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da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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MICROFSICA DA PRECIPITAO
Capitulo 6 A formao de gelo na atmosfera
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Contedo
Objetivos
Introduo microestrutura de nuvens e da precipitao
Equilbrio de fases
Potencial qumico do vapor de gua no ar mido
Calor latente da mudana de fase
A equao de Clausius-Clapeyron
A variao da energia livre de Gibbs no processo de nucleao homognea
Aerossol atmosfrico
A variao da energia livre de Helmholtz no processo de nucleao heterognea
O equilbrio entre gotas de soluo aquosa e o ar mido
A nucleao por ons
O processo de difuso de vapor no crescimento e na evaporao de gotculas
O crescimento de uma populao de gotculas em nuvens quentes
A interao dinmica entre as gotculas O processo de coliso e coalescncia
O crescimento de gotas na corrente ascendente
A formao de gelo na atmosfera
O crescimento de cristais de gelo por difuso de vapor
O desenvolvimento da precipitao na fase gelo
Composio qumica de hidrometeoros
Microfsica da carga e da eletricidade atmosfrica
O sensoriamento remoto da precipitao
O espectro de tamanho de gotas
A taxa de precipitao e os parmetros integrais e suas variabilidades
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Formao e crescimento de cristais de gelo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Crescimento do cristal via deposio de vapor
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Nucleao homognea:
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Nucleao Heterognea
Deposio Heterognea
Sublimao
Condensao congelamento
Contato congelamento
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Iniciao e crescimento de cristais de gelo
IFN - ice forming nuclei (similar ao CCN) so necessrios para lquido ou
vapor formar cristais de gelo. Partculas de argila so IN naturais. Iodeto de
Prata (AgI) so utilizados como IN artificial em operaes de nucleao de
nuvens, por possuirem estrutura cristalina similar ao gelo.
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Habitats de cristais de gelo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Dendrite
Column
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Tipos de cristais de gelo como uma funo da altura
(temperatura) e da umidade relativa
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Cristais e temperatura
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Fato singular:
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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A evidncia em laboratrio
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Processos de crescimento de cristais de gelo
Deposio:
difuso molecular de vapor sobre o cristal de gelo na mistura lquido/gelo, o lquido
pode evaporar para vapor e ento congelar sobre o cristal de gelo.
Si =
e es
es ei
4C ( S i 1)
dM
=
L
L
RvT
dt
(( s 1) s +
)
RvT
KT Dei (T )
dm
= 4CD ( v vr )
dt
Acrescimento - Riming:
gotculas super-resfriadas se aderem aos cristais de gelo durante contatos mecnicos.
- gotculas congelam em contato com o gelo
- forma pelotas de gelo - graupel
- graupel torna-se pesado e cai rpido
- granizo
Agregao:
agregado de cristais, colidem, aderem entre s e formam os flocos de neve.
dm
= EMR 2u ( R )
dt
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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O processo de deposio em Nuvens Frias
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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O processo de Bergeron - o processo das 3-fases
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Fig.
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Deposio somente no suficiente
1 mm
30 min.
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Uma classificao
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Habitats dos cristais de gelo
Prismas
Prismas
dendrites
Placas
0
Placas
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
TEMPERATURA (oC)
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Habitats dos cristais de gelo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Similaridade entre os processos
Compare as frmulas
es
e e es
Si = =
= S( )
ei es ei
ei
Eq. 9.1
dr
( S 1)
=
r
dt (( L 1) L L + L RvT )
RvT
KT Des (T )
Eq. 9.4
4C ( Si 1)
dM
=
Ls
Ls
RvT
dt
((
1)
+
)
RvT
KT Dei (T )
dR EM
=
u ( R)
dt 4 L
Eq. 9.8
dm
= EMR 2u ( R)
dt
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
O crescimento por acreso de gotculas super-resfriadas
Cristal de gelo
Tempo
graupel
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Crescimento por agregao - Aderncia de cristais
cristais se tornam mais pegajosos para temperaturas entre - 5 e 0 C
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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1 mm
.3 ms-1
1 mm
0oC
1 ms-1
260 m
0oC
460 m
1 cm
1 ms-1
0oC
2 mm
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Formao do Granizo
Precipitao oriunda de nuvens convectivas em forma de
pelotas irregulares de gelo, gerada por acrescimento
atravs de mltiplas interaes na corrente ascendente.
mido
Seco
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Velocidade Terminal do Granizo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Exemplos de destruio devido ao Granizo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Receita para a Formao de Granizo
Nuvem Cumulonimbus
Alto contedo de gua lquida
Forte e duradoura corrente ascendente
Embries de granizo sementes de granizo
Crescer via processo de coliso-coalescncia
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Terminal Velocities
Qual a corrente ascendente necessria para manter suspenso essas partculas?
Diametro do
Granizo
3 cm
25 m s -1
56 mi hr-1
8 cm
55 m s -1
125 mi hr-1
10 cm
83 m s -1
185 mi hr-1
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Distribuio de gelo e gua numa nuvem Cumulonimbus
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Acreso, fraturamento e agregao de cristais de gelo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Cristais de gelo em nuvens Cirrus
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Efeitos do degelo durante a precipitao
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
_________________________________________________________________________________________
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Granizo em Coffeyville 3 de Set de 1970 no Kansas: A estrutura em camadas indica
viagens atravs de uma nuvem com temperatura e contedo de gua liquida varivel
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Quando a corrente ascendente est inclinada, partculs de gelo so varridas horizontalmente
atravs da nuvem, produzindo trajetrias favorveis ao crescimento do granizo
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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=> Temperatura do ar
T = 0C
inversion
T < 0C
T > 0C
Rain
T < 0C
Freezing
Rain
T < 0C
inversion
T > 0C
T > 0C
Sleet
T < 0C
Snow
T > 0C
**
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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A Sntese da Formao da Precipitao
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular
Microfsica
da Precipitao
Ps-Graduao IAG 2006
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Exerccios:
6.1 Discuta o crescimento de cristais de gelo por difuso de vapor
6.2 Discuta o processo de 3-fases de Bergeron
6.3 Discuta o crescimento de partculas de gelo por acreso de
gotculas e por agregao de cristais
6.4 Analise as caractersticas microfsicas e dinmicas para a
formao de granizo em nuvens Cumuluninbus
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Prof. OSWALDO MASSAMBANI, Ph.D.
Professor Titular