FACULTY OF CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING




THERMODYNAMICS AND
MATERIAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY











Group Member : Laboratory Stamp
Date of Submission: Date of Experiment:
Lecturer Name: Section:





EXPERIMENT 1 : DANDANG MARCET (Marcet Boiler)

1.0 Objectives

To study the relationship between pressure and temperature for saturated steam


2.0 Apparatus

Marcet boiler


3.0 Theory

Thermodynamic properties of a pure substance can be determined by two of the
following characteristics: T, P, H, S, V etc. Data characteristics can be obtained either
from experiments or equations, or using certain. Between two thermodynamic
properties that are easily measured T and P.

Relations between these properties can be expressed in the form of graphs or
equations.

Clausius-Clapeyron equation one has published the following:


[

)
(

)


where

V
f
= volume of water
V
g
= volume of steam
H
f
= Enthalpi water
H
g
= Enthalpi steam
H
fg
= (H
f
-H
g
) = Heat dormant of vaporization

Dormant for the heat value of water can be obtained from the equation.


4.0 Method

1. Fill water into the boiler by opening the filler plug water. Make sure the valve
overflow is open, and let the water out of there when the boiler full. Close the
filler plug back.
2. Heat the water in the boiler has been completed while the valve overflow is
opened.
3. When the temperature around 97C to 100C show cloase valve overflow.
4. Note the increase in temperature for each pressure of 0.5 bar until the
pressure reaches 5 bars.
5. Switches off heating and record the fall of temperature decrease for each 0.5 bar
pressure.
6. Record results in Table 1.


5.0 Results

i. Draw P versus T graphs for the process of heating and cooling process.
ii. Find the slope graph
iii. Calculate the value TV
g
/ H
fg
using Table 2 and compare with the slope of the
graph you draw.

6.0 Discussion

Discuss your observations during the tests conducted. Discuss the graph that plotted
and indicate the relationship between temperature and pressure steam.

7.0 Conclusion
State the conclusions that can be obtained.

8.0 References

Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7
th
ed.
McGraw Hill, New York

Wylen G.V. , R. Sonntag, and Borgnakke C., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th
ed., John Wiley, New York.














Table 1: Results of tests

Gauge
Pressure
bar
Absolute
Pressure
bar
Steam Temperature
Measured
Slope
dT/dP
Calculated
Slope TV
g
/H
fg

Increasing
Pressure
Decreasing
Pressure

Mean



















































EXPERIMENT 2: UNIT PEMAMPAT SATU-PERINGKAT (IMBANGAN TENAGA)
(Single-stage compressor (energy balance))


1.0 Objectives

i. To evaluate how quickly a single stage compressor heats up
ii. To analyze the steady-state heat loss of a single stage compressor


2.0 Apparatus
Single stage compressor


3.0 Theory
In a standard single stage vane compressor (Figure 1), a fixed volume of air is trapped
between two sliding vanes driven by an offset rotor. This volume of air is pushed to the outlet
where the area (and hence volume) is reduced. Its pressure is thus higher and it is squeezed out
of the outlet port.


























Figure 1: Schematic of a Single-Stage Compressor Rig
4.0 Method

1) Turn the power switch on.
2) Open the green inlet valve fully (i.e. turn the valve anti-clockwise to open it).
3) Record initial readings for all parameters given in Table 1 at the beginning of the
experiment. Use a tachometer to record the motor speed, N.
4) Turn the motor switch on.
5) Using the red outlet valve, set the compressor outlet pressure, p
2
to 1 bar gauge (i.e. turn
the valve clockwise to increase pressure).
6) Adjust the spring balance to ensure that the indicator on the motor is between the two
black lines prior (i.e. before) recording any motor force values.
7) Record the temperature of the outlet air, T
2
at one minute intervals (e.g. use a stop watch)
until two consecutives readings are the same (i.e. < 0.5%).

To stop the experiment:-
1) Using the red valve, reduce the compressor outlet pressure, p
2
to 0 bar gauge (i.e. turn the
valve anti-clockwise to decrease pressure).
2) Turn the motor switch off.
3) Turn the power switch off.


