MA 205 Complex Analysis

Lecture 7
Shripad M. Garge.
IIT Bombay
August 07, 2014
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Recap
1
Last time, we rst dened the integral of a complex valued
function on an interval in R. This was easy; integrate real
part and imaginary part separately.
2
We saw that this complex integral is a complex linear
functional on the space of integrable functions.
3
It has the property:

_
b
a
f (t)dt

_
b
a
|f (t)|dt.
4
We also saw the complex version of the fundamental theorem
of calculus.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Recap
5
Then we dened the complex line integral
_

f (z)dz =
_
b
a
f (z(t))z

(t)dt.
6
We stated the path independence theorem:
a holomorphic f on a domain has a primitive if and only if its line
integral depends only on the end points of the path.
7
We ended the lecture by observing
_
|zz
0
|=r
dz
z z
0
= 2.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
ML Inequality
Before we proceed further, lets recall from MA 105, the formula
for the length of a parametrized curve. If is a smooth
parametrized curve, = z(t) = (x(t), y(t)), t [a, b], then,
() =
_
b
a
|z

(t)|dt =
_
b
a
_
x

(t)
2
+ y

(t)
2
dt.
Now if we know that our holomorphic function is bounded in its
domain, i.e., if there is an M > 0 such that |f (z)| M for all
z , then,

f (z)dz

_
b
a
f (z(t))z

(t)dt

_
b
a
|f (t)||z

(t)|dt
M
_
b
a
|z

(t)|dt = M ().
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Proof of Path Independence
Lets see a quick proof of the path independence theorem. We
need to show that f has a primitive i
_
f (z)dz is path
independent. Suppose f has a primitive; i.e., that there is F such
that F

= f . Then,
_

f (z)dz =
_

(z)dz
=
_
b
a
F

(z(t))z

(t)dt
=
_
b
a
_
d
dt
F(z(t))
_
dt
= F(z(b)) F(z(a)).
Thus, the integral depends only on the end points.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Proof of Path Independence
On the other hand, suppose the integral depends only on the end
points. This means that the integral is independent of the path on
which you integrate.
We need to nd an F, show that it is dierentiable, and that
F

(z) = f (z) for all z .

How do we go about getting such an F? Something whose
derivative is the given function should be an integral of that
function! To get a function of z, well integrate up to z.
From where? From any xed z
0
. How? Along any path joining z
0
to z. Why should there be a path joining z
0
and z? Because is
path-connected.
Thus, our candidate for the primitive is
F(z) =
_
(z
0
,z)
f (z)dz.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Proof of Path Independence
The rst question to ask as soon as you see the denition of a
function is:
is it well-dened?
What if I had taken another path from z
0
to z? Will it give
another value of F(z)?
No, because the integral is given to be path independent.
Okay, so we have a good candidate for the primitive. We only have
to check that it is indeed a primitive.
To this end, consider a small neighborhood of z which is
completely contained in .
Why should there be a such a neighborhood? Because is open.
This is why we insist on to be open and path-connected.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Proof of Path Independence
Let h C be such that |h| is very small. Join z to z + h via a
straight line; z + ht, t [0, 1]. Now,
lim
h0
F(z + h) F(z)
h
= lim
h0
1
h
_
_
(z
0
,z+h)
f (w)dw
_
(z
0
,z)
f (w)dw
_
= lim
h0
1
h
_
z+h
z
f (w)dw
= lim
h0
1
h
_
1
0
f (z + ht)hdt
= f (z).
This nishes the proof.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchys Theorem
Theorem (Cauchys Theorem)
If f is holomorphic on and within a closed curve , then
_

f (z)dz = 0.
If f = u + v, consider the corresponding vector eld
f (x, y) = (u(x, y), v(x, y)).
Holomorphy of f implies that the vector eld is dierentiable. Now,
_

