Chapter 5

Integrals
5.1 The Indenite Integral
1.
_
3 dx = 3x +C
2.
_
(
2
1) dx = (
2
1)x +C
3.
_
x
5
dx =
1
6
x
6
+C
4.
_
5x
1/4
dx = 4x
5/4
+C
5.
_
dx
3

x
=
_
x
1/3
dx =
3
2
x
2/3
+C
6.
_
3

x
2
dx =
_
x
2/3
dx =
3
5
x
5/3
+C
7.
_
(1 t
0.52
) dt = t
1
0.48
t
0.48
+C
8.
_
10w

wdw =
_
10w
3/2
dw = 4w
5/2
+C
9.
_
(3x
2
+ 2x 1) dx = x
3
+x
2
x +C
10.
_ _
2

t t
9
t
2
_
dt =
_
(2t
1/2
t 9t
2
) dt =
4
3
t
3/2

1
2
t
2
+ 9t
1
+C
11.
_

x(x
2
2) dx =
_
(x
5/2
2x
1/2
) dx =
2
7
x
7/2

4
3
x
3/2
+C
286
5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 287
12.
_ _
5
3

s
2
+
2

s
3
_
ds =
_
(5s
2/3
+ 2s
3/2
) ds = 15s
1/3
4s
1/2
+C
13.
_
(4x + 1)
2
dx =
_
(16x
2
+ 8x + 1) dx =
16
3
x
3
+ 4x
2
+x +C
14.
_
(

x 1)
2
dx =
_
(x 2x
1/2
+ 1) dx =
1
2
x
2

4
3
x
3/2
+x +C
15.
_
(4w 1)
3
dw =
_
(64w
3
48w
2
+ 12w 1) dw = 16w
4
16w
3
+ 6w
2
w +C
16.
_
(5u 1)(3u
2
+ 2) du =
_
(15u
3
3u
2
+ 10u 2) du =
15
4
u
4
u
3
+ 5u
2
2u +C
17.
_
r
2
10r + 4
r
3
dr =
_
(r
1
10r
2
+ 4r
3
) dr = ln[r[ + 10r
1
2r
2
+C
18.
_
(x + 1)
2

x
dx =
_
(x
3/2
+ 2x
1/2
+x
1/2
) dx =
2
5
x
5/2
+
4
3
x
3/2
+ 2x
1/2
+C
19.
_
x
1
x
2
+x
3
x
2
dx =
_
(x
3
x
4
+x
5
) dx =
1
2
x
2
+
1
3
x
3

1
4
x
4
+C
20.
_
t
3
8t + 1
(2t)
4
dt =
1
16
_
(t
1
8t
3
+t
4
) dt =
1
16
_
ln[t[ + 4t
2

1
3
t
3
_
+C
=
ln[t[
16
+
1
4
t
2

1
48
t
3
+C
21.
_
(4 sinx 1 + 8x
5
) dx = 4 cos x x 2x
4
+C
22.
_
(3 cos x + 4 sec
2
x) dx = 3 sinx + 4 tanx +C
23.
_
csc x(csc x cot x) dx =
_
(csc
2
x csc xcot x) dx = cot x + csc x +C
24.
_
sint
cos
2
t
dt =
_
tant sec t dt = sec t +C
25.
_
2 + 3 sin
2
x
sin
2
x
dx =
_
(2 csc
2
x + 3) dx = 2 cot x + 3x +C
26.
_ _
40
2
sec
_
d =
_
(40 2 cos ) d = 40 2 sin +C
27.
_
(8x + 1 9e
x
) dx = 4x
2
+x 9e
x
+C
28.
_
(15x
1
4 sinhx) dx = 15 lnx 4 coshx +C
288 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
29.
_
2x
3
x
2
+ 2x + 4
1 +x
2
dx =
_ _
2x 1 +
5
x
2
+ 1
_
dx = x
2
x + 5 tan
1
x +C
30.
_
x
6
1 +x
2
dx =
_ _
x
4
x
2
+ 1
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx =
1
5
x
5

1
3
x
3
+x tan
1
x +C
31.
_
tan
2
xdx =
_
(sec
2
x 1) dx = tanx x +C
32.
_
cos
2
x
2
dx =
_
1
2
(1 + cos x) dx =
_ _
1
2
+
cos x
2
_
dx =
1
2
x +
sinx
2
+C
33.
d
dx
(

2x + 1 +C) =
2
2

2x + 1
=
1

2x + 1
34.
d
dx
_
1
40
(2x
2
4x)
10
+C
_
=
1
4
(2x
2
4x)
9
(4x 4) = (2x
2
4x)
9
(x 1)
35.
d
dx
_
1
4
sin4x +C
_
=
4
4
cos 4x = cos 4x
36.
d
dx
_
1
2
sin
2
x +C
_
=
2
2
sinxcos x = sinxcos x
37.
d
dx
_

1
2
cos x
2
+C
_
=
2x
2
sinx
2
= xsinx
2
38.
d
dx
_

1
2 sin
2
x
+C
_
=
(2 sin
2
x) 0 1 (4 sinxcos x)
4 sin
4
x
=
cos x
sin
3
x
39.
d
dx
(xlnx x +C) = x
_
1
x
_
+ lnx 1 = lnx
40.
d
dx
(xe
x
e
x
+C) = xe
x
+e
x
e
x
= xe
x
41.
d
dx
_
(x
2
4x + 5) dx =
d
dx
_
1
3
x
3
2x
2
+ 5x +C
_
= x
2
4x + 5
42.
_
d
dx
(x
2
4x + 5) dx =
_
(2x 4) dx = x
2
4x +C
43. y =
_
(6x
2
+ 9) dx = 2x
3
+ 9x +C
44. y =
_
(10x + 3x
1/2
) dx = 5x
2
+ 2x
3/2
+C
45. y =
_
x
2
dx = x
1
+C =
1
x
+C
5.1. THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 289
46. y =
_
(2 +x)
2
x
5
=
_
(4x
5
+ 4x
4
+x
3
) dx = x
4

4
3
x
3

1
2
x
2
+C
47. y =
_
(1 2x + sinx) dx = x x
2
cos x +C
48. y =
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx +C
49. We have f(x) =
_
(2x 1) dx = x
2
x +C. Solving 3 = f(2) = 4 2 +C = 2 +C we obtain
C = 1. Thus f(x) = x
2
x + 1.
50. We have f(x) =
_
x
1/2
dx = 2x
1/2
+ C. Solving 1 = f(9) = 2

9 + C = 6 + C we obtain
C = 5. Thus f(x) = 2

x 5.
51. f

(x) =
_
2xdx = x
2
+C
1
; f(x) =
_
(x
2
+C
1
) dx =
1
3
x
3
+C
1
x +C
2
52. We have f

(x) =
_
6 dx = 6x + C. Solving 2 = f

(1) = 6 + C we obtain C = 8. Then

f

(x) = 6x+8 and f(x) =

_
(6x+8) dx = 3x
2
+8x+C. Solving 0 = f(1) = 38+C = 5+C
we obtain C = 5. Thus f(x) = 3x
2
+ 8x + 5.
53. We have f

(x) =
_
(12x
2
+ 2) dx = 4x
3
+ 2x + C. Solving 3 = f

(1) = 6 + C we obtain
C = 3. Then f

(x) = 4x
3
+ 2x 3 and f(x) =
_
(4x
3
+ 2x 3) dx = x
4
+ x
2
3x + C.
Solving 1 = f(1) = 1 +C we obtain C = 2. Thus f(x) = x
4
+x
2
3x + 2.
54. f(x) = a
n1
x
n1
+a
n2
x
n2
+ +a
1
x +a
0
55. G is an antiderivative of f. In other words, since G

(x) = f(x), f is the slope function for

G. Observe where G is increasing, and the graph of f is always positive. Also, G appears to
have no relative extrema on the interval shown, and correspondingly the graph of f does not
cross the x-axis.
56. F is an antiderivative of f. In other words, since F

(x) = f(x), f is the slope function for F.

Observe where the tangent lines to the graph of F have positive (negative) slope, the graph
of f is positive (negative). Also, the graph of F has two relative extrema and the graph of f
correspondingly crosses the x-axis.
57. y =
_ _

2
g
x
_
dx =

2
2g
x
2
+C. From Figure 5.1.5 we see that y(0) = 0. Thus, 0 = y(0) = C,
and y =

2
x
2
2g
.
58. We have f

(x) =
_ _
qL
2EI
x
q
2EI
x
2
_
dx =
qL
4EI
x
2

q
6EI
x
3
+C. Solving 0 = f

_
L
2
_
=
qL
3
16EI

qL
3
48EI
+ C we obtain C =
qL
3
24EI
. Then f

(x) =
qL
4EI
x
2

q
6EI
x
3

qL
3
24EI
and
f(x) =
_ _
qL
4EI
x
2

q
6EI
x
3

qL
3
24EI
_
dx =
qL
12EI
x
3

q
24EI
x
4

qL
3
24EI
x +C. Solving 0 =
f(0) = C we obtain C = 0. Thus f(x) =
q
24EI
(2Lx
3
x
4
L
3
x).
290 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
59.
d
dx
(ln[ lnx[ +C) =
1
lnx
_
1
x
_
=
1
xlnx
60.
d
dx
(x
2
e
x
2xe
x
+ 2e
x
+C) = x
2
e
x
+ 2xe
x
2xe
x
2e
x
+ 2e
x
= x
2
e
x
61. Since f

(x) = x
2
, f(x) =
_
x
2
dx =
1
3
x
3
+ C. Since y = 4x + 7 is a tangent line to the
graph of f, then 4x + 7 =
1
3
x
3
+ C at some point on f. In addition, the slope at this point
is 4 = f

(x) = x
2
, so x = 2. Thus, 4(2) + 7 =
1
3
(2)
3
+ C, so C = 37/3 or 5/3. Thus,
f(x) =
1
3
x
3
+
37
3
or f(x) =
1
3
x
3
+
5
3
.
62. e
4
R
dx/x
= e
4 ln |x|+C
= e
ln x
4
e
C
= C
1
e
ln x
4
= C
1
x
4
63.
d
dx
_
1
4
(x + 1)
4
+C
_
= (x + 1)
3
d
dx
_
1
4
x
4
+x
3
+
3
2
x
2
+x +C
_
= x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1 = (x + 1)
3
Thus, both results are correct.
64. Since
d
dx
sinx = cos x, the antiderivative F of cos x would be of the form
1

sinx +C.
Solving F(3/2) = 0 =
1

sin
3
2
+C we obtain C =
1

. Thus, F(x) =
1

sinx +
1

.
5.2 Integration by the u-Substitution
1.
_

1 4xdx =
1
4
_
(1 4x)
1/2
(4 dx) u = 1 4x, du = 4 dx
=
1
4
_
u
1/2
du =
1
6
u
3/2
+C =
1
6
(1 4x)
3/2
+C
2.
_
(8x + 2)
1/3
dx =
1
8
_
(8x + 2)
1/3
(8 dx) u = 8x + 2, du = 8 dx
=
1
8
_
u
1/3
du =
3
32
u
4/3
+C =
3
32
(8x + 2)
4/3
+C
3.
_
1
(5x + 1)
3
dx =
1
5
_
(5x + 1)
3
(5 dx) u = 5x + 1, du = 5 dx
=
1
5
_
u
3
du =
1
10
u
2
+C =
1
10(5x + 1)
2
+C
4.
_
(7 x)
49
dx =
_
(7 x)
49
(dx) u = 7 x, du = dx
=
_
u
49
du =
1
50
u
50
+C =
1
50
(7 x)
50
+C
5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION 291
5.
_
x
_
x
2
+ 4 dx =
1
2
_
_
x
2
+ 4 (2xdx) u = x
2
+ 4, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
u
1/2
du =
1
3
u
3/2
+C =
1
3
(x
2
+ 4)
3/2
+C
6.
_
t
3

t
2
+ 9
dt =
1
2
_
(t
2
+ 9)
1/3
(2t dt) u = t
2
+ 9, dt = 2t dt
=
1
2
_
u
1/3
du =
3
4
u
2/3
+C =
3
4
(t
2
+ 9)
2/3
+C
7.
_
sin
5
3xcos 3xdx =
1
3
_
(sin
5
3x)(3 cos 3xdx) u = sin3x, du = 3 cos 3xdx
=
1
3
_
u
5
du =
1
18
u
6
+C =
1
18
sin
6
3x +C
8.
_
sin2 cos
4
2 d =
1
2
_
(cos
4
2)(2 sin2 d) u = cos 2, du = 2 sin2 d
=
1
2
_
u
4
du =
1
10
u
5
+C =
1
10
cos
5
2 +C
9.
_
tan
2
2xsec
2
2xdx =
1
2
_
(tan
2
2x)(2 sec
2
2xdx) u = tan2x, du = 2 sec
2
2xdx
=
1
2
_
u
2
du =
1
6
u
3
+C =
1
6
tan
3
2x +C
10.
_

tanxsec
2
xdx =
_
(tanx)
1/2
(sec
2
xdx) u = tanx, du = sec
2
xdx
=
_
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
+C =
2
3
(tanx)
3/2
+C
11.
_
sin4xdx =
1
4
_
(sin4x)(4 dx) =
1
4
cos 4x +C
12.
_
5 cos
x
2
dx = 10
_
_
cos
x
2
_
_
dx
2
_
= 10 sin
x
2
+C
13.
_
(