5.0 Analysis

Specific volume through flow meter,

(m
3
kg
-1
), with R = 0.287 kJ kg
-1
K
-1
.
*Dont forget to convert pressures and temperatures unit into kPa (absolute) and
o
K,
respectively.

Volumetric flow rate,

(m
3
s
-1
)

Mass flow rate,

(kg s
-1
)

Energy added to air by compressor,

= (

), (W)

Power out of motor,

(W)

Heat emitted from compressor,

6.0 Results

Data:
Length of torque arm L = 0.2 m
Compressor swept volume V V
comp
= 267 cm
3
rev
-1

Specific heat capacity of air c
p
= 1005 J kg
-1
K
-1



Table 1: Parameters consisting of important parameters for the single stage compressor unit

Parameters

Initial readings
Air temperature into apparatus, T
o
(
o
C)


Air temperature into compressor, T
1
(
o
C)


Air temperature out of compressor, T
2
(
o
C)


Atmospheric pressure (from barometer), P
o
(bar)


Vacuum into compressor (gauge), p
1
(bar)


Air pressure out of compressor (gauge) p
2
(bar)


Flow meter, V
in
(l min
-1
)


Motor speed, (rev min
-1
), N (rev min
-1
)


Motor spring balance, F (kg)


Electric power in,

(Watt)



*Record all the above data at the beginning of the experiment











Table 2: Outlet temperature data over time (i.e. at 1 minute time interval)
Time, t (min) Temperature, T
2
(
o
C)











































7.0 Discussion

Plot the outlet temperature, T
2
data over time (i.e. data from Table 2). Additionally, calculate and
plot energy added to air by compressor,

and heat emitted from the compressor,

against
time, respectively.

Discuss the followings:

a. Why is the heating up curve this shape?
b. What is happening to the energy that is being input to the system as it heats up?
c. How does the amount of energy lost as heat compare to
i) The work input to the compressor?
ii) The heat added to the air?

8.0 Conclusion

Draw conclusion about the behavior (i.e. dynamic profile) of the single stage compressor as it
heats up. Also, speculate the results (i.e. heating curve) if the compressor outlet pressure, p
2
is
reduced to 0.5 bar.


9.0 References

Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7
th
ed.
McGraw Hill, New York

Wylen G.V., Sonntag, R.and Borgnakke, C., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6
th
ed., John
Wiley, New York.












EXPERIMENT 3 : HUKUM PERTAMA DAN KEDUA TERMODINAMIK
(Application Of First And Second Law Of Thermodynamics )

1.0 Objective
To apply the first law of thermodynamics and the concept of the second thermodynamic
law in a process

2.0 Apparatus
Hot Plate, Balance and Thermometer

3.0 Theory
Energy balance or the first law of thermodynamics is a basic calculation of heat transfer.
The energy balance for the system is

E
in
- E
out
= E
system

U
system
= 0
U
system
= U
hot water
+ U
cold water
= 0
mc (T
2
-T
1
)
hot water
+ mc (T
2
-T
1
)
cold water
= 0

where m = mass, c = heat capacity and T = temperature.

Clausius statement saying it is not possible to heat flow from the reservoir to the cold heat
reservoir without doing any work. In other words, heat can be transferred from the hot reservoir
to the cold reservoir easily without doing work.

4.0 Method

1) Weigh two empty containers(different size).
2) Fill the large container with a little cold water and weigh the mass of cold water.
3) Fill the smaller container with hot water (80-90 C) and weigh the mass of
hot water.
4) Place the hot water container inside the cold water container. Note the reading of
both water temperature for every 1 minute until they reach the same temperature
(thermal equilibrium).













Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Experiment


5.0 Results

Data: Mass of hot water used :__________

Mass of cold water used :__________


Time (min) Hot water (C) Cold water (C)











Cool water
Hot water
6.0 Analysis

i. Draw water temperature against time to get the equation for the graph (curve
fitting)
T for hot water and cold water.
ii. Get the change of temperature ( Calculate the energy change for both.


