CAMBRIDGE A LEVEL CAMBRIDGE A LEVEL

PHYSICS
CHARGED PARTICLES CHARGED PARTICLES
LEARNI NG OUTCOMES LEARNI NG OUTCOMES
NO.
LEARNING OUTCOME
i Under s t and t he c onc ept of quant i s at i on of c har ge
by anal y s i ng t he Mi l i kan oi l dr op ex per i ment .
ii Under s t and how t he mas s of an el ec t r on c an be
det er mi ned by us i ng i t s movement i n a mag net i c
f i el d.
iii L ook at how vel oc i t y s el ec t i on i s us ed t o f i l t er
mov i ng c har ged par t i c l es bas ed on s peed.
iv Rel at e t he us e of a Hal l pr obe wi t h t he Hal l ef f ec t
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
Robert Milikan managed to obtain the Robert Milikan managed to obtain the
value of the fundamental charge; the
charge of an electron.
He obtained this value when performing
his famous oil drop experiment.
In this experiment, oil droplets are
sprayed using an atomiser.
The droplets will then be charged
either by a source of ionising radiation
(such as X ray radiation) as they enter
an electric field.
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
Source of Image:
http://www.physics.uci.ed
u/~advanlab/millikan.jpg
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
The charged droplets will fall under The charged droplets will fall under
the influence of their own weight.
However, we can suspend the
charged particles by varying the
electric field strength between the
plates (by changing the potential
difference between the plates).
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
A charged particle will remain stationary A charged particle will remain stationary
when the weight of the particle is equal
to the electric force acting on the
particle.
Figure 12.26; Page 328, Chapter 12:
Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces
and Fields, International A/AS Level
Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and
Brown, Hodder Education, United
Kingdom, 2008.
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
How did he then obtain the fundamental How did he then obtain the fundamental
charge value?
By using the equation

he was able to obtain values of .
This is because

THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
What he obtained was that the values of

What he obtained was that the values of
were all integer multiples of
.

.
Conclusion: The elementary charge is
quantised.
Quantised roughly means fixed/constant.
This means that all charged particles will
carry an amount of charge that is an
integer multiple of a fixed value
(.

.
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
THE FUNDAMENTAL
CHARGE
What we have done earlier is a simplified What we have done earlier is a simplified
version of Milikans oil drop
experiment.
The actual experiment involved taking
into account viscous drag as well.
A link to the actual version of Milikans oil
drop experiment:
http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~c173_608/mill
ikan/millikan.html
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Page 328, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields,
International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder
Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
THE MASS OF AN
ELECTRON
THE MASS OF AN
ELECTRON
By using the charge of an electron, we can By using the charge of an electron, we can
also obtain the mass of an electron.
Recall that when a charged particle enters a
magnetic field with its velocity perpendicular
to the direction of the magnetic flux lines, it
will experience a magnetic force.
This magnetic force causes the electron to
assume a path of circular motion since the
direction of the force will be perpendicular
to the direction of the velocity vector.
THE MASS OF AN
ELECTRON
THE MASS OF AN
ELECTRON
In this situation, the magnetic force

In this situation, the magnetic force

provides the necessary centripetal force
for the electron to assume a circular
trajectory.
Hence,

. Or

.
On rearranging we will obtain

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Page 330, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields, International A/AS
Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
When an beam of charged particles enter When an beam of charged particles enter
an electric field with direction
perpendicular to the direction of the
electric field lines, the beam gets
deflected.
The deflection will be towards the plate
that has opposite polarity to the charge
of the beam.
The beam will then follow a parabolic
trajectory.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
Figure 12.30; Page 330, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields,
International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder Education,
United Kingdom, 2008.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
Recall that the electric force on charged

Recall that the electric force on charged
particles is given by

.
What happens if we introduce a
magnetic field?
The beam would also experience a
magnetic force,