2t cos 6t) dt =

2
_
t
1/2
dt
1
6
_
(cos 6t)(6 dt) =
2

2
3
t
3/2

1
6
sin6t +C
=
1
3
(2t)
3/2

1
6
sin6t +C
14.
_
sin(2 3x) dx =
1
3
_
sin(2 3x)(3 dx) =
1
3
cos(2 3x) +C
15.
_
xsinx
2
dx =
1
2
_
(sinx
2
)(2xdx) =
1
2
cos x
2
+C
16.
_
cos(1/x)
x
2
dx =
_
[cos(1/x)](dx/x
2
) = sin(1/x) +C
292 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
17.
_
x
2
sec
2
x
3
dx =
1
3
_
(sec
2
x
3
)(3x
2
dx) =
1
3
tanx
3
+C
18.
_
csc
2
(0.1x) dx =
1
0.1
_
(csc
2
0.1x)(0.1 dx) = 10 cot(0.1x) +C
19.
_
csc

xcot

x
dx = 2
_
csc

xcot

x
2

x
dx u =

x, du = dx/2

x
= 2
_
csc ucot udu = 2 csc u +C = 2 csc

x +C
20.
_
tan5v sec 5v dv =
1
5
sec 5v +C
21.
_
1
7x + 3
dx =
1
7
_
1
7x + 3
(7 dx) u = 7x + 3, du = 7 dx
=
1
7
_
1
u
du =
1
7
ln[u[ +C =
1
7
ln[7x + 3[ +C
22.
_
(5x + 6)
1
dx =
1
5
_
1
5x + 6
(5 dx) u = 5x + 6, du = 5 dx
=
1
5
_
1
u
du =
1
5
ln[u[ +C =
1
5
ln[5x + 6[ +C
23.
_
x
x
2
+ 1
dx =
1
2
_
2xdx
x
2
+ 1
=
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 1) +C
24.
_
x
2
5x
3
+ 8
dx =
1
15
_
15x
2
dx
5x
3
+ 8
=
1
15
ln[5x
3
+ 8[ +C
25.
_
x
x + 1
dx =
_
x + 1 1
x + 1
dx =
_
dx
_
dx
x + 1
= x ln[x + 1[ +C
26.
_
(x + 3)
2
x + 2
dx =
_
x
2
+ 6x + 9
x + 2
dx =
_ _
x + 4 +
1
x + 2
_
dx =
1
2
x
2
+ 4x + ln[x + 2[ +C
27.
_
1
xlnx
dx =
1
lnx
_
1
x
dx
_
u = lnx, du =
1
x
dx
=
_
1
u
du = ln[u[ +C = ln[ lnx[ +C
28.
_
1 sin
+ cos
d =
_
1
+ cos
[(1 sin) d] u = + cos , du = (1 sin) d
=
_
1
u
du = ln[u[ +C = ln[ + cos [ +C
29.
_
sin(lnx)
x
dx =
_
sin(lnx)
_
1
x
dx
_
u = lnx, du =
1
x
dx
=
_
sinudu = cos u +C = cos(lnx) +C
5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION 293
30.
_
1
x(lnx)
2
dx =
_
1
(lnx)
2
_
1
x
dx
_
u = lnx, du =
1
x
dx
=
_
1
u
2
du =
1
u
+C =
1
lnx
+C
31.
_
e
10x
dx =
1
10
_
e
10x
(10 dx) =
1
10
e
10x
+C
32.
_
1
e
4x
dx =
1
4
_
e
4x
(4 dx) =
1
4
e
4x
+C
33.
_
x
2
e
2x
3
dx =
1
6
_
e
2x
3
(6x
2
dx) =
1
6
e
2x
3
+C
34.
_
e
1/x
3
x
4
dx =
1
3
_
e
x
3
(3x
4
dx) =
1
3
e
1/x
3
+C
35.
_
e

x
dx = 2
_
e

x
_

1
2

x
dx
_
= 2e

x
+C
36.
_

e
x
dx =
_
e
x/2
dx = 2e
x/2
+C
37.
_
e
x
e
x
e
x
+e
x
dx =
_
1
e
x
+e
x
[(e
x
e
x
) dx] u = e
x
+e
x
, du = (e
x
e
x
) dx
=
_
1
u
du = ln[u[ +C = ln(e
x
+e
x
) +C
38.
_
e
3x
_
1 + 2e
3x
dx =
1
6
_
(1 + 2e
3x
)
1/2
(6e
3x
dx) u = 1 + 2e
3x
, du = 6e
3x
dx
=
1
6
_
u
1/2
du =
1
9
u
3/2
+C =
1
9
_
(1 + 2e
3x
)
3
+C
39.
_
1

5 x
2
dx = sin
1
x

5
+C
40.
_
1

9 16x
2
dx =
1
4
_
1
_
9 (4x)
2
(4 dx) =
1
4
sin
1
4x
3
+C
41.
_
1
1 + 25x
2
dx =
1
5
_
1
1 + (5x)
2
(5 dx) =
1
5
tan
1
5x +C
42.
_
1
2 + 9x
2
dx =
1
9
_
1
2/9 +x
2
dx =
1
9
_
1
_
2/9
tan
1
x
_
2/9
_
+C =
1
3

2
tan
1
3x

2
+C
43.
_
e
x
1 +e
2x
dx =
_
1
1 + (e
x
)
2
(e
x
dx) u = e
x
, du = e
x
dx
=
_
1
1 +u
2
du = tan
1
u +C = tan
1
e
x
+C
294 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
44.
_

1
4
d =
1
2
_
1
_
1 (
2
)
2
(2 d) =
1
2
sin
1

2
+C
45.
_
2x 3

1 x
2
dx =
_
1

1 x
2
(2xdx)
_
3

1 x
2
dx u = x
2
, du = 2xdx
=
_
1

1 u
du 3
_
1

1 x
2
dx = 2(1 u)
1/2
3 sin
1
x +C
= 2(1 x
2
)
1/2
3 sin
1
x +C
46.
_
x 8
x
2
+ 2
dx =
1
2
_
1
x
2
+ 2
(2xdx)
_
8
x
2
+ 2
dx u = x
2
+ 2, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
1
u
du 8
_
1
(

2)
2
+x
2
dx =
1
2
ln[u[ 8
_
1

2
tan
1
x

2
_
+C
=
1
2
ln(x
2
+ 2) 4

2 tan
1
x

2
+C
47.
_
tan
1
x
1 +x
2
dx =
_
(tan
1
x)
_
1
1 +x
2
dx
_
u = tan
1
x, du =
1
1 +x
2
dx
=
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
+C =
1
2
(tan
1
x)
2
+C
48.
_

sin
1
x
1 x
2
dx =
_
(sin
1
x)
1/2
_
1

1 x
2
dx
_
u = sin
1
x, du =
1

1 x
2
dx
=
_
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
+C =
2
3
(sin
1
x)
3/2
+C
49.
_
tan5xdx =
1
5
_
(tan5x)(5 dx) =
1
5
ln[ cos 5x[ +C
50.
_
e
x
cot e
x
dx =
_
(cot e
x
)(e
x
dx) u = e
x
, du = e
x
dx
=
_
cot udu = ln[ sinu[ +C = ln[ sine
x
[ +C
51.
_
sin
2
xdx =
_
1
2
(1 cos 2x) dx =
1
2
_
x
1
2
sin2x
_
+C
52.
_
cos
2
xdx =
_
1
2
(1 + cos 2x) dx =
1
2
_
x +
1
2
sin2x
_
+C
53.
_
cos
2
4xdx =
_
1
2
(1 + cos 8x) dx =
1
2
_
x +
1
8
sin8x
_
+C
54.
_
sin
2
3
2
xdx =
_
1
2
(1 cos 3x) dx =
1
2
_
x
1
3
sin3x
_
+C
5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION 295
55.
_
(3 2 sinx)
2
dx =
_
(9 12 sinx + 4 sin
2
x) dx = 9x + 12 cos x + 4
_
1
2
(1 cos 2x) dx
= 9x + 12 cos x + 2
_
x
1
2
sin2x
_
+C = 11x + 12 cos x sin2x +C
56.
_
(1 + cos 2x)
2
dx =
_
(1 + 2 cos 2x + cos
2
2x) dx = x + sin2x +
_
1
2
(1 + cos 4x) dx
= x + sin2x +
1
2
_
x +
1
4
sin4x
_
+C =
3
2
x + sin2x +
1
8
sin4x +C
57. y =
_
3

1 xdx =
_
(1 x)
1/3
(dx) =
3
4
(1 x)
4/3
+C
58. y =
_
(1 tanx)
5
cos
2
x
dx =
_
(1 tanx)
5
(sec
2
xdx) =
1
6
(1 tanx)
6
+C
59. We have f(x) =
_
(16 sin3x) dx = x+2 cos 3x+C. Solving 1 = f() = +2 cos 3+C =
2 +C we obtain C = 1 . Thus f(x) = x + 2 cos 3x + 1 .
60. We have f

(x) =
_
(1 + 2x)
5
dx =
1
12
(1 + 2x)
6
+C. Solving 0 = f

(0) =
1
12
+ C we obtain
C =
1
12
. Then
f(x) =
_ _
1
12
(1 + 2x)
6

1
12
_
dx =
1
12
_
[(1 + 2x)
6
1] dx =
1
12
_
1
14
(1 + 2x)
7
x
_
+C.
Solving 0 = f(0) =
1
12
_
1
14
_
+C we obtain C =
1
168
. Thus f(x) =
1
168
(1+2x)
7

1
12
x
1
168
.
61. (a)
_
sinxcos xdx =
_
sinx(cos xdx) u = sinx, du = cos xdx
=
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
+C
1
=
1
2
sin
2
x +C
1
(b)
_
sinxcos xdx =
_
cos x(sinxdx) u = cos x, du = sinxdx
=
_
udu =
1
2
u
2
+C
2
=
1
2
cos
2
x +C
2
(c)
_
sinxcos xdx =
1
2
_
sin2xdx =
1
4
cos 2x +C
3
62. (a)
d
dx
_
1
2
sin
2
x +C
1
_
= sinxcos x
d
dx
_

1
2
cos
2
x +C
2
_
= cos xsinx
d
dx
_

1
4
cos 2x +C
3
_
=
1
2
sin2x = sinxcos x
296 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
(b)
1
2
sin
2
x +C
1
=
1
2
(1 cos
2
x) +C
1
=
1
2
cos
2
x +
_
C
1
+
1
2
_
=
1
2
cos
2
x +C
2
(c)
_
sinxcos xdx +
_
sinxcos xdx =
1
2
sin
2
x +C
1

1
2
cos
2
x +C
2
2
_
sinxcos xdx =
1
2
(cos
2
x sin
2
x) + (C
1
+C
2
)
_
sinxcos xdx =
1
4
(cos
2
x sin
2
x) +
1
2
(C
1
+C
2
)
=
1
4
cos 2x +C
3
63. (a) From the given derivative, we have t(s) =
_
L
g
sin
1
_
s
s
C
_
+ C. Solving t(0) = 0, we
obtain C = 0.
(b)
t(s
C
) =