7.0 Discussion

Discuss your observations during the tests conducted. Compare changes in energy for
hot water and cold water. Try associate with the second law of thermodynamics.


8.0 Conclusion

State the conclusions that can be obtained.


9.0 References

Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7
th
ed.
McGraw Hill, New York.

Wylen G.V. , R. Sonntag, and Borgnakke C., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th
ed., John Wiley, New York.













EXPERIMENT 4: SISTEM PENYEJUKAN MAMPATAN WAP
(Vapour Compression Refrigeration)

1.0 Objective

To determine Coefficient of Performance (COP) for vapor compression cooling system

2.0 Apparatus
Refrigeration Cycle Demonstration Unit, R633, PA Hilton is using R-141b refrigerant
fluid

3.0 Theory
Cooling system receives heat from the cold space and transfer heat to space. This
process can only be done if the work is supplied to the system as depicted in Figure 1.

















Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of a Refrigeration System

Coeeficient of Performance (COP) can be calculated based on the following equation:

COP = Cooling Effect /Work,
net in


4.0 Method

Identify the following instruments: Evaporator, Condenser, Compressors, expansion
valves, wattmeter, water flows in and out, and the flow of fluid R-141b as shown in
Figure 2 (Diagram 1). Make sure the thermometer each position. Do not blow out the
Vent Valve.

Hot Tank
Cool Tank
Q
2

Q
1

W
Evaporator
1

2
3
4


Compressors
Injap
Throttle
Q2
Q1
Condenser

Diagram 1



Diagram 2


Diagram 3

Figure 2: The Experimental Set-Up
Launch operations and take readings

1. Open the valve as shown in Diagram 2.
2. Urn on the water pipe. Set the water flow to the evaporator at the rate of flow
25 g/s and flow rate of water flow rate to Condenser as maximum.
3. Then switch on the device.
4. Allow cooling system to stable (approximately 10 min). Record readings
As shown in Table 1
5. Repeat the experiment by changing the flow rate of water flow rate to Condenser
In between 35 to 40 g/s. Repeat 4 times.

a. Results
Record your data as in Table 1.

Terminating Operations

When experiment is done, make sure the device is closed in accordance to these
procedure.

1. Switch off the main switch.
2. After one minute, Turn off the water supply pipes.
3. After one minute, close the valves to the "Shut Down Position" as the shown in
Figure 2(Diagram 3).


7.0 Discussion

i. Calculate the rate of heat transfer that occurs in the condenser and the
evaporator for the five tests run. Discuss the results.
ii. What are the effects of changing the condenser flow rate of T1-T6 to compressor
power. Draw graph. Discuss the results obtained.


8.0 Conclusion

State the conclusions that can be obtained.


9.0 References

Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7
th
ed.
McGraw Hill, New York.

Wylen G.V. , R. Sonntag, and Borgnakke C., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th
ed., John Wiley, New York.

Table 1: Data for Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Test No. 1 2 3 4 5
Absolute condenser


Condenser Gauge
pressure

Absolute evaporator


evaporator Gauge
pressure

Compressor Power input, W
Temp T1
Temp T2
Temp T3
Temp T4
Temp T5
Temp T6
Temp T7
Heat Transfer evaporator


Heat Transfer condenser










EXPERIMENT 5: MOMEN LENTUR (BENDI NG MOMENT)

1.0 ABSTRACT
This is an introductory experiment of bending moment. The objectives of the experiment
include to comprehend the action of moment of resistance in a beam and also to measure the
bending moment at a normal section of a loaded beam and to check its agreement with theory.
An experimental beam is used to carry out the bending moment test. The beam is divided
into two parts and is connected by a joint, thus forming a frictionless hinge. A moment of
resistance about the hinge is provided by an under slung spring balance, which acts at a lever arm
of 150mm. There are three load hangers placed on the beam to induce load onto the beam.
In this experiment, the experimental beam will be induced with external load, which the
load will be put on the load hanger. The beam will bend after the load is put on. Spring balanced
is done each time after the load is altered. Then, the reading of the spring balance is recorded
after that. The more load applied onto the beam, the more the beam will bend, especially where
the load is altered at the joint of the beam.
From all the data taken during the experiment, the bending moment for each loading
arrangement at the section is calculated. The bending moment diagram is drowned to compare
the measured value with it. The measured bending moment in N.mm will be 150 times the
change in the spring balance reading. The similarity and difference between the experimental
value and theory will be identified and discussion is made accordingly.
Lastly, conclusion is made based on the bending moment diagram, the importance of the
relationship between load and bending moment in engineering application especially in the field
of construction and manufacturing. The values from experiment may differ from theory as errors
may happen in the process of experiment.

