ASME 631.

3-2012
for use at pressure- temperature ratings in accordance
with para. 302.2.l or para. 302.2.2, as applicable. The
rules in para. 304 are intended for pressure design of
components not covered in Table 326.1, but may be used
for a special or more-rigorous design of such compo-
nents, or to sa tisfy requirements of para. 302.2.2. Designs
shall be checked for adequacy of mechanical shength
as described in para. 302.5.
304 PRESSURE DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
304.1 Straight Pipe
304. 1.1 General
(n) The required thickness of straight sections of pipe
shall be determined in accordance with eq. (2):
ti/I = t + c (2)
The minimum thickness, T, for the pipe selected, con-
sidering manufacturer 's minus tolerance, shall be not
less than t
111

(b) The following nomenclature is used in the equa-
tions for pressure design of shaight pipe:
c = sum of the mechanical allowances (thread or
groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion
allowances . For threaded components, the
nominal thread depth (dimension /1 of
ASME Bl.20.1, or equi valent) shall apply. For
machined surfaces or grooves where the toler-
ance is not specified, the tolerance shall be
assumed to be 0.5 mm (0.02 in.) in addi tion to
the specified depth of the cut.
D outside diameter of pipe as li sted in tables of
standards or specifications or as measured
d inside diameter of pipe. For pressure design
calcula tion, the inside diameter of the pipe is
the maxinrnm val ue allowable under the pur-
chase specification.
E quality factor from Table A-lA or A-lB
P internal design gage pressure
S stress value for material from Table A-1
T pipe wall thickness (measured or minimum in
accordance with the purchase specification)
pressure design thickness, as calculated in
accordance with para. 304.1.2 for internal pres-
sure or as determined in accordance wi th
para. 304.1.3 for external pressure
t111 minimum required thickness, including
mechanical, corrosion, and erosion allowances
W weld joint strength reduction factor in accor-
dance with para. 302.3.5(e)
Y coefficient from Table 304.1.i, valid fort< D/6
and for materials shown. The value of Y may
be interpolated for intermediate temperatures.
Fort;:::: D/6,
20
Table 304.1.1 Values of Coefficient Y for t < DI 6
Temperature, C (
0
F)
482 2 621
(900 510 538 566 593 (1,150
Materials & Lower) (950) (1,000) (1,050) (1, 100) & Up)
Ferrit ic 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0. 7
steels
Austenitic 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.7
steels
Other ductile 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
metals
Cast iron 0.0
d + 2c
y = -D-+----, d_+_2_c
304. 1.2 Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure
(n) For t < D / 6, the internal pressure design thickness
for straight pipe shall be not less than that calculated
in accordance with either eq. (3a) or eq. (3b):
PD

- 2(SEW +PY)
(3a)
P(d + 2c)
t = S_E_W ___ -_ -y"')]
(3b)
(b) For t ;:::: O / 6 or for P/SE > 0.385, calculation of
pressure design thickness for shaight pipe requires spe-
cial consideration of factors such as theory of failure,
effects of fatigue, and thermal stress.
304.1.3 Straight Pipe Under External Pressure. To
determine wall thickness and stiffening requirements
for straight pipe under external pressure, the procedure
outlined in the BPV Code, Section VIII, Di vision 1, UG-28
through UG-30 shall be followed, using as the design
length, L, the running centerline length between any
two sections stiffened in accordance with UG-29. As an
exception, for pipe with D
0
/t < 10, the value of S to be
used in determining Pa
2
shall be the lesser of the follow-
ing values for pipe material at design temperature:
(n) 1.5 times the stress value from Table A-1 of this
Code, or
(b) 0.9 times the yield shength tabulated in Section It
Part D, Table Y-1 for materials listed therein
(The symbol D
0
in Section VIII is equivalent to Din this
Code.)
304.2 Curved and Mitered Segments of Pipe
304.2.1 Pipe Bends. The minimum required thick-
ness, t
1111
of a bend, after bending, in its finished form,
shall be determined in accordance with eqs. (2) and (3c)
PD
t = 2[(SEW/J) +PY]
(3c)
ASME 831.3-2012
Fig. 304.2.1 Nomenclature for Pipe Bends
I
I
I
I
I
I R,

I
I
Extrados
where at the intrados (inside bend radius)
I = 4(R1/ D) - 1
4(Ri/D) - 2
and at the extrados (outside bend radius)
I = 4(R1 /D) + 1
4(Ri/D) + 2
(3d)
(3e)
and at the sidewall on the bend centerline radius,
I = 1.0, and where
R
1
= bend radius of welding elbow or pipe bend
Thickness variations from the intra.dos to the extrados
and along the length of the bend shall be gradual. The
thickness requirements apply at the mid-span of the
bend, 'Y /2, at the intrados, exhados, and bend centerline
radius. The minimum thickness at the end tangents shall
not be less than the requirements of para. 304.1 for
s tra ight pipe (see Fig. 304.2.1).
304.2.2 Elbows. Manufactured elbows not in accor-
dance with para. 303 shall be qualified as required by
para. 304.7.2 or desi gned in accor d a nce with
para. 304.2.l, except as provided in para. 328.4.2(b)(6).
304. 2.3 Miter Bends. An angular offset of 3 deg or
less (angle er in Fig. 304.2.3) does not requi re design
consideration as a nciter bend. Acceptable methods for
pressure design of multiple and single miter bends are
given in (a) and (b) below.
(n) Multiple Miter Bends. The maximum allowable
internal press1ue shall be the lesser val ue calculated from
eqs. (4a) and (4b). These equations are not applicable
when e exceeds 22.5 deg.
p _ SEW(T - c)( T - c ) (
4
a)
111
- l'z (T - c) + 0.643 tan0J r
2
(T - c)
_ SEW(T - c)( R1 - r2 )
Pm - _ ___:. _ __;_, ---
r2 R1 - 0.5r2
(4b)
(b) Single Miter Bends
(1) The maximum allowable internal pressme for
a single miter bend with angle 8not grea ter than 22.5 deg
shall be calculated by eq. (4a).
21
Fig. 304.2.3 Nomenclature for Miter Bends

u.---.L.-
(2) The maximum allowable internal pressure for
a single miter bend wi th angle e greater than 22.5 deg
shall be calculated by eq. (4c):
P111 = _ ___:. _ __;_, -------===
SEW(T - c)( T - c )
r2 (T - c) + 1.25 tanoJ r
2
(T - c)
(4c)
(c) The miter pipe wall thi ckness, T, used in eqs. (4a),
(4b), and (4c) shall extend a distance not less than M
from the inside crotch of the end miter welds where
M = the larger of 2.5(r
2
T)
05
or tan e (R
1
- r
2
)
The length of taper at the end of the miter pipe may be
included in the di stance, M.
(d) The fo ll owing nomenclatme is used in eqs. (4a),
(4b), and (4c) for the pressure design of miter bends:
c same as defined in para. 304.l .1
E same as defined in para. 304. 1.1
P
111
maximum allowable int ernal press ure fo r
miter bends
R
1
effective radius of miter bend, defined as the
shortest distance from the pipe centerline to
the intersection of the planes of adjacent
miter joints
r
2
mean radius of pipe using nominal wall T
S same as defined in para. 304.1.l
T miter pipe wall thickness (measured or mini-
mum in accordance with the purchase
specification)
W same as defined in para. 304.1.1
a angle of change in direction at miter joint
28
e angle of miter cut
For compliance with this Code, the value of Rt shall
be not less than that given by eq. (5):