. We could
technically cancel out the effect of the
electric field by this way.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
How? We must ensure that the direction How? We must ensure that the direction
of the magnetic force is opposite to the
electric force but both forces have the
same magnitude.
Since we know the direction of the
magnetic force, we can use Flemings
Left Hand rule to get the direction of the
magnetic field.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
Remember, both the electric and

Remember, both the electric and

magnetic fields are acting
simultaneously on the beam of
particles.
Considering both equations and if
they are equal in magnitude, we can
write and obtain

VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
This principle is used in velocity This principle is used in velocity
selectors (e.g in mass spectrometers ) to
ensure all charged particles enter a
certain region with a certain velocity.
Particles with different velocities are
deflected.
In a mass spectrometer for example,
before the charged particles enter the
deflection chamber, they pass through a
velocity selector first.
VELOCI TY SELECTI ON
Figure 12.31; Page 331, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields,
International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder Education,
United Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Pages 331 and 332, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces
and Fields, International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown,
Hodder Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Page 333, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields,
International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder
Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Example; Page 333, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and Fields,
International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown, Hodder
Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 39, Set
58: Magnetic
Effects of Moving
Charged Particles;
page 183;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill
Book Company,
Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 40, Set 58:
Magnetic Effects of
Moving Charged
Particles; page 183;
PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney
1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 41, Set 58: Magnetic Effects of Moving Charged Particles; page 183;
PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw Hill Book
Company, Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 42, Set 58: Magnetic Effects of Moving
Charged Particles; page 183; PROBLEMS IN
PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 42
(contd), Set 58:
Magnetic
Effects of
Moving Charged
Particles; page
183; PROBLEMS
IN PHYSICS ; E.D
GARDINER, B.L
McKITTRICK;
McGraw Hill
Book Company,
Sydney 1985.
THE HALL EFFECT
Figure 12.32; Page 332, Chapter 12: Electromagnetism; Section 12.2: Forces and
Fields, International A/AS Level Physics, by Mee, Crundle, Arnold and Brown,
Hodder Education, United Kingdom, 2008.
THE HALL EFFECT
The diagram on the previous slide The diagram on the previous slide
shows current flowing through a
thin slice of conductor.
There is a magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of
current.
This will cause the current to
deflect to one end of the
conductor.
THE HALL EFFECT
Since both ends of the slice will now Since both ends of the slice will now
be oppositely charged, there will
be a increasing potential difference
across the slice.
This voltage will stop to increase
when the electric force (caused by
the potential difference) is equal in
magnitude (but opposite in
direction) to the magnetic force.
THE HALL EFFECT
This maximum potential This maximum potential
difference is known as the Hall
voltage,

The value of

depends on the
amount of current flowing, the
material from which the
conductor is made from and the
magnetic flux density.
THE HALL EFFECT
By measuring the Hall voltage, we By measuring the Hall voltage, we
can measure magnetic flux
densities (provided other factors
are kept constant).
This method is used in a device
called the Hall probe. This device
is used to measure magnetic flux
densities.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 10, Set 59: Electromagnetic Induction and Electromagnetic Waves; pages
186 and 187; PROBLEMS IN PHYSICS ; E.D GARDINER, B.L McKITTRICK; McGraw
Hill Book Company, Sydney 1985.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
THE HALL PROBE
An Hall probe is a device that uses An Hall probe is a device that uses
the Hall effect.
One of the uses of the probe is to
measure the magnetic flux density
of a magnetic field.
Please refer to the following links:

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/hall
-effect-sensors.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f
mZJqhzVXc4
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008. Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd). Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd). Question 7, Paper 4, Summer 2008 (contd).
HOMEWORK HOMEWORK
1. Question 8, Paper 4, Winter 2008. 1. Question 8, Paper 4, Winter 2008.
2. Question 5, Paper 41, Summer 2010.
3. Question 7, Paper 41, Summer 2010.
4. Question 5, Paper 41, Winter 2010.
5. Question 7, Paper 43, Winter 2010.
6. Question 5, Paper 41, Summer 2011.
7. Question 5, Paper 41, Winter 2011.