L
g
sin
1
_
s
C
s
C
_
=

L
g
sin
1
1 =

2

L
g
(c) By symmetry, T = 4t(s
C
) = 4
_

2
_
L
g
_
= 2
_
L
g
.
64. y =
_
cos
3
xdx =
_
cos
2
xcos xdx =
_
(1 sin
2
x) cos xdx
=
_
cos x
_
(sin
2
x)(cos xdx) u = sinx, du = cos xdx
=
_
cos x
_
u
2
du = sinx
1
3
u
3
+C = sinx
1
3
sin
3
x +C
Solving f(/2) = 0 = 1
1
3
+C =
2
3
+C we obtain C =
2
3
. Thus f(x) = sinx
1
3
sin
3
x
2
3
.
65.
_
cos
4
xdx =
_
(cos
2
x)
2
dx =
_ _
1
2
(1 + cos 2x)
_
2
dx =
1
4
_
(1 + 2 cos 2x + cos
2
2x) dx
=
1
4
x +
1
4
sin2x +
1
4
_
1
2
(1 + cos 4x) dx =
1
4
x +
1
4
sin2x +
1
8
_
(1 + cos 4x) dx
=
1
4
x +
1
4
sin2x +
1
8
x +
1
32
sin4x +C =
3
8
x +
1
4
sin2x +
1
32
sin4x +C
66.
_
sin
4
xdx =
_
(sin
2
x)
2
dx =
_ _
1
2
(1 cos 2x)
_
2
dx =
1
4
_
(1 2 cos 2x + cos
2
2x) dx
=
1
4
x
1
4
sin2x +
1
4
_
1
2
(1 + cos 4x) dx =
1
4
x
1
4
sin2x +
1
8
_
(1 + cos 4x) dx
=
1
4
x
1
4
sin2x +
1
8
x +
1
32
sin4x +C =
3
8
x
1
4
sin2x +
1
32
sin4x +C
67.
_
1
x

x
4
16
dx =
_
1
2x
2

x
4
16
(2xdx) u = x
2
, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
1
u

u
2
4
2
du =
1
4
sec
1

u
4

+C =
1
4
sec
1
x
2
4
+C
5.2. INTEGRATION BY THE u-SUBSTITUTION 297
68.
_
e
2x
e
x
+ 1
dx =
_ _
e
x

e
x
e
x
+ 1
_
dx
=
_
e
x
dx
_
1
e
x
+ 1
(e
x
dx) u = e
x
+ 1, du = e
x
dx
= e
x

_
1
u
du = e
x
ln[u[ +C = e
x
ln(e
x
+ 1) +C
69.
_
1
1 cos x
dx =
_
1
1 cos x
_
1 + cos x
1 + cos x
_
dx =
_
1 + cos x
1 cos
2
x
dx =
_
1 + cos x
sin
2
x
dx
=
_ _
1
sin
2
x
+
cos x
(sinx)(sinx)
_
dx =
_
(csc
2
x + csc xcot x) dx
= cot x csc x +C
70.
_
1
1 + sin2x
dx =
_
1
1 + sin2x
_
1 sin2x
1 sin2x
_
dx =
_
1 sin2x
1 sin
2
2x
dx =
_
1 sin2x
cos
2
2x
dx
=
_ _
1
cos
2
2x

sin2x
(cos 2x)(cos 2x)
_
dx =
_
(sec
2
2x sec 2xtan2x) dx
=
1
2
tan2x
1
2
sec 2x +C
71.
_
f

(8x) dx =
1
8
_
f

(8x)(8 dx) u = 8x, du = 8 dx

=
1
8
_
f

(u) du =
1
8
f(u) +C =
1
8
f(8x) +C
72.
_
xf

(5x
2
) dx =
1
10
_
f

(5x
2
)(10xdx) u = 5x
2
, du = 10xdx
=
1
10
_
f

(u) du =
1
10
f(u) +C =
1
10
f(5x
2
) +C
73.
_
_
f(2x)f

(2x) dx =
1
2
_
[f(2x)]
1/2
[2f

(2x) dx] u = f(2x), du = 2f

(2x) dx
=
1
2
_
u
1/2
du =
1
3
u
3/2
+C =
1
3
[f(2x)]
3/2
+C
74.
_
f

(3x + 1)
f(3x + 1)
dx =
1
3
_
1
f(3x + 1)
[3f

(3x + 1) dx] u = f(3x + 1), du = 3f

(3x + 1) dx
=
1
3
_
1
u
du =
1
3
ln[u[ +C =
1
3
ln[f(3x + 1)[ +C
75. For any f,
_
f

(4x) dx =
1
4
_
f

(4x)(4 dx) u = 4x, du = 4 dx

=
1
4
_
f

(u) du =
1
4
f

(u) +C =
1
4
f

(4x) +C
298 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
Given f(x) =

x
4
+ 1 = (x
4
+ 1)
1/2
, we have f

(x) = 2x
3
(x
4
+ 1)
1/2
. Thus,
_
f

(4x) dx =
1
4
f

(4x) +C =
1
4
2(4x)
3
[(4x)
4
+ 1]
1/2
+C =
32x
3

256x
4
+ 1
+C.
To check this, take the derivative of the above function, yielding
96x
2

256x
4
+ 1

16384x
6
_
(256x
4
+ 1)
3
,
which should be the same as f

(4x). Since f

(x) =
6x
2

x
4
+ 1

4x
6
_
(x
4
+ 1)
3
, we have f

(4x) =
6(4x)
2
_
(4x)
4
+ 1

4(4x)
6
_
[(4x)
4
+ 1]
3
=
96x
2

256x
4
+ 1

16384x
6
_
(256x
4
+ 1)
3
.
76. First evaluating
_
sec
2
3xdx, we get
_
sec
2
3xdx =
1
3
_
(sec
2
3x)(3 dx) u = 3x, du = 3 dx
=
1
3
_
sec
2
udu =
1
3
tanu +C =
1
3
tan3x +C
Next, evaluating
_ __
sec
2
3xdx
_
dx =
_ _
1
3
tan3x +C
_
dx, we get
_ _
1
3
tan3x +C
_
dx = (Cx +C
1
) +
1
3
_
tan3xdx
= (Cx +C
1
) +
1
9
_
(tan3x)(3 dx) u = 3x, du = 3 dx
= (Cx +C
1
) +
1
9
_
tanudu = (Cx +C
1
)
1
9
ln[ cos u[ +C
2
= Cx
1
9
ln[ cos 3x[ +C
3
.
5.3 The Area Problem
1. 3 + 6 + 9 + 12 + 15
2. 1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
3. 2 + 2 + 8/3 + 4
4.
3
10
+
9
100
+
27
1000
+
81
10, 000
5.
1
7
+
1
9

1
11
+
1
13

1
15
+
1
17

1
19
+
1
21

1
23
+
1
25
6. 1
1
4
+
1
9

1
16
+
1
25

1
36
+
1
49

1
64
+
1
81

1
100
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 299
7. 0 + 3 + 8 + 15
8. 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25
9. 1 + 1 1 + 1 1
10. 1 + 0
1
3
+ 0 +
1
5
11.
7

k=1
(2k + 1)
12.
6

k=1
2
k
13.
13

k=1
(3k 2)
14.
10

k=1
(4k 2)
15.
5

k=1
(1)
k+1
k
16.
5

k=1
(1)
k
k
k + 1
17.
8

k=1
6
18.
9

k=1

k
19.
4

k=1
(1)
k+1
k
2
cos
k
p
x
20.
5

k=1
(1)
k+1
f
(k)
(1)
2k 1
(x 1)
k
21.
20

k=1
2k = 2
20

k=1
k = 2
_
20 21
2
_
= 420
22.
50

k=0
(3k) = 3
50

k=1
k = 3
_
50 51
2
_
= 3825
300 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
23.
10

k=1
(k + 1) =
10

k=1
k +
10

k=1
1 =
10 11
2
+ 10 1 = 65
24.
1000

k=1
(2k 1) = 2
1000

k=1
k
1000

k=1
1 = 2
_
1000 1001
2
_
1000 1 = 1, 000, 000
25.
6

k=1
(k
2
+ 3) =
6

k=1
k
2
+
6

k=1
3 =
6 7 13
6
+ 6 3 = 109
26.
5

k=1
(6k
2
k) = 6
5

k=1
k
2

k=1
k = 6
_
5 6 11
6
_

5 6
2
= 315
27.
10

p=0
(p
3
+ 4) = 0 + 4 +
10

p=1
p
3
+
10

p=1
4 = 4 +
10
2
11
2
4
+ 10 4 = 3069
28.
10

i=1
(2i
3
5i + 3) = 2
10

i=1
i
3
5
10

i=1
i +
10

i=1
3 = 2
_
10
2
11
2
4
_
5
_
10 11
2
_
+ 10 3 = 5805
29. Using x =
6 0
n
=
6
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
6k
n
_
=
6k
n
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
6k
n
_
6
n
= lim
n
36
n
2
n

k=1
k = lim
n
36
n
2

n(n + 1)
2
= lim
n
18
_
1 +
1
n
_
= 18.
30. Using x =
3 1
n
=
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
1 +
2k
n
_
= 2 +
4k
n
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
2 +
4k
n
_
2
n
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
4
n
+
8k
n
2
_
= lim
n
_
4
n
n

k=1
1 +
8
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
4
n
n +
8
n
2

n(n + 1)
2
_
= lim
n
_
4 + 4
_
1 +
1
n
__
= 8.
31. Using x =
4
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 3 +
8k
n
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
3 +
8k
n
_
4
n
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
12
n
+
32k
n
2
_
= lim
n
_
12
n
n

k=1
1 +
32k
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
12
n
n +
32k
n
2

n(n + 1)
2
_
= lim
n
_
12 + 16
_
1 +
1
n
__
= 28.
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 301
32. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
6k
n
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
6k
n
_
2
n
= lim
n
12
n
2
n

k=1
k = lim
n
12
n
2

n(n + 1)
2
= lim
n
6
_
1 +
1
n
_
= 6.
33. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
4k
2
n
2
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4k
2
n
2

2
n
_
= lim
n
8
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
= lim
n
_
8
n
3

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
_
= lim
n
4
3
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
=
8
3
.
34. Using x =
3
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 4
12k
n
+
9k
2
n
2
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4
12k
n
+
9k
2
n
2
_
3
n
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
12
n

36
n
2
+
27k
2
n
3
_
= lim
n
_
12
n
n

k=1
1
36
n
2
n

k=1
k +
27
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
12
n
n
36
n
2

n(n + 1)
2
+
27
n
3

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
_
= lim
n
_
12 18
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
9
2
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 12 18 + 9 = 3.
35. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
4k
n

4k
2
n
2
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4k
n

4k
2
n
2
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
8
n
2
n

k=1
k
8
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
4
_
1 +
1
n
_

4
3
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 4
8
3
=
4
3
.
36. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
3 +
2k
n
_
= 21
24k
n
+
8k
2
n
2
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
21
24k
n

8k
2
n
2
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
42
n
n

k=1
1
48
n
2
n

k=1
k +
16
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
42 24
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
8
3
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 42 24 +
16
3
=
70
3
.
302 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
37. Using x =
1
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 3 +
4k
n
+
k
2
n
2
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
3 +
4k
n
+
k
2
n
2
_
1
n
= lim
n
_
3
n
n

k=1
1 +
4
n
2
n

k=1
k +
1
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
3 + 2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
1
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 3 + 2 +
1
3
=
16
3
.
38. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
4k
2
n
2

4k
n
+ 1 we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4k
2
n
2

4k
n
+ 1
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
8
n
3
n

k=1
k
2

8
n
2
n

k=1
k +
2
n
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
4
3
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
4
_
1 +
1
n
_
+ 2
_
=
8
3
4 + 2 =
2
3
.
39. Using x =
1
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
k
3
n
3
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
k
3
n
3

1
n
_
= lim
n
1
n
4
n

k=1
k
3
= lim
n
1
4
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
_
=
1
4
.
40. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
8k
3
n
3

12k
2
n
2
+ 4 we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
8k
3
n
3

12k
2
n
2
+ 4
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
16
n
4
n

k=1
k
3

24
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
+
8
n
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
4
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
_
4
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
+ 8
_
= 4 8 + 8 = 4.
41. Let A = A
1
+ A
2
where A
1
is the area under f(x) = 2 on [0, 1) and A
2
is the area under
f(x) = x + 1 on [1, 4]. For A
1
, we have x =
1
n
, f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 2, and
A
1
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
2
1
n
_
= lim
n
2
n
n

k=1
1 = lim
n
2n
n
= 2.
For A
2
, we have x =
3
n
, f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 2 +
3k
n
, and
A
2
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
2 +
3k
n
_
3
n
= lim
n
_
6
n
n

k=1
1 +
9
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
6n
n
+
9
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
= 6 +
9
2
=
21
2
.
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 303
Then A = 2 +
21
2
=
25
2
.
42. Let A = A
1
+A
2
where A
1
is the area under f(x) = x+1 on [0, 1) and A
2
is the area under
f(x) = x + 2 on [1, 3]. For A
1
, we have x =
1
n
, f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 1
k
n
, and
A
1
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
1
k
n
_
1
n
= lim
n
_
1
n
n

k=1
1
1
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
1
1
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
=
1
2
.
For A
2
, we have x =
2
n
, f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 3 +
2k
n
, and
A
2
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
3
2k
n
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
6
n
n

k=1
1 +
4
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
6 + 2
_
1 +
1
n
__
= 10.
Then A =
1
2
+ 8 =
17
2
.
1 2 3
1
2
3
43. A
R
= 1
1
2
+
2
3

