of the examples
of DG, which operates in a PV mode. In this section, the
selection on types of DG modes is based on the comparison
results between the DGthat operates in the PQand PVmode.
Figure 3 shows the comparison of voltage prole for the
system when the DGs are operating in PV and PQ modes. It
can be clearly seen that the voltage prole for the DG oper-
ated in the PV mode is higher (better) than DG that operates
in the PQ mode. Furthermore, the total power losses in the
network when multiple DG units operate in PV mode are
lower than the PQ mode as shown in Fig. 4, where the nal
power losses are 84.38 and 51.48 kW for PQ and PV mode,
Fig. 5 Power losses in the
network due to DG connection
61.5574
63.6603
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
T
o
t
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s
e
s

(
k
W
)
DG Placement Location (bus)
1 3
3028 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031
Fig. 6 Voltage improvement
based on DG allocation
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
p
.
u
)
bus number
Without DG Allocate 1st DG Allocate 2nd DG Allocate 3rd DG
Fig. 7 Voltage improvement
after allocation of 3 units of DG
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t

(
%
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

P
r
o
f
i
l
e

(
p
.
u
)
Voltage improvement Without DG units With DG units
respectively. With the same capacity of 3 DG units, the DG
that operated in PVmode gives nearly 40 %lower power loss
compared to the DG that operated in PQ mode.
Since the DG which operates in PV mode gives superior
results in terms of voltage prole and power reduction, thus
for this study, we examine the DG in PV mode to maximize
its benet.
4.2 Multiple DG Units Allocation in Distribution Network
Table 1 shows the allocation result of DG in the distribution
network. Without the presence of DGin the network, the total
loss caused by the active component current is 203.19 kW.
Using (1), the rst optimal location of DGplacement is found
at bus 6 with the size of DG is 2.4878 MW. After locating
the DG in the network, the power losses in the network has
Table 2 Voltage improvement after allocating CS units
Total power losses (kW) Location (bus)
Without CS units 51.4814
1st CSs placement 47.8308 6
2nd CSs placement 44.6917 6
3rd CSs placement 42.2466 7
4th CSs placement 40.3401 7
5th CSs placement 38.9647 26
6th CSs placement 38.1383 26
been reduced to 61.56 kW. Buses 25 and 16 were the next
optimal locations for DG placement with the size of 0.7291
and 0.3556 MW with the power losses value of 50.7895 and
51.4797 kW, respectively. Although the third DG placement
1 3
Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031 3029
Fig. 8 Power loss patterns with
CSs allocations
36
41
46
51
56
1 2 3 4 5 6
P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s
e
s

(
k
W
)
Number of CS units placement
Series1
Series2
Series3
Series4
Series5
Series6
Series7
Series8
Series9
Series10
Series21
Series11
Series12
Series13
Series14
Series15
Series16
Series17
Series18
Series19
Proposed
Algorithm
Optimal CSLlocations = 6,6,7,7,26,26
Power Losses value (Without CS)
Fig. 9 Comparison power
losses with and without DG
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235
240
245
250
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
without CS 1st CS
placement
2nd CS
placement
3rd CS
placement
4th CS
placement
5th CS
placement
6th CS
placement
T
o
t
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s
e
s

