Equipment List

1. DC power supply / 9V Battery

2. Oscilloscope
3. Potentiometer
4. Resistors
5. Photoresistors
6. LED
7. Capacitor
8. Transistors
9. DC motor
10. Circuit switch
11. Connecting cables


Theory

From this experiment we can know the working principle for each
equipment and component. First, potentiometer that is known as pot is generally
used in circuits to provide variable resistance or variable voltage. The heart of the
potentiometer is a resistive strip inside it through which one can adjust the
amount of resistance/voltage to pass in a circuit through it. Potentiometers are
commonly used in circuits for various purposes like to control volume in audio
circuits, to regulate the speed of the motor in a fan, as light dimmer, etc. Second,
resistor that can be explained with the similarity of water flowing through a pipe.
Consider a pipe through which water is allowed to flow. If the diameter of the
pipe is reduced, the water flow will be reduced. If the force of the water is
increased by increasing the pressure, then the energy will be dissipated as heat.
There will also be an enormous difference in pressure in the head and tail ends of
the pipe. In this example, the force applied to the water is similar to the current
flowing through the resistance. The pressure applied can be resembled to the
voltage.


Working principle of a photoresistor is relatively simple. Easily connect the
leads with a multimeter on resistance mode and check resistance of your
photoresistor. Face it towards bright light and check the resistance. Now place
your hand or cover it up with a black tape and check the resistance again. You see
that the resistance drastically increases once you cover the photoresistor. The
resistance in low light to bright light can be thousands of ohms. When exposed to
low light, the resistance in a Photoresistor can be several mega-ohms (5-20 M
dependent on the type & size) and in bright light it results in only a few hundred
ohms. Also photoresistors are non-polarized, meaning it can be connected either
way in a circuit.
Next, capacitor referred to as a Condenser, is a simple passive device that is
used to store electricity. The capacitor is a component which has the ability or
capacity to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a
potential difference (Static Voltage) across its plates, much like a small
rechargeable battery. Capacitors resist a change in voltage. Their operator is
defined by the equation dv/dt = i/c, where dv/dt is volts per second, i is current in
amperes, and c is capacitance in farads. The higher the capacitance, the higher
the required current to effect a change in voltage. This makes capacitors ideal for
filtering transient voltages, or in a power supply to filter ripple.
Lastly, working principle of voltage regulator. Voltage regulator is designed
to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a
simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending
on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Feedback voltage regulators operate by comparing the actual output voltage to
some fixed reference voltage. Any difference is amplified and used to control the
regulation element in such a way as to reduce the voltage error.







Procedure

The circuits are constructed using schematics provided below.
Our observations are written down for each experiment.

Experiment 1:
Variable resistor: The potentiometer.
Voltage divider.
Different pots are tried out.





Experiment 2:
RGB LED






Various combination of resistors are tried out to make different colors.
Potentiometer are added to the leads in this experiment.






Experiment 3:
LED and Photoresistor.



The amount of light detected change the photoresistors resistance.




Experiment 4:
Capacitors in parallel.
Energy are provided.
Signal out are smoothed by capacitors.
The battery are attached to fill the capacitors.
















Experiment 5:
Voltage regulator is made.















Experiment 6:
Motors.



The direction of the diode
















Observations and Results

Experiments Observations
1. Variable resistor: The
potentiometer.
Potentiometer control the LED
light value.
LED light become dimmer when
knob of potentiometer shift
anti-clockwise.
Resistance higher when knob of
potentiometer shifted anti-
clockwise and lower when shift
clockwise.
Higher the resistance become
dimmer the LED light.
2. RGB LED. Each RGB LED has 4 lead, 3 leads
indicate red, green and blue
colors.
The higher the resistance at
specific lead, result in the lower
intensity of light produced.
When all the leads faced the
same value of resistance, bright
indigo colors produced.


3. LED and Photoresistor. LED light influence by the
resistance in photoresistor.
When photoresistor exposed to
light sources, LED produce
brighter colors due to lower
resistance value.
When photoresistor not
exposed to light sources, LED
produce dim colors due to
higher resistance value.
4. Capacitors in parallel. When battery are attached to
the capacitor, the capacitor
store the charged from the
battery in unit Farad.
The capacitor stored the
charged for temporary as the
LED just light up for a moment.
The higher the Farad value of
capacitor the longer time period
for LED light up.
Capacitor must connected to the
DC power supply/battery at
same terminal to prevent
capacitor from explode.
5. Voltage regulator Number 5 at the 7805 voltage
regulator represent the voltage
output that has been regulate.
Using multimeter the output
voltage after pass voltage
regulator that we get is 5v
6. Motors. Nothing occur when diode


direction is occur
When switch is pushed LED light
off and the motor rotate.
When switch not pushed LED
light up and the motor doesnt
rotate.






















Conclusion

As the conclusion, from this experiment we can recognize basic electrical
component and its functions such as the potentiometer which control the
resistance value and capacitor which function to temporarily store charge. We
also able to construct working circuit on the breadboard from the schematics and
able to modify the circuit by putting potentiometer. Next, identify open and
closed circuit. We know that when switched is open make the circuit open. Lastly,
identify series and parallel arrangement. We know that when one component
break down in series circuit, the whole circuit cannot function anymore due to
current cannot pass through the circuit.