1
2
+
1
2

1
2
+
2
5

1
2
=
77
60
A
L
= 2
1
2
+ 1
1
2
+
2
3

1
2
+
1
2

1
2
=
25
12
-1
1
! !
2 2
44. A
R
=

2
2


4
+ 1

4
+

2
2


4
+ 0

4
=
(1 +

2)
4
A
L
= 0

4
+

2
2


4
+ 1

4
+

2
2


4
=
(1 +

2)
4
304 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
45. Using x =
2 (1)
n
=
3
n
and x

k
= 1 + (k 1)
3
n
we obtain
A = lim
n
n

k=1
f(x

k
)x = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4
_
1 + (k 1)
3
n
_
2
_
3
n
= lim
n
3
n
n

k=1
_
3 + 6
k 1
n
9
(k 1)
2
n
2
_
= lim
n
3
n
_
3
n

k=1
1 +
6
n
n

k=1
(k 1)
9
n
2
n

k=1
(k
2
2k + 1)
_
= lim
n
3
n
_
3
n

k=1
1 +
6
n
n

k=1
k
6
n
n

k=1
1
9
n
2
n

k=1
k
2
+
18
n
2
n

k=1
k
9
n
2
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
9
n
n +
18
n
2
n(n + 1)
2

18
n
2
n
27
n
3
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
+
54
n
3
n(n + 1)
2

27
n
3
n
_
= lim
n
_
9 + 9
_
1 +
1
n
_

18
n

9
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
2 +
1
n
_
+
27
n
_
1 +
1
n
_

27
n
2
_
= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.
46. Using x =
2 (1)
n
=
3
n
and x

k
= 1 +
2k 1
2
3
n
we obtain
A = lim
n
n

k=1
f(x

k
)x = lim
n
n

k=1
_
4
_
1 +
2k 1
2
3
n
_
2
_
3
n
= lim
n
3
n
n

k=1
_
3 + 3
2k 1
n

9
4
(2k 1)
2
n
2
_
= lim
n
3
n
_
3
n

k=1
1 +
3
n
n

k=1
(2k 1)
9
4n
2
n

k=1
(4k
2
4k + 1)
_
= lim
n
3
n
_
3
n

k=1
1 +
6
n
n

k=1
k
3
n
n

k=1
1
9
n
2
n

k=1
k
2
+
9
n
2
n

k=1
k
9
4n
2
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
9
n
n +
18
n
2
n(n + 1)
2

9
n
2
n
27
n
3
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
+
27
n
3
n(n + 1)
2

9
4n
3
n
_
= lim
n
_
9 + 9
_
1 +
1
n
_

9
n

9
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
2 +
1
n
_
+
27
2n
_
1 +
1
n
_

9
4n
2
_
= 9 + 9 0 9 + 0 0 = 9.
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 305
-2 2
-2
2
47. Identify b a = 2. Taking a = 0, we have f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
f
_
2k
n
_
=

4
_
2k
n
_
2
. Then A is the area under f(x) =

4 x
2
from x = 0 to x = 2.
-! !
-2
2 48. Identify b a = . Taking a = 0, we have f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
f
_
k
n
_
= sin
k
n
. Then A is the area under f(x) = sinx from
x = 0 to x = .
49. 0.11111111 =
1
10
+
1
10
2
+ +
1
10
8
=
8

k=1
1
10
k
50. 0.3737373737 =
37
100
+
37
100
2
+ +
37
100
5
= 37
_
1
100
+
1
100
2
+ +
1
100
5
_
= 37
5

k=1
1
100
k
51.
60

k=21
k
2
=
60

k=1
k
2

20

k=1
k
2
=
60 61 121
6

20 21 41
6
= 70, 940
52.
6

k=0
(k + 6);
7

k=1
(k + 5);
8

k=2
(k + 4)
53. 0 =
n

k=1
x
k

n

k=1
x =
n

k=1
x
k
nx; x =
1
n
n

k=1
x
k
54. (a)
n

k=1
[f(k) f(k 1)] = [f(1) f(0)] + [f(2) f(1)] + [f(3) f(2)] +
+ [f(n 1) f(n 2)] + [f(n) f(n 1)]
= f(n) f(0)
(b) f(k) =

k;
400

k=1
(

k 1) =

400

0 = 20
55. (a) Identifying f(k) = (k + 1)
2
in part (a) of Problem 54, we have
n

k=1
[(k + 1)
2
k
2
] =
(n + 1)
2
1
2
= n
2
+ 2n.
(b)
n

k=1
[(k + 1)
2
k
2
] =
n

k=1
(2k + 1) =
n

k=1
2k +
n

k=1
1 = 2
n

k=1
k +n
306 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
(c) Comparing the results of (a) and (b), we nd that equating them leads to summation
formula (ii):
2
n

k=1
k +n = n
2
+ 2n;
n

k=1
k =
n
2
+ 2n n
2
=
n
2
+n
2
=
n(n + 1)
2
Using f(k) = (k + 1)
3
similarly to (a), we obtain
n

k=1
[(k + 1)
3
k
3
] = (n + 1)
3
1
3
= n
3
+ 3n
2
+ 3n.
Analogously for (b), we also have
n

k=1
[(k + 1)
3
k
3
] =
n

k=1
(3k
2
+ 3k + 1) = 3
n

k=1
k
2
+ 3
n

k=1
k +n.
Combining these, we obtain
3
n

k=1
k
2
+ 3
n

k=1
k +n = n
3
+ 3n
2
+ 3n
3
n

k=1
k
2
+
3n(n + 1)
2
+n = n
3
+ 3n
2
+ 3n
3
n

k=1
k
2
= n
3
+ 3n
2
+ 2n
3n
2
+ 3n
2
n

k=1
k
2
=
2n
3
+ 6n
2
+ 4n 3n
2
3n
6
=
2n
3
+ 3n
2
+n
6
=
n(2n
2
+ 3n + 1)
6
=
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
.
56. The pattern illustrated in Figure 5.3.9 indicates that the summation of cubes is the square
of the summation of the numbers being cubed. That is:
n

k=1
k
3
=
_
n

k=1
k
_
2
. Expanding the
summation, we get
n

k=1
k
3
=
_
n

k=1
k
_
2
=
_
n(n + 1)
2
_
2
=
n
2
(n + 1)
2
4
.
5.3. THE AREA PROBLEM 307
57. The equation of the line through (0, h
1
) and (b, h
2
) is f(x) =
h
2
h
1
b
x +h
1
.
Using x =
b
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
kb
n
_
=
k(h
2
h
1
)
n
+h
1
we nd
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
k(h
1
h
2
)
n
+h
1
_
b
n
= lim
n
_
b
n
2
(h
2
h
1
)
n

k=1
k +
bh
1
n
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
b(h
2
h
1
)
2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
bh
1
n
n
_
=
b(h
2
h
1
)
2
+bh
1
=
bh
2
bh
2
+ 2bh
1
2
=
_
h
1
+h
2
2
_
b.
h
1
y
b
h
2
(b, h
2
)
58. Since the total number of cans is 136 and there is one additional can per row, we have
n

k=1
k =
n(n + 1)
2
= 136. Solving for n will yield the number of cans in the bottom row, so
we have n
2
+n 272 = 0 and (n 16)(n +17) = 0, yielding n = 16 or n = 17. Thus, there
are 16 cans in the bottom row.
59. Using x =
4
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
128k
n

384k
2
n
2
+
512k
3
n
3

256k
4
n
4
we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
128k
n

384k
2
n
2
+
512k
3
n
3

256k
4
n
4
_
4
n
= lim
n
_
512
n
2
n

k=1
k
1536
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
+
2048
n
4
n

k=1
k
3

1024
n
5
n

k=1
k
4
_
= lim
n
_
256
_
1 +
1
n
_
256
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
+ 512
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
_

512
15
_
6 +
15
n
+
10
n
2

1
n
4
__
= 256 512 + 512
1024
5
=
256
5
.
60. We note that A
2
= 1 A
1
where A
1
is the area under y = x
2
from 0 to
1. Using x =
1
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
k
2
n
2
we nd
A
1
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
k
2
n
2
1
n
_
= lim
n
1
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
= lim
n
1
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
=
1
3
.
Thus, A
2
= 1
1
3
=
2
3
.
1
1
A
2
A
1
308 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
61. We note that A
2
= 16 A
1
where A
1
is the area under y = x
3
from 0 to
2. Using x =
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
8k
3
n
3
we nd
A
1
= lim
n
n

k=1
_
8k
3
n
3
2
n
_
= lim
n
16
n
4
n

k=1
k
3
= lim
n
4
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
_
= 4.
Thus, A
2
= 16 4 = 12.
8
2
A
2
A
1
62. (a) Using x =
x
0
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
kx
0
n
_
= a
k
2
x
2
0
n
2
+b
kx
0
n
+c we have
A = lim
n
n

k=1
_
a
k
2
x
2
0
n
2
+b
kx
0
n
+c
_
x
0
n
= lim
n
_
a
x
3
0
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
+b
x
2
0
n
2
n

k=1
k +c
x
0
n
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
a
x
3
0
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
_
+b
x
2
0
2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+cx
0
_
= a
x
3
0
3
+b
x
2
0
2
+cx
0
.
(b) Let A
1
be the area under the graph on [0, 2] and A
2
the area under the graph on [0, 5].
Then the area under the graph on [2, 5] is
A = A
2
A
1
=
_
6
5
3
3
+ 2
5
2
2
+ 1.5
_

_
6
2
3
3
+ 2
2
2
2
+ 1.2
_
= (250 + 25 + 5) (16 + 4 + 2) = 258.
63. By (8) of this section,
A = lim
n
n

k=1
f
_
0 + [k 1]
1
n
_
1
n
= lim
n
n

k=1
e
(k1)/n

1
n
= lim
n
1
n
_
1 +e
1/n
+e
2/n
+ +e
(n1)/n
_
= lim
n
1
n
_
1 +e
1/n
+ (e
1/n
)
2
+ + (e
1/n
)
n1
_
.
Using a = 1, r = e
1/n
, we obtain
A = lim
n
1
n
1
_
1 (e
1/n
)
n
1 e
1/n
_
= (1 e) lim
n
1
n(1 e
1/n
)
Now, lim
n
n(1 e
1/n
) = lim
n
1 e
1/n
1/n
(form 0)
h
= lim
n
e
1/n
(1/n
2
)
1/n
2
= lim
n
e
1/n
= 1,
so A = (1 e)
_
1
1
_
= e 1.
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 309
64. 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 =
n

k=1
(2k 1) = 2
n

k=1
k
n

k=1
1 = n(n + 1) n = n
2
The total distance moved is thus proportional to 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2n 1 = n
2
.
5.4 The Denite Integral
1. From x
1
= 1, x
2
= 2/3, x
3
= 2/3, and x
4
= 2/3 we see that the norm of the partition
is |P| = 1. Using f(x

1
) = 5/2, f(x

2
) = 5, f(x

3
) = 7, and f(x

4
) = 9 we compute the
Riemann sum
4

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
=
5
2
(1) + 5
_
2
3
_
+ 7
_
2
3
_
+ 9
_
2
3
_
=
33
2
.
2. From x
1
= 1, x
2
= 1/2, x
3
= 1, x
4
= 5/2, and x
5
= 2 we see that the norm of the
partition is |P| = 5/2. Using f(x

1
) = 11/2, f(x

2
) = 9/2, f(x

3
) = 4, f(x

4
) = 2, and
f(x

5
) = 0 we compute the Riemann sum
5

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
=
_

11
2
_
(1) +
_

9
2
__
1
2
_
+ (4)(1) + (2)
_
5
2
_
+ 0(2) =
67
4
.
3. From x
1
= 3/4, x
2
= 1/2, x
3
= 1/2, and x
4
= 1/4 we see that the norm of the
partition is |P| = 3/4. Using f(x

1
) = 9/16, f(x

2
) = 0, f(x

3
) = 1/4, and f(x

4
) = 49/64 we
compute the Riemann sum
4

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
=
9
15
_
3
4
_
+ 0
_
1
2
_
+
1
4
_
1
2
_
+
49
64
_
1
4
_
=
189
256
.
4. From x
1
= 1/2, x
2
= 1, and x
3
= 1/2 we see that the norm of the partition is |P| = 1.
Using f(x

1
) = 41/16, f(x

2
) = 65/16, and f(x

3
) = 10 we compute the Riemann sum
3

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
=
41
16
_
1
2
_
+
65
16
(1) + 10
_
1
2
_
=
331
32
.
5. From x
1
= , x
2
= /2, and x
3
= /2 we see that the norm of the partition is |P| = .
Using f(x

1
) = 1, f(x

2
) = 1/2, and f(x

3
) =

2/2 we compute the Riemann sum

3

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
= 1() +
_

1
2
_
_

2
_
+
_

2
2
_
_

2
_
=
(3

2)
4
.
6. From x
1
= /4, x
2
= /4, x
3
= /3, and x
4
= /6 we see that the norm of the
partition is |P| = /3. Using f(x