f (z)dz =
_
b
a
f (z(t))z

(t)dt
=
_
b
a
[u(x(t), y(t)) + v(x(t), y(t))][x

(t) + y

(t)]dt
=
_

udx vdy +
_

vdx + udy.
First is the line integral of the vector eld (u, v) and the second
that of (v, u).
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchys Theorem
Note that both the vector elds (u, v) and (v, u) have curl zero
because of CR equations!
Whats that theorem from MA 105 that relates a line integral with
a double integral? Whats the exact statement?
Can we apply that here to conclude that both the real line
integrals above, and hence the complex line integral, are zero?
Everything is okay, except that we do not know for sure that the
partial derivatives are continuous throughout our region. But this
is indeed true!
If f is holomorphic, then f

is automatically continuous.
This is called Goursats theorem, not dicult to prove, but we do
not do it right now. However, well assume this fact so that we can
proceed and nish the proof of Cauchys theorem by appealing to
Greens theorem from MA 105.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchys Theorem: An application
Example: Let be any closed curve which goes around the point
z
0
once (in the counterclockwise direction). Calculate
_

dz
zz
0
.
Choose r small enough so that the circle C : |z z
0
| = r lies inside
. Consider the curve (C).
Note that f (z) =
dz
zz
0
is holomorphic on and inside this curve.
Therefore, by Cauchys theorem,
_
(C)
dz
z z
0
= 0.
Thus,
_

dz
z z
0
=
_
C
dz
z z
0
= 2.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchy Integral Formula
In the next lecture, well deduce both the fundamental theorem of
algebra and the fact that once dierentiable is always dierentiable
as applications of this beautiful result.
Theorem (Cauchy Integral Formula)
Let f be holomorphic everywhere within and on a simple closed
curve (oriented positively). If z
0
is interior to , then,
f (z
0
) =
1
2
_

f (z)
z z
0
dz.
Well now use Cauchys theorem to prove the Cauchy Integral
Formula.
Proof: We show that
_

f (z)
z z
0
dz =
_

f (z
0
)
z z
0
dz.
Since the latter integral is 2 f (z
0
), this will complete the proof.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchy Integral Formula
Thus, we need to show that
_

f (z) f (z
0
)
z z
0
dz = 0.
Since f is continuous at z
0
, given > 0, there is > 0 such that
|z z
0
| < = |f (z) f (z
0
)| < .
Choose r < and consider the circle C
r
: |z z
0
| = r . By
Cauchys theorem applied to (C
r
), we get
_

f (z) f (z
0
)
z z
0
dz =
_
C
r
f (z) f (z
0
)
z z
0
dz.
Now,

_
C
r
f (z) f (z
0
)
z z
0
dz

_
C
r
|f (z) f (z
0
)|
|z z
0
|
dz 2.
Thus,

_
C
r
f (z)f (z
0
)
zz
0
dz

can be made arbitrarily small; it must then

be zero.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Cauchy Integral Formula
Example:
1
_
|z|=2
e
z
dz
(z+1)(z3)
2
=
_
|z|=2
f (z)dz
z+1
, where f (z) =
e
z
(z3)
2
.
So by CIF, answer is 2f (1) =

8e
.
2
_
|z|=6
dz
z
3
1
=
2
_
1
(1)(1
2
)
+
1
(1)(
2
)
+
1
(
2
)(
2
1)
_
= 0.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Attendance
Attendance time!
We have already covered more than half of the lectures and more
than half of the material too!
Now, it is time to talk about examinations.
Earlier, I had announced 60 marks for the end-semester
examination. Some suggested that it is a big proportion of marks
to leave to a single examination.
There was a lot of discussion on this in and after the class, I will
announce the nal distribution on moodle.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7
Main quiz
This will be held on August 20, Wednesday, morning 8.25 to 9.15.
Key to scoring more in quizzes: practise solving problems,
especially the ones given in the lecture slides and the tutorials.
We often feel that the material we learn is awfully dicult.
Learning new math is always scary. It may feel opaque, frustrating,
contextless the playing eld is changing beneath your feet, and
youre not sure you know the rules anymore.
But youve been here before. Look back to something you can now
do without thinking chances are that at one point, you didnt
nd it quite so easy.
Shripad M. Garge. IIT Bombay MA 205 Complex Analysis Lecture 7