2.0 OBJECTIVE

To study the property of material (bending moment) when subject to different load


3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Background
Beams are design to carry loads perpendicular to their longitudinal axis. Internal shear
forces and bending moments develop along the span of a beam. An important consideration in
beam design is the amount of load it can carry. This depends on factor such as support and
loading condition, geometry (beam shape and dimension), and beam material. In designing a
beam for maximum efficiency, it is critical to determine the internal shear forces and bending
moment distribution along the beam. This is accomplished by constructing shear and bending
moment diagram (Figure 1).

3.2 Theory
When a beam is loaded by forces or couples, internal stresses and strains are created. To
determine these stresses and strains, we first must find the internal forces and internal couples
that act on cross sections of the beam. As an illustration, consider a cantilever beam acted upon
by a vertical force P at its free end (Figure 1a). Now imagine that we cut through the beam at a
cross section mn located at distance x from the free end and isolate the left hand part of the beam
as a free body (Figure 1b). The free body is held equilibrium by the force p and by the stresses
that act over the cross section; all we know is that the resultant f these stresses must be such as to
maintain equilibrium of the free body selected.


P
m

n
x

(a)
P


x


(b)
V
M


(c)
Figure 1: Bending Moment of a Beam


It is convenient to reduce the resultant to a shear force v acting parallel to the across
section and a bending couple of moment M. Because the load P is transverse to the axis of the
beam, no axial force exists at the cross section. Both the shear force and bending couple act in
the plane of the beam, which means that that the moment vector for the couple is perpendicular
to the plane of the figure. The moment of the bending couple is called bending moment M.
Because shear forces and bending moments, like axial forces in bars and twisting couples in
shafts, are known collectively as stress resultants.
The shear force and bending moment are assumed to be positive when they act on the
left-hand part of the beam in the directions shown in Fig 1-2b. If you consider the right-hand part
of the beam (Fig 1-2c), then the direction of the same stress resultant is reversed.

Shearing Force

Qx
+ve +ve


R
A
R
B


Figure 2: Vertical Equilibrium of Moment

For vertical equilibrium of part (A) there must be a shearing force Q
x
acting as shown in
Figure 2 and equal to -R
A.
For vertical equilibrium of part (B) the shearing force Q
x
, evidently
acts as shown and has the value of R
A
-P. To clarify thr sign convention must be used. The
normal one are shown. Which leads to the ve values above.

Bending Moment

Q
x
P l

M
X
M
X


(A) (B)


R
A
a b R
B



Figure 3: Equilibrium of Moment

For equilibrium of moments take an axis as shown (Figure 3) in the section XX to
eliminate Q
x
. Then using the sign convention given for part (A) of the beam,

(A) (B)
X
X
+ve +ve
M
x
= R
A
x a

And for part (B) of the beam,

M
x
= R
B
x b P (b-l)

It can easily be proved that these have the same value by substituting for R
B
and Pl as follows,

M
A
= -b (P-R
B
) + Pl = -b x R
A
+ R
A
(a + b) = R
A
x a

4.0 APPARATUS

The experimental beam is in to parts, the smaller being (A) and the larger (B). At the
section normal to the beam axis where they joint a pair of ball bearing pinned in (B) fits in half
housings fixed in (A) thus forming a frictionless hinge. A moment of resistance about the
hinge is provided by an under slung spring balance which acts at a lever arm of 150mm
Two and bearings on stands support the beam, and several stirrup shaped load hangers
can be threaded onto the two part of the beam. To introduce a load hanger at the joint between
part (A) and (B) the beam comes apart so that the hanger can be threaded on.
It is generally sufficient to line up parts (A) and (B) by eye, and to re-align them by
adjusting the screws on the spring or spring balance each time a load is altered.