1
) = 1/2, f(x

2
) =

3/2, f(x

3
) =

2/2, and f(x

4
) = 1/2
we compute the Riemann sum
4

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k
=
1
2
_

24
_
+

3
2
_

4
_
+

2
2
_

3
_
+
1
2
_

6
_
=
(5 + 3

3 + 4

2)
24
.
310 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
7. We have x
k
= 1 and x

k
= k for k = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Using f(x

1
) = 1, f(x

2
) = 0, f(x

3
) = 1,
f(x

4
) = 2, and f(x

5
) = 3 we compute the Riemann sum
5

k=1
f(x

k
)x
n
= 1(1) + 0(1) + 1(1) + 2(1) + 3(1) = 5.
8. We have x
k
= 1/3 and x

k
=
k 1
3
for k = 1, 2, 3. Using f(x

1
) = 1, f(x

2
) = 7/9, and
f(x

3
) = 7/9 we compute the Riemann sum
3

k=1
f(x

k
)x
n
= 1
_
1
3
_
+
7
9
_
1
3
_
+
7
9
_
1
3
_
=
23
27
.
9.
_
4
2
_
9 +x
2
dx
10.
_
/4
0
tanxdx
11. Identify a = 0 and b = 2. Then
_
1 +
2k
n
_
2
n
=
_
f
_
a +k
b a
n
__
b a
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
2k
n
_
= 1 +
2k
n
.
Taking f(x) = x + 1 we have lim
n
n

k=1
_
1 +
2k
n
_
2
n
=
_
2
0
(x + 1) dx.
12. Identify a = 1 and b = 4. Then
_
1 +
3k
n
_
3
3
n
=
_
f
_
a +k
b a
n
__
b a
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= f
_
1 +
3k
n
_
=
_
1 +
3k
n
_
3
.
Taking f(x) = x
3
we have lim
n
n

k=1
_
1 +
3k
n
_
3
3
n
=
_
4
1
x
3
dx.
13. Using
b a
n
=
4
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 3 +
4k
n
we have
_
1
3
xdx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
3 +
4k
n
_
4
n
= lim
n
_

12
n
n

k=1
1 +
16
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_

12n
n
+ 8
_
1 +
1
n
__
= 12 + 8 = 4.
14. Using
b a
n
=
3
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
3k
n
we have
_
3
0
xdx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
3k
n

3
n
_
= lim
n
9
n
2
n

k=1
k = lim
n
_
9
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
=
9
2
.
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 311
15. Using
b a
n
=
1
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
_
1 +
k
n
_
2

_
1 +
k
n
_
=
k
n
+
k
2
n
2
we have
_
2
1
(x
2
x) dx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
k
n
+
k
2
n
2
_
1
n
= lim
n
_
1
n
2
n

k=1
k +
1
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
1
2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
1
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
=
1
2
+
1
3
=
5
6
.
16. Using
b a
n
=
5
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
_
2 +
5k
n
_
2
4 =
20k
n
+
25k
2
n
2
we have
_
3
2
(x
2
4) dx = lim
n
n

k=1
_

20k
n
+
25k
2
n
2
_
5
n
= lim
n
_

100
n
2
n

k=1
k +
125
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_

100
2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
125
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 50 +
125
3
=
25
3
.
17. Using
b a
n
=
1
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
k
3
n
3
1 we have
_
1
0
(x
3
1) dx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
k
3
n
3
1
_
1
n
= lim
n
_
1
n
4
n

k=1
k
3

1
n
n

k=1
1
_
= lim
n
_
1
4
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
_

n
n
_
=
1
4
1 =
3
4
.
18. Using
b a
n
=
2
n
and f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= 3
8k
3
n
3
we have
_
2
0
(3 x
3
) dx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
3
8k
3
n
3
_
2
n
= lim
n
_
6
n
n

k=1
1
16
n
4
n

k=1
k
3
_
= lim
n
_
6 4
_
1 +
2
n
+
1
n
2
__
= 6 4 = 2.
19. Using f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
= a +
k(b a)
n
we have
_
b
a
xdx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
a +
k(b a)
n
_
b a
n
= lim
n
_
a(b a)
n
n

k=1
1 +
(b a)
2
n
2
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
a(b a)n
n
+
(b a)
2
2
_
1 +
1
n
__
= a(b a) +
(b a)
2
2
=
b a
2
(2a +b a) =
b a
2
(b +a) =
b
2
a
2
2
.
312 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
20. Using f
_
a +k
b a
n
_
=
_
a +
k(b a)
n
_
2
= a
2
+
2ka(b a)
n
+
k
2
(b a)
2
n
2
we have
_
b
a
x
2
dx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
a
2
+
2ka(b a)
n
+
k
2
(b a)
2
n
2
_
b a
n
= lim
n
_
a
2
(b a)
n
n

k=1
1 +
2a(b a)
2
n
2
n

k=1
k +
(b a)
3
n
3
n

k=1
k
2
_
= lim
n
_
a
2
(b a)n
n
+
2a(b a)
2
2
_
1 +
1
n
_
+
(b a)
3
6
_
2 +
3
n
+
1
n
2
__
= a
2
(b a) +a(b a)
2
+
(b a)
3
3
=
b a
3
[3a
2
+ 3a(b a) + (b a)
2
]
=
b a
3
(b
2
+ab +a
2
) =
b
3
a
3
3
.
21.
_
3
1
xdx =
1
2
[3
2
(1)
2
] = 4
22.
_
3
1
x
2
dx =
1
3
[3
3
(1)
3
] =
28
3
23.
_
6
3
4 dx = 4(6 3) = 12
24.
_
5
2
(2) dx = 2(5 + 2) = 14
25.
_
2
4
1
2
dx =
1
2
(2 4) = 3
26.
_
5
5
10x
4
dx = 0
27.
_
1
3
10xdx = 10
_
3
1
xdx = 10(4) = 40
28.
_
3
1
(3x + 1) dx =
_
3
1
3xdx +
_
3
1
1 dx = 3(4) + 1[3 (1)] = 16
29.
_
1
3
t
2
dt =
_
3
1
t
2
dt =
28
3
30.
_
3
1
(3x
2
5) dx =
_
3
1
3x
2
dx
_
3
1
5 dx = 3
_
28
3
_
5[3 (1)] = 8
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 313
31.
_
3
1
(3x
2
+ 4x 5) dx = 3
_
3
1
x
2
dx + 4
_
3
1
xdx
_
3
1
5 dx
= 3
28
3
+ 4(4) 5[3 (1)] = 32
32.
_
3
1
6x(x 1) dx =
_
3
1
(6x
2
6x) dx = 6
_
3
1
x
2
dx 6
_
3
1
xdx = 6
_
28
3
_
6(4) = 32
33.
_
0
1
x
2
dx +
_
3
0
x
2
dx =
_
3
1
x
2
dx =
28
3
34.
_
1.2
1
2t dt
_
1.2
3
2t dt =
_
1.2
1
2t dt +
_
3
1.2
2t dt =
_
3
1
2t dt = 2
_
3
1
t dt = 2(4) = 8
35.
_
4
0
xdx +
_
4
0
(9 x) dx =
_
4
0
[x + (9 x)] dx =
_
4
0
9 dx = 9(4 0) = 36
36.
_
0
1
t
2
dt +
_
2
0
x
2
dx +
_
3
2
u
2
du =
_
0
1
x
2
dx +
_
2
0
x
2
dx +
_
3
2
x
2
dx =
_
3
1
x
2
dx =
28
3
37.
_
3
0
x
3
dx +
_
0
3
t
3
dt =
_
3
0
x
3
dx
_
3
0
x
3
dx = 0
38.
_
1
1
5xdx
_
1
3
(x 4) dx = 0 +
_
3
1
(x 4) dx =
_
3
1
xdx
_
3
1
4 dx
= 4 4[3 (1)] = 12
39.
_
5
2
f(x) dx =
_
5
0
f(x) dx
_
2
0
f(x) dx = 8.5 6 = 2.5
40.
_
3
1
f(x) dx =
_
4
1
f(x) dx
_
4
3
f(x) dx = 2.4 (1.7) = 4.1
41.
_
2
1
[2f(x) +g(x)] dx =
_
2
1
2f(x) dx +
_
2
1
g(x) dx = 2
_
2
1
f(x) dx +
1
3
(3)
_
2
1
g(x) dx
= 2(3.4) +
1
3
_
2
1
3g(x) dx = 6.8 +
1
3
(12.6) = 6.8 + 4.2 = 11
42. Since
_
2
2
[f(x) 5g(x)] dx = 24, we have
_
2
2
f(x) dx
_
2
2
5g(x) dx = 24
5
_
2
2
g(x) dx = 24
_
2
2
f(x) dx
_
2
2
g(x) dx =
1
5
_
24 +
_
2
2
f(x) dx
_
=
24 + 14
5
=
38
5
.
314 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
43. (a)
_
b
a
f(x) dx = 2.5
(b)
_
c
b
f(x) dx = 3.9
(c)
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 1.2
(d)
_
c
a
f(x) dx =
_
b
a
f(x) dx +
_
c
b
f(x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 = 1.4
(e)
_
d
b
f(x) dx =
_
c
b
f(x) dx +
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 3.9 1.2 = 2.7
(f)
_
d
a
f(x) dx =
_
b
a
f(x) dx +
_
c
b
f(x) dx +
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 2.5 + 3.9 1.2 = 0.2
44. (a)
_
b
a
f(x) dx = 6.8
(b)
_
c
b
f(x) dx = 7.3
(c)
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 9.2
(d)
_
c
a
f(x) dx =
_
b
a
f(x) dx +
_
c
b
f(x) dx = 6.8 7.3 = 0.5
(e)
_
d
b
f(x) dx =
_
c
b
f(x) dx +
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 7.3 + 9.2 = 1.9
(f)
_
d
a
f(x) dx =
_
b
a
f(x) dx +
_
c
b
f(x) dx +
_
d
c
f(x) dx = 6.8 7.3 + 9.2 = 8.7
45.
-4 -2 2 4
-2
2
4
6
46.
-4 -2 2 4
-2
2
4
6
47.
! 2! 3!
-1
1
48.
-2 2
2
49. From the gure, we see that the area under the graph is a triangle with
a base and height of 6. Thus, the area from geometry is
A =
bh
2
=
6(6)
2
= 18.
-4 -2 2 4
2
4
6
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 315
50. From the gure, we see that the area under the graph consists of two
triangles; one has a base and height of 1 while the other has a base and
height of 2. Thus, the area from geometry is
A =
b
1
h
1
2
+
b
2
h
2
2
=
1(1)
2
+
2(2)
2
=
5
2
.
2 4
2
4
51. From the gure, we see that the area under the graph consists of one-
fourth of a circle of radius 3. Thus, the area from geometry is
A =
r
2
4
=
(3)
2
4
=
9
4
.
-2 2
2
4
52. From the gure, we see that the area under the graph consists of a
semicircle of radius 3 above a rectangle of width 6 and height 2. Thus,
the area from geometry is
A =
r
2
2
+wh =
(3)
2
2
+ 6(2) =
9
2
+ 12.
-2 2
2
4
53.
2 4 6
-4
-2
2
4
6
54.
-2 2
-2
2
55.
-2 2 4
-4
-2
2
56.
2!
-2
2
57. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 2 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 8. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is
A =
b
1
h
1
2

b
2
h
2
2
=
4(8)
2

1(2)
2
= 15.
-2 2 4
-2
2
4
6
8
58. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 2 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 2. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is
A =
b
1
h
1
2

b
2
h
2
2
=
4(2)
2

4(2)
2
= 0.
2 4 6 8
-2
2
316 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
59.
_
1
1
(x
_
1 x
2
) dx can be rewritten as
_
1
1
xdx
_
1
1
_
1 x
2
dx, so the net signed area
of the graph below left is the same as the dierence between the net signed areas of the graphs
below right. This dierence, in turn, is the area of a semicircle of radius 1 subtracted from
the net signed area of two triangles with bases and heights of 1. From geometry, this is
A =
_
b
1
h
1
2

b
2
h
2
2
_

r
2
2
=
_
1(1)
2

1(1)
2
_

(1)
2
2
=

2
.
-2 2
-2
2
=
-2 2
-2
2

-2 2
-2
2
60. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 1 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 2 and a height of 1. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is
A =
b
1
h
1
2

b
2
h
2
2
=
2(1)
2

1(1)
2
=
1
2
.
-2 2
-2
2
61. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
negative of the area of a triangle with a base of 2 and a height of 2. Thus,
the net signed area from geometry is
A =
bh
2
=
2(2)
2
= 2.
-3 3
-3
3
62. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 1 and a height of 1 subtracted from the
area of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3. Thus, the net signed
area from geometry is
A =
b
1
h
1
2

b
2
h
2
2
=
3(3)
2

1(1)
2
= 4.
-3 3
-3
3
63. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
area of a triangle with a base of 4 and a height of 4 subtracted from
the sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3,
and a rectangle of width 2 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from
geometry is
A = (wh +
b
1
h
1
2
)
b
2
h
2
2
= [2(3) +
3(3)
2
]
4(4)
2
=
5
2
= 2.5.
-3 3
-3
3
5.4. THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL 317
64. From the gure, we see that the net signed area under the graph is the
sum of the areas of a triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 3, and
a rectangle of width 7 and height 3. Thus, the net signed area from
geometry is
A = wh +
bh
2
= 7(3) +
3(3)
2
=
51
2
= 25.5.
3 6 9
-3
3
65. For 1 x 0, e
x
1 and e
x
1. Then e
x
e
x
on [1, 0] and by Theorem 5.4.7(i) we
have
_
0
1
e
x
dx
_
0
1
e
x
dx.
66. For 0 x /4, tanx 1. Then sinx/ cos x 1 and sinx cos x. Thus, by Theo-
rem 5.4.7(i) we have
_
/4
0
cos xdx
_
/4
0
sinxdx,
_
/4
0
cos xdx
_
/4
0
sinxdx 0,
and
_
/4
0
(cos x sinx) dx 0
.
67. Letting f(x) = (x
3
+ 1)
1/2
we have f

