Reported by: JOYLIN SOLQUIO PAURILLO

ROSELYN ORBIGOSO DALMAN

FIBONACCI NUMBERS















Phi Ratio - Golden Ratio
The Golden Ratio is a special number, represented by
the greek letter "phi", approximately equal to 1.618.


Two quantities are in the golden ratio if the ratio of the sum of the
quantities to the larger quantity is equal to the ratio of the larger
quantity to the smaller one. The golden ratio is an irrational
mathematical constant, approximately 1.6180339887.
Other Names: golden section and golden mean. extreme and mean
ratio, medial section, divine proportion, divine section (Latin: sectio
divina), golden proportion, golden cut, golden number, and mean of
Phidias

TIMELINE

Phidias (490-430 BC) made
the Parthenon statues that
seem to embody the golden
ratio.






Plato (427-347 BC), describes five
possible regular solids (the
Platonic solids: the tetrahedron,
cube, octahedron, dodecahedron
and icosahedron), some of which
are related to the golden ratio.


TIMELINE


Euclid (325-265 BC), in his
Elements, gave the first
recorded definition of the
golden ratio, which he
called, as translated into
English, "extreme and
mean ratio".




Fibonacci (1170-1250) mentioned
that the ratio of sequential
elements of the Fibonacci
sequence approaches the golden
ratio asymptotically.


TIMELINE


Luca Pacioli (1445-1517)
defines the golden ratio as
the "divine proportion" in
his Divina Proportione.





Michael Maestlin, first to
publish a decimal approximation
of the golden ratio, in 1597.


TIMELINE


Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
proves that the golden ratio
is the limit of the ratio of
consecutive Fibonacci
numbers, and describes
the golden ratio as a
"precious jewel.





Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) points
out that in the spiral phyllotaxis
of plants going clockwise and
counter-clockwise were
frequently two successive
Fibonacci series.


TIMELINE

Martin Ohm (1792-1872) is
believed to be the first to
use the term goldener
Schnitt (golden section) to
describe this ratio, in 1835.





Mark Barr (20th century)
suggests the Greek letter phi ,
the initial letter of Greek
sculptor Phidias's name, as a
symbol for the golden ratio.

APPLICATIONS & OBSERVATIONS








The Parthenon's facade as
well as elements of its facade
and elsewhere are said to be
circumscribed by golden
rectangles.
Heinrich Agrippa, drew a man
over a pentagram inside a circle.
This ink drawing was used to
show the proportions that
became the basic model used by
architects for centuries and
today.

APPLICATIONS & OBSERVATIONS








Its concept is used in the
construction by Marwan
Zgheib of the round
skyscraper in Abu Dhabi in
the U.A.E.
Illustration from Luca Pacioli's
De Divina Proportione applies
geometric proportions to the
human face.
Salvador Dali, used the
golden ratio in his
masterpiece, The Sacrament
of the Last Supper.

APPLICATIONS & OBSERVATIONS








The golden ratio is also
apparent in the organization
of the sections in the music
of Debussy's Reflets dans
l'eau (Reflections in Water.
Also, many works of Chopin,
mainly Etudes (studies) and
Nocturnes, are formally based
on the golden ratio.

APPLICATIONS & OBSERVATIONS








Adolf Zeising, whose main interests
were mathematics and philosophy,
found the golden ratio expressed in
the arrangement of branches along
the stems of plants and of veins in
leaves. He extended his research to
the skeletons of animals and the
branchings of their veins and
nerves. In these phenomena he saw
the golden ratio operating as a
universal law.

In 2003, Volkmar Weiss and
Harald Weiss analyzed
psychometric data and
theoretical considerations
and concluded that the
golden ratio underlies the
clock cycle of brain waves.


Without mathematics
there is no art.
Luca Pacioli