5.0 PROCEDURE
Part 1

The beam was set up so that the bearing pin in part (B) is 300mm from the left hand
support and 600mm to the right hand support (Figure 4). Position one load hanger on the middle
of the smaller part (A) of the beam, one on the larger part (B), and the third one at the joint just
over the bearing pin (in the groove provided). After that, align the two parts of the beam using
the adjustment on the spring balance and the initial reading noted. Next, 10N (1kg) weight hang
on part (B), and re-align the beam and note the new reading on the spring balance. The
difference between the two readings is the effect of applying the 10N (1kg) weight on the beam.
The distance recorded from this weight to the right hand support. The procedure repeated by
using the hanger over the bearing pin, and then the hanger on part (A). Finally the whole
procedure repeated by using a 20N (2kg) load.
Part 1.
Bending moment at C (M
c
) for loading shown














Figure 4



Table 1: Data for Part 1

Load (N)
Balance Reading (N)/ Net force (N) for load at
P
1
P
2
P
3

0 / / /
10 / / /
20 / / /
Bending moment (N.mm) and theoretical value
10 / / /
20 / / /



Part 2

Position the three load hangers as desired, the beam aligned and noted the initial reading
of the spring balance. Some weights (masses) hang on all three hangers and then the beam re-
aligned and noted the new balance reading. As time permits repeat with a different positions, and
with different loadings.




900mm
600mm
300mm
100mm
A B
C
P
1
P
2
P
3
R
A
R
B
Part 2.
a) Bending moment, Mc for loading shown, Figure 4a (superposition)











Figure 4a

Table 2: Data for Part 2

Loading (N) Balance
reading (N)
Net force (N) Bending
moment(N.mm)
Bending moment
(Theoretical
value) (N.mm)
0
P
2
=5
P
1
=P
3
=10, P
2
=5


b) Bending moment, Mc for various loading shown, Figure 4b
















Figure 4b
900mm
500mm
300mm
100mm
A B
C
P
1
P
2
P
3
R
A
R
B




A B
C
P
1
P
2
P
3
R
A
R
B


Table 3: Data for Part 2b

Loading (N) Balance
reading (N)
Net force (N) Bending moment
(N.mm)
Bending moment
(Theoretical
value) (N.mm)
0
P
1
=5, P
3
=12
P
1
=5, P
2
=10,
P
3
=2


6.0 RESULT


For each loading arrangement calculate the bending moment at the section, draw the
bending moment diagram, and compare the measured value with it. The measured bending
moment in N mm will be 150 times the change in the spring balance reading. If masses in
kilogrammes were used remember to multiply them by 9.81 to get the load in Newtons.

7.0 DISCUSSION


When the load was doubled in Part 1 of experiment, did the bending moment double?
Compare the average figure which experiment the comparison between the experiment and
theoretical bending moments (use either a ratio or percentage error).
8.0 CONCLUSION

Did the experiment result verify with theory?




EXPERIMENT 6: KILASAN PALANG (TORSI ON OF BAR)

1.0 ABSTRACT
This experiment was done to investigate the relationship between torque, T and the angle
of twist, of a circular cross section specimen and to acknowledge the students about to
determine the Modulus of Rigidity, G of materials .A base frame which has a clamp at one end
and a ball bearing in a housing (plummer block) at the other. A short shaft in the bearing has a
three jaw chuck facing the clamp and a torsion head at the outward side. A hanger cord is wound
round the torsion head with an effective diameter of 75 mm. Specimens in the forms of lengths
of rod are gripped by the fixed clamp and the rotating chuck 450 mm away. An arc shaped scale
of degrees is mounted on a base which can be moved along the length of the specimen. A pointer
on a spring steel strip registers the rotation of the specimen when a load is applied to the hanger
cord .The data collected is then being calculated and the angle of twist, versus torque, T
diagram is plotted. The Modulus of Rigidity, G is then being calculated and would be compared
to the theory .The conclusions are made based on the calculated data and the plotted diagram.
The value of the experiment might differ from the theory as errors might occur in the process of
the experiment.