(x) =
3
2
x
2
(x
3
+ 1)
1/2
. For 0 x 1, f

(x) 0 and
f(0) f(x) f(1). Since f(0) = 1 and f(1) =

2 < 1.42, we identify m = 1 and M = 1.42.
Then by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)
1(1 0)
_
1
0
(x
3
+ 1)
1/2
dx 1.42(1 0) and 1
_
1
0
(x
3
+ 1)
1/2
dx 1.42.
68. Letting f(x) = x
2
2x we have f

(x) = 2x 2 and f

(x) = 2. Solving f

(x) = 0 we obtain
the critical number 1, and since f

(x) > 0 for all x, the graph of f is concave up with the

absolute minimum at x = 1. Since f(0) = f(2) = 0, we identify m = 1 and M = 0. Then
by Theorem 5.4.7(ii)
1(2 0)
_
2
0
(x
2
2x) dx 0(2 0) and 2
_
2
0
(x
2
2x) dx 0.
69. On [0, 1], x
2
x
3
= x
2
(1x) 0, so x
2
x
3
. Thus by Theorem 5.4.7(i),
_
1
0
x
2
dx
_
1
0
x
3
dx.
70. On [0, 1], x
2
x = x(x1) 0, so x
2
x. Thus,

4 +x
2

4 +x, and by Theorem 5.4.7(i),

_
1
0
_
4 +x
2
dx
_
1
0

4 +xdx.
71. Since f
2
(x) 0 on [a, b], by (12),
_
b
a
f
2
(x) dx 0.
318 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
72. We will use the fact that any interval with nonzero length contains both rational and irra-
tional numbers. Let P be a partition of [1, 1]. Then
_
1
1
f(x) dx = lim
P0
n

k=1
f(x

k
)x
k.
First, choosing each x

k
to be rational, we obtain
_
1
1
f(x) dx = lim
P0
n

k=1
0 x
k
= 0. Then,
choosing each x

k
to be irrational, we obtain
_
1
1
f(x) dx = lim
P0
n

k=1
1 x
k = 1 (1) = 2.
Since 0 ,= 2,
_
1
1
f(x) dx does not exist.
73. Using x =
k
2
n
2

(k 1)
2
n
2
=
2k 1
n
2
we have
_
1
0

xdx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
k
2
n
2
_
2k 1
n
2
_
= lim
n
1
n
3
n

k=1
(2k
2
k)
= lim
n
_
2
n
3
n

k=1
k
2

1
n
3
n

k=1
k
_
= lim
n
_
2
n
3

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

1
n
3

n(n + 1)
2
_
= lim
n
_
1
3
_
1 +
1
n
__
2 +
1
n
_

1
2n
_
1 +
1
n
__
=
2
3
0 =
2
3
.
74. The midpoint of the kth subinterval is k
_

2n
_

1
2
_

2n
_
=
(2k 1)
4n
. Then
_
/2
0
cos xdx = lim
n
n

k=1
_
cos
_
(2k 1)
4n
__

2n
= lim
n

2n
_
cos
_

4n
_
+ cos
_
3

4n
_
+ + cos
_
(2n 1)

4n
__
= lim
n

2n
_
_
sin
_
2n

4n
_
2 sin
_

4n
_
_
_
=

4
lim
n
sin
_

2
_
nsin
_

4n
_
=

4
lim
n
1
nsin
_

4n
_ =

4

4

= 1.
5.5 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
1.
_
7
3
dx = x]
7
3
= 7 3 = 4
2.
_
10
2
(4) dx = 4x]
10
2
= 40 (8) = 32
3.
_
2
1
(2x + 3) dx = (x
2
+ 3x)

2
1
= 10 (2) = 12
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 319
4.
_
4
5
t
2
dt =
1
3
t
3
_
4
5
=
1
3
[64 (125)] = 63
5.
_
3
1
(6x
2
4x + 5) dx = (2x
3
2x
2
+ 5x)

3
1
= 51 5 = 46
6.
_
1
2
(12x
5
36) dx = (2x
6
36x)

1
2
= 34 200 = 234
7.
_
/2
0
sinxdx = cos x]
/2
0
= 0 (1) = 1
8.
_
/4
/3
cos d = sin]
/4
/3
=

2
2

_

3
2
_
=

2 +

3
2
9.
_
/2
/4
cos 3t dt =
1
3
sin3t
_
/2
/4
=
1
3
sin
3
2

1
3
sin
3
4
=
1
3

2
6
=
2 +

2
6
10.
_
1
1/2
sin2xdx =
1
2
cos 2x
_
1
1/2
=
1
2
(cos 2 cos ) =
1

11.
_
3/4
1/2
1
u
2
du =
1
u
_
3/4
1/2
=
4
3
(2) =
2
3
12.
_
1
3
2
x
dx = 2 ln[x[]
1
3
= 0 2 ln3 = ln9
13.
_
1
1
e
x
dx = e
x
]
1
1
= e
1
e
14.
_
2
0
(2x 3e
x
) dx = x
2
3e
x

2
0
= (4 3e
2
) (3) = 7 3e
2
15.
_
2
0
x(1 x) dx =
_
2
0
(x x
2
) dx =
_
1
2
x
2

1
3
x
3
__
2
0
= 2
8
3
0 =
2
3
16.
_
2
3
x(x 2)(x + 2) dx =
_
3
2
(x
3
4x) dx =
_
1
4
x
3
2x
2
__
3
2
=
25
4
17.
_
1
1
(7x
3
2x
2
+ 5x 4) dx =
_
7
4
x
4

2
3
x
3
+
5
2
x
2
4x
__
1
1
=
_
7
4

2
3
+
5
2
4
_

_
7
4
+
2
3
+
5
2
+ 4
_
=
28
3
18.
_
1
3
(x
2
4x + 8) dx =
_
1
3
x
3
2x
2
+ 8x
__
1
3
=
_

1
3
2 8
_
(9 18 24) =
122
3
320 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
19.
_
4
1
x 1

x
dx =
_
4
1
(x
1/2
x
1/2
) dx =
_
2
3
x
3/2
2x
1/2
__
4
1
=
_
16
3
4
_

_
2
3
2
_
=
8
3
20.
_
4
2
x
2
+ 8
x
2
dx =
_
4
2
(1 + 8x
2
) dx = (x 8x
1
)

4
2

_
x
8
x
__
4
2
= 2 (2) = 4
21.
_

3
1
1
1 +x
2
dx = tan
1
x

3
1
=

3


4
=

12
22.
_
1/4
0
1

1 4x
2
dx =
1
2
_
1/4
0
2
_
1 (2x)
2
dx =
1
2
_
sin
1
2x

1/4
0
_
=
1
2
_

6
0
_
=

12
23.
_
12
4

z + 4 dz u = z + 4, du = dz
=
_
16
0
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
_
16
0
=
128
3
24.
_
7/2
0
(2x + 1)
1/3
dx u = 2x + 1, du = 2 dx
=
1
2
_
8
1
u
1/3
du =
1
2
_
3
2
u
2/3
__
8
1
= 3
3
4
=
9
4
25.
_
3
0
x

x
2
+ 16
dx u = x
2
+ 16, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
25
16
1

u
du =
1
2
_
25
16
u
1/2
du =

u

25
16
= 5 4 = 1
26.
_
1
2
t
(t
2
+ 1)
2
dt u = t
2
+ 1, du = 2t dt
=
_
2
5
1/2
u
2
du =
1
2
_
5
2
u
2
du =
1
2
u
1
_
5
2
=
1
2
_
1
5

1
2
_
=
3
20
27.
_
1
1/2
_
1 +
1
x
_
2
1
x
2
dx u = 1 +
1
x
, du =
1
x
2
dx
=
_
2
3
u
3
du =
_
3
2
u
3
du =
1
4
u
4
_
3
2
=
81
4
4 =
65
4
28.
_
4
1
3
_
1 + 4

x
dx u = 1 + 4

x, du =
2

x
dx
=
1
2
_
9
5
u
1/3
du =
1
2
_
3
4
u
4/3
__
9
5
=
3
8
(9
4/3
5
4/3
)
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 321
29.
_
1
0
x + 1

x
2
+ 2x + 3
dx u = x
2
+ 2x + 3, du = 2(x + 1) dx
=
1
2
_
6
3
1

u
du =
1
2
_
6
3
u
1/2
du =

u

6
3
=

6

3
30.
_
1
1
u
3
+u
(u
4
+ 2u
2
+ 1)
5
du z = u
4
+ 2u
2
+ 1, du = 4(u
3
+u) du
=
1
4
_
4
4
1
z
5
dz = 0
31.
_
/8
0
sec
2
2xdx u = 2x, du = 2 dx
=
1
2
_
/4
0
sec
2
udu =
1
2
tanu
_
/4
0
=
1
2
32.
_

/2

/4
xcsc x
2
cot x
2
dx u = x
2
, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
/2
/4
csc ucot udu =
1
2
csc u
_
/2
/4
=
1
2
(1

2) =

2 1
2
33.
_
3/2
1/2
(x cos x) dx =
_
1
2
x
2

sinx
__
3/2
1/2
=
_
9
8

_

__

_
1
8

_

__
= 1
34.
_
4
1
cos

x
2

x
dx u =

x, du =
1
2

x
dx
=
_
2
1
cos udu = sinu]
2
1
= sin2 sin1
35.
_
/2
0

cos xsinxdx u = cos x, du = sinxdx

=
_
0
1

udu =
_
1
0
u
1/2
du =
2
3
u
3/2
_
1
0
=
2
3
36.
_
/3
/6
sinxcos xdx u = sinx, du = cos xdx
=
_

3/2
1/2
udu =
1
2
u
2
_

3/2
1/2
=
3
8

1
8
=
1
4
37.
_
/2
/6
1 + cos
( + sin)
2
d u = + sin, du = (1 + cos ) d
=
_
(+2)/2
(+3)/6
u
2
du =
1
u
_
(+2)/2
(+3)/6
=
2
+ 2
+
6
+ 3
=
4 + 6
( + 3)( + 2)
322 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
38.
_
/4
/4
(sec x + tanx)
2
dx =
_
/4
/4
(sec
2
x + 2 sec xtanx + tan
2
x) dx
=
_
/4
/4
(sec
2
x + 2 sec xtanx + sec
2
x 1) dx
=
_
/4
/4
(2 sec
2
x + 2 sec xtanx 1) dx
= (2 tanx + 2 sec x x)]
/4
/4
=
_
2 + 2

2

4
_

_
2 + 2

2 +

4
_
=
8
2
39.
_
3/4
0
sin
2
xdx =
_
3/4
0
1
2
(1 cos 2x) dx =
_
1
2
x
1
4
sin2x
__
3/4
0
=
3
8

1
4
sin
3
2
=
3
8
+
1
4
40. Using the fact that f(x) = cos
2
x is even, we have
_
/2
/2
cos
2
xdx = 2
_
/2
0
cos
2
xdx = 2
_
/2
0
1
2
(1 + cos 2x) dx
=
_
x +
1
2
sin2x
__
/2
0
=
_