W
i
t
h
o
u
t

e
x
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

o
f

D
G
(
k
W
)
T
o
t
a
l

P
o
w
e
r

L
o
s
s
e
s

W
i
t
h

e
x
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

o
f

D
G


(
k
W
)
Total Power Losses With existance of DG Total Power Losses Without Existance of DG
based on formulation causes the power losses to increase
1.36 %, it improves voltage prole in the network.
To test the optimality of the DG allocation using the pro-
posed formulation, the comparison of rst DGlocation based
on different placements is done to prove the superiority of
the algorithm. From the result in Fig. 5, it is shown that the
allocation of DG at bus 6 provides minimum power losses
compared to other buses (for 1st DG unit placement). Fur-
1 3
3030 Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031
thermore, by placing the DG at different buses, it causes the
voltage prole for the network to operate beyond the accept-
able limit which is 5 % from their rated value (presented
as a red bar in Fig. 5). Thus, by allocating the DG at bus
6, it gives the lowest power losses in the system within the
acceptable limit of voltage prole.
The placements of DG at all these three locations (buses
6, 16 and 25) have improved the voltage prole of the dis-
tribution network as shown in Fig. 6. From the gure, start-
ing from the rst DG placement, all voltage values for all
buses in the network are already within the acceptable range
(0.95 < V < 1.0) when compared to the initial stage which
has no DG. However, the second DGplacement has improved
and gives better (higher) voltage prole compared to the sin-
gle DG placement.
A similar pattern is observed when a third DG is placed
in the system where it has improved the voltage value for
buses 26 and 2226. Thus, the placements of DGunits based
on the proposed method improve the overall voltage prole.
Figure 7 shows the percentage of voltage improvement
caused by DG units in the network after the third DG place-
ment. Bus 1318 have the highest voltage improvement com-
pared to other buses which is from 8 to 10 % while buses 2,
1922 experienced the lowest voltage improvement.
The difference in this voltage improvement depends on the
location of DG whether it is connected at the branch or not.
For any branches which have no DG, the voltage for those
branches is constant or only experience very slight changes.
That is why the voltage values for buses 2, 1922 have the
lowest voltage improvement in the network.
4.3 Optimize System Operation via Optimal CS Allocation
The DGsizes and locations that are determined using (1) and
(2) in this study were based on single DG placement approa-
ches. Thus, the sizes for all these three DG units might be
in the local optimal value. It means that, by making some
adjustments on the DG size (mathematical method, meta-
heuristic method or etc), the power losses in the network can
be lowered. However in this study, the load is used as an
alternative method to optimize the existing DG output. The
additional load (new load) is placed optimally, so that, the
power losses in the system can be reduced.
Table 2 shows the optimal location to place the CS in the
distribution system, which is obtained fromthe proposed for-
mulation in (5). Since only 2 units of CS are allowed to be
placed at each bus (to avoid too many loads in one area),
the buses 6, 7 and 26 were the ideal locations to allocate
these CSs. Furthermore, by placing these 6 units of CS, it
causes the active power losses in the network to decrease
from 51.48 to 38.14 kW, which is nearly to 26 % of power
losses reduction. This phenomenon shows that the alloca-
tion based on single DG placement approach does not guar-
antee the system to have the most optimal operation mode
(global optimal). Therefore, the optimal placement of CS can
be used as an alternative method to further reduce the impact
of power losses on the distribution network and at the same
time, increase the total amount of new load in the system.
To test the effectiveness of the algorithm, the optimal CS
locations resulting from the proposed method are compared
to the random CS placement. Figure 8 shows the 19 test
sets of power loss in the system due to randomization of CS
placement (Appendix). From the results, the randomization
of CSunits gives higher power loss compared to the proposed
algorithms result. This is due to the unsuitable placement of
CS that might cause the higher current ow, voltage drop and
other effects to the system performance.
Furthermore, some of the randomization of CS placement
gave the higher power losses than the initial system (without
any CS unitsred line and above).
Moreover, using the proposed algorithm, only a single
load ow analysis is required to determine the best place-
ment of CS compared to 32 load ows analysis, which is
required if the trial and error method is used (for 33 bus
distribution system). Thus, the proposed algorithm does not
only help the DG to operate near to the optimal point, it
also reduced the total computing time in nding the best CS
locations. However, the proposed algorithm only works with
the presence of DG units. Without the DG unit in the net-
work, the best location to allocate new CS must be close to
the main source or substation. By maintaining the location
of CS units and removing the DGs in the system, the total
power loss is increased drastically as shown in Fig. 9. Thus,
with the presence of DGunits, the CS can be located far from
the substation location with the minimum power loss in the
system.
5 Conclusion
This paper proposes a novel method to optimize the system
operation due to non-optimal DG output in the distribution
network. Using the newequation for allocating the newCCL,
which represents the CS for electrical vehicle, the power
losses in the system can be reduced. The results show the
usefulness of this method in placing the new CS in the distri-
bution network. Even though with the presence of multiple
DG units in the system, the randomization of CS allocation
causes the power losses to increase, and some of them would
even exceed the initial power losses (power losses for none
optimal DG sizes operation). Thus, the proposed algorithm
helped in reducing the power losses problem in the distribu-
tion network. Besides that, another advantage for using this
algorithm is on the computation time where it requires less
number of load ow analysis along the process. However,
this algorithm only works when there are DGs present in the
1 3
Arab J Sci Eng (2014) 39:30233031 3031
distribution network. For the future works, the results of the
proposed algorithm will be compared to the allocation of CS
units using meta-heuristic optimization methods such as Par-
ticle Swarm Optimization, Articial Bee Colony and others
to prove the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Appendix
No. Arrangement of CS locations
com_1 26 17 23 29 9 9
com_2 5 18 13 32 5 19
com_3 27 4 32 22 11 20
com_4 28 30 32 5 9 20
com_5 12 29 21 3 22 15
com_6 15 15 28 21 4 3
com_7 19 26 14 19 10 17
com_8 23 6 21 31 10 14
com_9 25 21 32 25 29 5
com_10 25 10 19 22 15 16
com_11 14 15 30 18 25 15
com_12 15 28 24 10 20 19
com_13 31 8 17 31 26 26
com_14 19 11 21 18 5 23
com_15 28 16 29 2 32 29
com_16 10 12 8 23 28 3
com_17 21 26 14 18 3 8
com_18 20 32 32 3 16 16
com_19 4 9 22 12 21 26
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