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Consider a circular shaft that is attached to a fixed support at one end. When a torque, T
is applied to the other end, the shaft with free end rotating through an angle called the angle of
twist, .
Consider the small square element formed by two adjacent circles and two adjacent
straight lines traced on the surface of a cylinder of radius before any load is applied. As the
shaft is subjected to a torsion load, the element deforms into a rhombus.


3.0 THEORY
Shearing strain, is measured by the change in the angles formed by the sides of that
element. It follows that
L =
Then,
= / L

where = shearing strain
= length from the center to any point in the circle of the shaft
= angle of twist
L = length of shaft
It also follows that the shearing strain is maximum on the surface of the shaft, where
= c. Therefore


max
= c / L

where
max
= maximum shearing strain
c = radius of the shaft
= angle of twist
L = length of shaft

Now a relationship between the angle of twist, of a circular shaft and the torque, T
exerted on the shaft will be derived. Considering first the case of a shaft of length, L and of
uniform cross-section of radius, c subjected to a torque, T at its free end. The angle of twist and
the maximum shearing strain are related as


max
= c / L

but in the elastic range, the yield stress is not exceeded anywhere in the shaft. Hookes Law
applies, and
max
=
max
/ G.


max
=
max
/ G
= Tc / JG

Then, solving for , it shows that

= TL / JG

where = angle of twist
T = torque exerted on the shaft
L = length of the shaft
J = polar moment of inertia, [ (c
2
4
c
1
4
)] / 2
G = Modulus of Rigidity


4.0 EXPERIMENT

MATERIAL
1. Steel ,aluminium alloy and nylon rod
2. Torsion bars testing machine
3. Ruler
4. Digital Caliper


Procedure:
1. The aluminum alloy rod is clamped in position and the load hanger is placed on the cord.
2. The rotation scale and pointer was set 400 mm from the fixed clamp and the pointer is set
to zero.
3. A load of 40 N by 5 N increments is added and the twist of the specimen for each
increment is recorded in a table.
4. After the load is removed, the rotation scale and pointer is changed to 200 mm from the
clamp and the above procedure is repeated.
5. The diameter of the rod is measured and recorded.
6. Now, the specimen is changed for the steel rod and the procedure is repeated for the 400
mm length only.
7. Finally, the nylon rod is clamped in position and twisted over 400 mm and 200 mm is
measured when a load up to 40 N by increments of 5N is applied to the torsion head. The
load is removed and whether full elastic recovery had occurred is noted.

5.0 DISCUSSION
a. To what extent does the experiment verify the torque/twist formula based on
graph plotted (angle of twist against torque).
b. Determine the modulus of rigidity (G) of material.
c. Handbook values for modulus of rigidity (G)n are 26200 N/mm for aluminium
alloy and about 79000 N/mm for steel and 75000 N/mm for nylon (Teflon).


6.0 CONCLUSION
Give conclusion from the objective of the experiment that you have carried out.













Table 1

Material : Aluminium Alloy
Diameter:
Hanger
Load (N)
Torque (Nmm) Torque (Nmm)
Over 200mm
Twist of rod
Over 400 mm Over 400 mm () Over 200 mm ()
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40


Table 2
Material : Steel
Diameter:
Hanger Load
(N)
Torque (Nmm) Twist over 400 mm
( )
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40















Table 3

Material : Nylon
Diameter:
Hanger
Load (N)
Torque (Nmm)
Over 400 mm
Torque (Nmm)
Over 200mm
Twist of rod
Over 400 mm () Over 200 mm ()
5
4
3
2
1
0





















EXPERIMENT 7: UJIAN MAMPATAN (COMPRESSI ON TEST)