2
+ 0
_
0 =

2
.
41.
_
5
1
1
1 + 2x
dx u = 1 + 2x, du = 2 dx
=
1
2
_
11
3
1
u
du =
1
2
ln[u[
_
11
3
=
1
2
(ln11 ln3)
42. Since f(x) = tanx is an odd function on [1, 1], we have
_
1
1
tanxdx = 0.
43.
d
dx
_
x
0
te
t
dt = xe
x
44.
d
dx
_
x
1
lnt dt = lnx
45.
d
dt
_
t
2
(3x
2
2x)
6
dx = (3t
2
2t)
6
46.
d
dx
_
9
x
3
_
u
2
+ 2 du =
3
_
x
2
+ 2
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 323
47.
d
dx
_
6x1
3

4t + 9 dt u = 6x 1, du = 6 dx
=
d
du
__
u
3

4t + 9 dt
_
du
dx
=

4u + 9
du
dx
=
_
4(6x 1) + 9 6 = 6

24x + 5
48.
d
dx
_

x

sint
2
dt u =

x = x
1/2
, du =
1
2
x
1/2
dx
=
d
du
__
u

sint
2
dt
_
du
dx
= sinu
2
du
dx
= sinx
_
1
2
x
1/2
_
=
1
2

x
sinx
49. F

(x) =
d
dx
_
_
0
3x
1
t
3
+ 1
dt +
_
x
2
0
1
t
3
+ 1
dt
_
=
d
dx
_

_
3x
0
1
t
3
+ 1
dt +
_
x
2
0
1
t
3
+ 1
dt
_
u = 3x, du = 3 dx; z = x
2
, dz = 2xdx
=
d
du
_

_
u
0
1
t
3
+ 1
dt
_
du
dx
+
d
dz
__
z
0
1
t
3
+ 1
dt
_
dz
dx
=
1
(3x)
3
+ 1
(3) +
1
(x
2
)
3
+ 1
(2x) =
2x
x
6
+ 1

3
27x
3
+ 1
50. F

(x) =
d
dx
__
0
sin x
_
t
2
+ 1 dt +
_
5x
0
_
t
2
+ 1 dt
_
=
d
dx
_

_
sin x
0
_
t
2
+ 1 dt +
_
5x
0
_
t
2
+ 1 dt
_
u = sinx, du = cos xdx; z = 5x, dz = 5 dx
=
d
du
_

_
u
0
_
t
2
+ 1 dt
_
du
dx
+
d
dz
__
z
0
_
t
2
+ 1 dt
_
dz
dx
=
_
sin
2
x + 1(cos x) +
_
(5x)
2
+ 1(5) = 5
_
25x
2
+ 1 cos x
_
sin
2
x + 1
51.
d
dx
_
x
1
(6t
2
8t + 5) dt =
d
dx
(2t
3
4t
2
+ 5t)

x
1
=
d
dx
[(2x
3
4x
2
+ 5x) (2 4 + 5)] = 6x
2
8x + 5
52.
d
dt
_
t

sin
x
3
dx =
d
dt
_
3 cos
x
3
__
t

=
d
dt
_
3 cos
t
3

_
3 cos

3
_
_
= sin
t
3
53. (a) f(1) =
_
1
1
ln(2t + 1) dt = 0
(b) f

(x) = ln(2x + 1), so f

(1) = ln[2(1) + 1] = ln3.

(c) f

(x) =
2
2x + 1
, so f

(1) =
2
2(1) + 1
=
2
3
.
324 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
(d) f

(x) =
4
(2x + 1)
2
, so f

(1) =
4
[2(1) + 1]
2
=
4
9
.
54. (a)
G(x
2
) =
_
x
2
a
f(t) dt
(b)
d
dx
G(x
2
) =
d
dx
_
x
2
a
f(t) dt = 2xf(x
2
)
(c)
G(x
3
+ 2x) =
_
x
3
+2x
a
f(t) dt
(d)
d
dx
G(x
3
+ 2x) =
d
dx
_
x
3
+2x
a
f(t) dt = (3x
2
+ 2)f(x
3
+ 2x)
55.
_
2
1
f(x) dx =
_
0
1
f(x) dx +
_
2
0
f(x) dx =
_
0
1
xdx +
_
2
0
x
2
dx =
1
2
x
2
_
0
1
+
1
3
x
3
_
2
0
=
_
0
1
2
_
+
1
3
(8 0) =
19
6
56.
_
2
1
f(x) dx =
_
0
1
f(x) dx +
_
2
0
f(x) dx =
_
0
1
(2x + 3) dx +
_
2
0
3 dx
= (x
2
+ 3x)

0
1
+ 3x]
2
0
= [0 (2)] + 6 = 8
57.
_
3
0
f(x) dx =
_
2
0
f(x) dx +
_
3
2
f(x) dx =
_
2
0
4 dx +
_
3
2
dx = 4x]
2
0
+ x]
3
2
= (8 0) + (3 2) = 9
58.
_

0
f(x) dx =
_
/2
0
f(x) dx +
_

/2
f(x) dx =
_
/2
0
sinxdx +
_

/2
cos xdx
= cos x]
/2
0
+ sinx]

/2
= (0 1) + (0 1) = 0
59. Using the fact that f(x) is an even function on [2, 2], we have
_
2
2
f(x) dx = 2
_
2
0
f(x) dx = 2
__
1
0
f(x) dx +
_
2
1
f(x) dx
_
= 2
__
1
0
4 dx +
_
2
1
x
2
dx
_
= 2
_
4x]
1
0
+
1
3
x
3
_
2
1
_
= 2
_
(4 0) +
1
3
(8 1)
_
=
38
3
.
60.
_
4
0
x| dx =
_
1
0
x| dx +
_
2
1
x| dx +
_
3
2
x| dx +
_
4
3
x| dx
=
_
1
0
0 dx +
_
2
1
1 dx +
_
3
2
2 dx +
_
4
3
3 dx = x]
2
1
+ 2x]
3
2
+ 3x]
4
3
= (2 1) + (6 4) + (12 9) = 6
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 325
61.
_
1
3
[x[ dx =
_
0
3
xdx +
_
1
0
xdx =
1
2
x
2
_
0
3
+
1
2
x
2
_
1
0
=
9
2
+
1
2
= 5
62.
_
4
0
[2x 6[ dx =
_
3
0
(2x 6) dx +
_
4
3
(2x 6) dx = (x
2
+ 6x)

3
0
+ (x
2
6x)

4
3
= (9 0) + [(8) (9)] = 10
63.
_
3
8
_
[x[ + 1 dx =
_
0
8

x + 1 dx +
_
3
0

x + 1 dx =
2
3
(1 x)
3/2
_
0
8
+
2
3
(x + 1)
3/2
_
3
0
=
2
3
(1 27) +
2
3
(8 1) = 22
64.
_
2
0
[x
2
1[ dx =
_
1
0
(x
2
1) dx +
_
2
1
(x
2
1) dx =
_

1
3
x
3
+x
__
1
0
+
_
1
3
x
3
x
__
2
1
=
_
2
3
0
_
+
_
2
3

_

2
3
__
= 2
65. Using the fact that f(x) = [ sinx[ is an even function on [, ] and sinx > 0 for 0 x ,
_

[ sinx[ dx = 2
_

0
[ sinx[ dx = 2
_

0
sinxdx = 2 cos x]

0
= 2(1 1) = 4.
66.
_

0
[ cos x[ dx =
_
/2
0
cos xdx +
_

/2
(cos x) dx = sinx]
/2
0
sinx]

/2
= (1 0) + (0 1) = 2
67.
_
e
1/2
(ln2t)
5
t
dt u = ln2t, du =
1
t
dt; u(1/2) = 0, u(e) = 1 + ln2
=
_
1+ln 2
0
u
5
du =
1
6
u
6
_
1+ln 2
0
=
1
6
[(1 + ln2)
6
0] =
(1 + ln2)
6
6
3.9266
68. (Ask Scott for analytic value of arctan sqrt(2)/2, if any)
(While were at it, 5.2.63 and 64 include denite integral notation, seemingly before it is used,
so ask about their placement also)
(One last set of questions: 84 and [misnumbered] 86 seem to be open-ended; 86 has a few
typos in addition to the numbering)
(And, of course, dont forget to ask about whatever is blank)
_
1

2/2
1
(tan
1
x)(1 +x
2
)
dx
u = tan
1
x, du =
1
1 +x
2
dx; u(

2/2) = tan
1
(

2/2), u(1) =

4
=
_
/4
tan
1
(

2/2)
1
u
du = ln[u[]
/4
tan
1

2/2
= ln

4
ln

tan
1

2
2

0.2438
326 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
69.
_
1
0
e
2x
e
2x
+ 1
dx u = e
2x
+ 1, du = 2e
2x
; u(0) = 2, u(1) = 1 +e
2
=
1
2
_
1+e
2
2
1
u
du =
1
2
ln[u[
_
1+e
2
2
=
1
2
[ln(1 +e
2
) ln2] 0.2831
70.
_
1/

2
0
x

1 x
4
dx u = x
2
, du = 2xdx; u(0) = 0, u(1/

2) = 1/2
=
1
2
_
1/2
0
1

1 u
2
du =
1
2
sin
1
u
_
1/2
0
=
1
2
_

6
0
_
=

12
0.2618
71. (a) Since erf

(x) =
2

e
x
2
> 0, erf(x) is increasing for all x.
(b) The derivative of y = e
x
2
[1 +

erf(x)] is
dy
dx
= 2 + 2e
x
2
x[1 +

erf(x)], so
dy
dx
2xy = 2 + 2e
x
2
x[1 +

erf(x)] 2xe
x
2
[1 +

erf(x)] = 2
Also, y(0) = e
0
[1 +

erf(0)] = 1 +

0 = 1.
72. (a) Si(x) =
_
x
0
sint
t
dt, Si

(x) =
sinx
x
, and so Si

(x) = 0 for x = n, n = 1, 2, . . . . The rst

four positive critical numbers are then , 2, 3, and 4. Now, Si

(x) =
xcos x sinx
x
2
,
therefore
Si

() =
1

< 0, Si

(2) =
1
2
> 0, Si

(3) =
1
3
< 0, Si

(4) =
1
4
> 0
shows that there are relative maxima at x = and x = 3 and relative minima at x = 2
and x = 4.
(b)
! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
1
2
73. lim
P0
n

k=1
(2x

k
+ 5)x
k
=
_
3
1
(2x + 5) dx = (x
2
+ 5x)

3
1
= 24 (4) = 28
74. lim
P0
n

k=1
cos
x

k
4
x
k
=
_
2
0
cos
x
4
dx = 4 sin
x
4
_
2
0
= 4
75. Letting x
k
= /n we have
lim
n

n
n

k=1
sinx

k
= lim
n
n

k=1
(sinx

k
)x
k
=
_

0
sinxdx = cos x]

0
= (1 1) = 2.
5.5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS 327
76. Letting x
k
= 2/n we have
lim
n
2
n
n

k=1
x

k
= lim
n
n

k=1
x

k
x
k
=
_
1
1
xdx =
1
2
x
2
_
1
1
=
1
2
(1 1) = 0.
77.
_
2
1
__
x
1
12t
2
dt
_
dx =
_
2
1
_
4t
3

x
1
_
dx =
_
2
1
(4x
3
4) dx = (x
4
4x)

2
1
= 8 5 = 3
78.
_
/2
0
__
t
0
sinxdx
_
dt =
_
/2
0
_
cos x]
t
0
_
dt =
_
/2
0
(cos t + 1) dt
= (sint +t)]
/2
0
=
_
1 +

2
_
0 =
2
2
79. Since f(x) is even, f(x) = f(x). Then
_
a
a
f(x) dx =
_
0
a
f(x) dx +
_
a
0
f(x) dx t = x, dt = dx
=
_
0
a
f(t)(dt) +
_
a
0
f(x) dx =
_
0
a
f(t) dt +
_
a
0
f(x) dx
=
_
a
0
f(t) dt +
_
a
0
f(x) dx = 2
_
a
0
f(x) dx.
80. (a) Since f is odd and continuous at x = 0, f(0) = 0.
(b)
-3 3
-3
3
(c) F(3) =
_
3
3
f(t) dt = 0; F(3) =
_
3
3
f(t) dt = 0 since f is odd.
(d)
-3 3
3
6
(e) Since F

(x) = f(x), critical numbers occur at x = 3, x = 0, and x 3. Solving

F

(x) = f

(x) = 0 we see that points of inection occur at x = 2 and x = 2.

81. The reasoning is awed at the point that sint is substituted with

1 cos
2
t. The use of the
square root loses sints sign changes.
328 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
82. (a)
d
dx
x
_
2x
1
_
t
3
+ 7 dt u = 2x, du = 2 dx
=
d
dx
x
_
d
du
__
u
1
_
t
3
+ 7 dt
_
du
dx
_
=
d
dx
x
_
_
u
3
+ 7
du
dx
_
=
d
dx
x
_
2
_
(2x)
3
+ 7
_
=
d
dx
2x
_
8x
3
+ 7
= 2x
_
1
2
(8x
3
+ 7)
1/2
(24x
2
)
_
+ 2
_
8x
3
+ 7 =
40x
3
+ 14

8x
3
+ 7
(b)
d
dx
x
_
4
1
_
t
3
+ 7 dt =
_
4
1
_
t
3
+ 7 dt, since
_
4
1
_
t
3
+ 7 dt is a constant.
83. (a)
! 2!
-1
1
! 2!
-1
1
f(x) = cos
3
x f(x) = sin
3
x
(b)
_
2
0
cos
3
xdx = 0;
_
2
0
sin
3
xdx = 0
84. As this projects exact results may vary for every run of the exercise, no exact solution is
given. In general, the student should see the empirical probability n/N approach the area of
the region as the number of random points increases.
85. (a) At time n the radius of the circle is r
0
+cu and the area is A(u) = (r
0
+cu)
2
. Then
RT
Pv
=
_
t
0
k(r
0
+cu)
2
V
0
du =
K
cV
0
_
t
0
(r
0
+cu)
2
(c du)
=
K
cV
0
1
3
(r
0
+cu)
3
_
t
0
=
K
3cV
0
_
(r
0
+ct)
3
r
3
0

3cV
0
RT
PKv
= (r
0
+ct)
3
r
3
0
(r
0
+ct)
3
=
3cV
0
RT
PKv
+r
3
0
r
0
+ct =
3
_
3cV
0
RT
PKv
+r
3
0
t =
1
c
3
_
3cV
0
RT
PKv
+r
3
0

r
0
c
.
(b) Substituting RT/Pv = 1.910
6
, K = 0.0110
3
, c = 0.01, r
0
= 100, and V
0
= 10, 000,
we nd t 2, 617, 695 seconds, or t 30 days and 7 hours.
(c) The nal area is A(2, 617, 695) = [100+0.01(2, 617, 695)]
2
2.16910
9
m
2
= 2169 km
2
.
CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW 329
86. Since this exercise involves a research report, no solution is given. The need for the denite
integral
_
0
0
sec xdx can be found in the derivation of the projection, whose key properties
are that it is conformal (i.e., angle-preserving) and that it represent lines of constant course
as straight segments.
Chapter 5 in Review
A. True/False
1. False. Consider f(x) = x
3
+x
2
+ 1.
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False. Continuity implies integrability, but not necessarily the other way around. Consider
the discontinuous function
f(x) =
_
0, x ,= 1
1, x = 1
which is integrable on [0, 2] by (15) in Section 5.4.
7. True, since no portion of the graph of y = x x
3
lies below the x-axis on [0, 1].
8. False. This is only true when no portion of the graph lies below the x-axis.
9. False. Consider the partition
_
0,
1
n
,
1
n 1
, . . . ,
1
2
, 1
_
of 0, 1.
10. True
11. True
12. True
13. False.
_
sinxdx = cos x +C.
14. True
15. True
16. True
330 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
B. Fill in the Blanks
1. f(x)
2. x
2
+C
3.
lnx
x
4.

6
5. f(g(x))g

(x) dx
6.
1
2e
x

x

5
e
25x
2
7.
5

k=1
k
2k + 1
8. 3480
9.
_
17
5
10. 4; 3
11. 5/2
12. regular
13.
_
4
0

xdx;
2
3
x
3/2

4
0
=
16
3
14. 4
15.
_
1
1
__
x
0
e
t
dt
_
dx =
_
1
1
_
e
t

x
0
_
dx =
_
1
1
(e
x
1) dx
= (e
x
x)

1
1
= [(e
1
1) (e
1
+ 1)] =
1
e
e + 2
_
1
1
d
dx
__
x
0
e
t
dt
_
dx =
_
1
1
e
x
dx = e
x

1
1
= e
1
e
16. 4/3
C. Exercises
1.
_
1
1
(4x
3
6x
2
+ 2x 1) dx = (x
4
2x
3
+x
2
x)

1
1
= 1 5 = 6
2.
_
9
1
6

x
dx = 12x
1/2
_
9
1
= 36 12 = 24
CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW 331
3.
_
(5t + 1)
100
dt =
1
505
(5t + 1)
101
+C
4.
_
w
2
_
3w
3
+ 1 dw u = 3w
3
+ 1, du = 9w
2
dw
=
1
9
_

udu =
1
9
_
u
1/2
du =
2
27
u
3/2
+C =
2
27
_
(3w
3
+ 1)
3
+C
5.
_
/4
0
(sin2x 5 cos 4x) dx =
_

1
2
cos 2x
5
4
sin4x
__
/4
0
= 0
_

1
2
_
=
1
2
6.
_

2

2
/9
sin

z
dz u =

z, du =
1
2

z
dz
=
_

/3
2 sinudu = 2 cos u]

/3
= 2
_
1
1
2
_
= 3
7.
_
4
4
(2x
2
+x
1/2
) dx = 0
8.
_
/4
/4
dx +
_
/4
/4
tan
2
xdx =
_
/4
/4
(1 + tan
2
x) dx =
_
/4
/4
sec
2
xdx
= tanx]
/4
/4
= 1 (1) = 2
9.
_
cot
6
8xcsc
2
8xdx u = cot 8x, du = 8 csc
2
xdx
=
1
8
_
u
6
du =
1
56
u
7
+C =
1
56
cot
7
8x +C
10.
_
csc 3xcot 3xdx =
1
3
csc 3x +C
11.
_
(4x
2
16x + 7)
4
(x 2) dx =
1
8
_
(4x
2
16x + 7)
4
[8(x 2) dx]
u = 4x
2
16x + 7, du = 8(x 2) dx
=
1
8
_
u
4
du =
1
40
u
5
+C =
1
40
(4x
2
16x + 7)
5
+C
12.
_
(x
2
+ 2x 10)
2/3
(5x + 5) dx =
5
2
_
(x
2
+ 2x 10)
2/3
[2(x + 1) dx]
u = x
2
+ 2x 10, du = 2(x + 1) dx
=
5
2
_
u
2/3
du =
3
2
u
5/3
+C =
3
2
(x
2
+ 2x 10)
5/3
+C
332 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
13.
_
x
2
+ 1
3

x
3
+ 3x 16
dx =
1
3
_
(x
3
+ 3x 16)
1/3
[3(x
2
+ 1) dx]
u = x
3
+ 3x 16, du = 3(x
2
+ 1) dx
=
1
3
_
u
1/3
du =
1
2
u
2/3
+C =
1
2
(x
3
+ 3x 16)
2/3
+C
14.
_
x
2
+ 1
x
3
+ 3x 16
dx =
1
3
_
1
x
3
+ 3x 16
[3(x
2
+ 1) dx]
u = x
3
+ 3x 16, du = 3(x
2
+ 1) dx
=
1
3
_
1
u
du =
1
3
ln[u[ +C =
1
3
ln[x
3
+ 3x 16[ +C
15.
_
4
0
x
16 +x
2
dx u = x
2
+ 16, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
32
16
1
u
du =
1
2
ln[u[
_
32
16
=
1
2
(ln32 ln16) =
1
2
ln
32
16
=
1
2
ln2
16.
_
4
0
1
16 +x
2
dx =
1
4
tan
1
x
4
_
4
0
=
1
4
(tan
1
1 tan
1
0) =

16
17.
_
2
0
1

16 x
2
dx = sin
1
x
4
_
2
0
= sin
1
1
2
sin
1
0 =

6
18.
_
2
0
x

16 x
2
dx u = 16 x
2
, du = 2xdx
=
1
2
_
12
16
u
1/2
du =

u

16
12
=

16

12 = 4 2

3
19.
_
tan10xdx =
1
10
ln[ cos 10x[ +C
20.
_
cot 10xdx =
1
10
ln[ sin10x[ +C
21.
_
7
0
f(x) dx =
_
5
0
f(x) dx +
_
7
5
f(x) dx; 2 = 3 +
_
7
5
f(x) dx;
_
7
5
f(x) dx = 5
22.
_
9
1
f(x) dx =
_
4
1
f(x) dx +
_
9
4
f(x) dx = 2 + (8) = 6
CHAPTER 5 IN REVIEW 333
23. Since [x 1[ =
_
x + 1, 0 x < 1
x 1, 1 x 3
, we have
_
3
0
(1 +[x 1[) dx =
_
1
0
(1 +[x 1[) dx +
_
3
1
(1 +[x 1[) dx
=
_
1
0
(1 x + 1) dx +
_
3
1
(1 +x 1) dx
=
_
2x
1
2
x
2
__
1
0
+
1
2
x
2
_
3
1
=
_
3
2
0
_
+
_
9
2

1
2
_
=
11
2
.
24.
_
1
0
d
dt
_
10t
4
(2t
3
+ 6t + 1)
2
_
dt =
10t
4
(2t
3
+ 6t + 1)
2
_
1
0
=
10
81
25.
_
/2
/2
sin
10
t
16t
7
+ 1
dt = 0
26. Since f(t) = t
5
sint
2
is an odd function,
_
1
1
t
5
sint
2
dt = 0.
27. Since f(x) =
1
1 + 3x
2
is an even function,
_
1
1
1
1 + 3x
2
dx = 2
_
1
0
1
1 + 3x
2
dx. Therefore
2
_
1
0
1
1 + 3x
2
dx u =

3x, du =

3 dx
=
2

3
_

3
0
1
1 +u
2
du =
2

3
tan
1
u
_

3
0
=
2

3
(tan
1

3 tan
1
0) =
2

3
_

3
0
_
=
2
3

3
.
28.
_
2
2
f(x) dx =
_
0
2
f(x) dx +
_
1
0
f(x) dx +
_
2
1
f(x) dx =
_
0
2
x
3
dx +
_
1
0
x
2
dx +
_
2
1
xdx
=
1
4
x
4
_
0
2
+
1
3
x
3
_
1
0
+
1
2
x
2
_
2
1
=
1
4
(0 16) +
1
3
(1 0) +
1
2
(4 1) =
13
6
29. lim
n
1 + 2 + 3 + +n
n
2
= lim
n
_
n

k=1
k
1
n
2
_
= lim
n
_
n(n + 1)
2

1
n
2
_
= lim
n
_
n
2
2n
2
+
n
2n
2
_
= lim
n
_
1
2
+
1
2n
_
=
1
2
30. lim
n
1
2
+ 2
2
+ 3
2
+ +n
2
n
3
= lim
n
_
n

k=1
k
2

1
n
3
_
= lim
n
_
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

1
n
3
_
= lim
n
_
2n
3
6n
3
+
3n
2
6n
3
+
n
6n
3
_
= lim
n
_
1
3
+
1
2n
+
1
6n
2
_
=
1
3
334 CHAPTER 5. INTEGRALS
31. Since
dV
dt
=
1
4
, V =
1
4
t + C. When t = 0, V =
1
2
ft
3
and C =
1
2
. Thus, V (t) =
1
4
t +
1
2
and
V (8) =
5
2
ft
3
. The scale at this time will read
5
2
(62.4) = 156 lbs. The volume of the bucket is
V =

3
3
_
_
1
2
_
2
+
1
2
(1) + 1
2
_
=
7
4
ft
3
. Solving
7
4
=
1
4
t +
1
2
for t, we obtain t 20 min.
32. (a) The outer radius of the kth disk (from the top) is r
k
=
1.5(k + 1)
2
cm, its inner radius
is
1.5
2
cm, and its thickness is 1.5 cm. Then its volume is (1.5)
_
r
2
k

_
1.5
2
_
2
_
=
(1.5)
3
k
2
+ 2k
4
. Thus, the total volume is

4
(1.5)
3
n

k=1
(k
2
+ 2k) =

4
(1.5)
3
_
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6
+ 2
n(n + 1)
2
_
=

4
(1.5)
3
_
n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
6
_
,
and therefore the value of the gold is
14 19.3

4
(1.5)
3
_
n(n + 1)(2n + 7)
6
_
38n(n + 1)(2n + 7).
(b) For n = 64, the value of the gold is approximately 38(64)(64 +1)[2(64) +7] = 38(64
65 135) = 21, 340, 800 $67, 044, 100.50.
33. From the gure we note that
_
f(2)
f(1)
f
1
(x) dx = 20 2
_
2
1
f(x) dx.
Since
_
2
1
f(x) dx =
_
2
1
(x
3
+x) dx =
_
1
4
x
4
+
1
2
x
2
__
2
1
=
_
16
4
+
4
2
_

_
1
4
+
1
2
_
=
21
4
,
we have
_
f(2)
f(1)
f
1
(x) dx = 20 2
21
4
=
51
4
.
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10