1.0 ABSTRACT

This experiment was done to determine the properties of materials in compression and to
compare the properties in compression and in tension. By using a 10 ton Universal Testing
Machine, Model ET-2201-UTM, the modulus of elasticity, E of the materials and the ultimate
strength in compression can be determined. The purpose of this experiment was to measure and
study the differences between compression and tension. From this experiment, we made a
relation between load and compression of a specimen which will be used to determine modulus
of elasticity, E. The data collected is then being calculated and the stress, versus strain,
diagram is plotted. The Modulus of Elasticity, E in compression is then being calculated and
compared to tension. The conclusions are made based on the calculated data and the plotted
diagram. The value of the experiment might differ from the theory as errors might occur in the
process of the experiment.


2.0 INTRODUCTION

Like tensile test, compression test was done to investigate the mechanical properties of
specimen in compression such as modulus of elasticity, yield stress, ultimate stress, and strain.
If a specimen made of ductile material were loaded in compression instead of tension, the
stress-strain curve obtained would be essentially the same through its initial straight line portion
and through the beginning of the portion corresponding to yield and strain hardening.
Particularly noteworthy is the fact that for given steel, the yield strength is the same in both
tension and compression. For larger values of the strain, the tension and compression stress-
strain curves diverge, and it should be noted that necking cannot occur in compression. For most
brittle materials, the ultimate strength in compression is much larger than the ultimate strength in
tension. An example of brittle material with different properties in tension and compression is
provided by concrete, whose stress-strain diagram is shown in Figure 1.
On the tension side of the diagram, we first observe a linear elastic range in which the
strain is proportional to the stress. After the yield point has been reached, the strain increases
faster than the stress until rupture occurs. The behaviour of the material in compression is
different. First the linear elastic range is significantly larger. Second, rupture does not occur as
the stress reaches its maximum value. Instead, the stress decreases in magnitude while the strain
keeps increasing until rupture occurs. Note that the modulus of elasticity, which is represented by
the slope of the stress-strain curve in its linear portion, is the same in tension and compression.
This is true of most brittle materials.

















Figure 1: Stress-strain Diagram

3.0 THEORY
Based on the collected data, stress and strain of the materials can be calculated and stress-strain
diagram can be plotted. Modulus of elasticity, E can be determined then.

Stress, = P/A Strain, = /L
where P = load applied (N) where = deformation (m)
A = area of the specimen (m) L = original length (m)

Modulus of elasticity, E = /


4.0 PROCEDURE

1. The knob on the upper right hand side of the pump was turned to release the master
cylinder as far as it will go and the load frame being moved down to its lower position
and tighten back the knob like before.
2. Measuring the diameter of the specimen provided in 3 parts before the experiment began.
3. The specimen shall be placed on the compression plate (yellow).
4. Slowly and continuously leaded by pumping pump until the upper steel compression
plate touched the surface of the specimen.
U, compression
Linear elastic range
Rupture, compression
Rupture, tension U, tension
5. After the specimen was properly placed on the plate the compression measurement dial
gauge was set up.
6. Loaded pumping slowly and constantly with a low raising stroke of the handle.
7. The dial gauge and sample were observed. Read the force from Pressure gauge behind
the pump every 10 mm and make of it with the corresponding compression.
8. The pressure reading should be taken until the pressure reaches 200 kg/cm ( 20).


5.0 RESULT

a. Calculate cross-sectional area for each specimen tested.
b. Calculate stress for each load taken.
c. Calculate strain for each load taken.
d. Plot the stress vs strain diagram. Determine the modulus of elasticity ( E ).


6.0 DISCUSSION

Discussion about the graphs and the result obtained. Compare the modulus of Elasticity ( E) in
compression and in tension. Give comments.


7.0 CONCLUSION

Briefly explain your conclusion from the experiments.



















TABLE 1: EXPERIMENT DATA
Material:
Diameter (mm):
Length (mm):

Elongation, (mm) Load, P

Strain,

Stress, (MPa)
























TABLE 2: EXPERIMENT DATA

Material:
Diameter (mm):
Length (mm):

Elongation,
(mm)
Load, P

Strain,

Stress,
(MPa)