The foundation is that part of the house which

transfers the weight of the building to the

ground.
It is essential to construct a suitable foundation
for a house as the stability of a building
depends primarily on its
foundation.
Type of soil and geographical locations play an
important role in choice of foundation.
Regions covered in this presentation are :
1. Coastal Area
2. Hilly Areas
3. Snowy Areas
4. Marshy Areas
5. Sandy areas
6. Earthquake Prone Areas
7. Heavy Rainfall Areas
8. Plain Areas
Pile foundation are recommended in these areas.
Following points should be considered while constructing foundation in coastal
areas :
1. Pile Size
2. Installation Method
3. Depth of the pile
4. Bracings
5. Connections to the elevated structures
Deeply embedded pile or column foundations are
required for many coastal areas, they are
recommended instead of solid wall, crawlspace, slab
or other shallow foundations that can be
undermined easily.
Deeply embedded means sufficient penetrate in
ground to accommodate strong induced scour and
erosion and to resist all design vertical and lateral
loads without structural damage.
Pile failures led to collapse of
floor of elevated building.
Insufficient pile embedment and
failure of connections at tops
of piles allowed elevated building
to be floated
off its foundation.
Goa
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Islands
Andaman
And Nicobar
Islands
Diu
Basement foundation or a raised concrete slab
foundation is recommended while building
houses in hilly regions.
Most frequently, stepped foundation is used. It
is a type of STRIP FOUNDATION.
Stepped foundation
The three basic types of house foundations are:
1. Basement
2. Crawl space
3. Concrete slab
Home foundations form the basic structure of any new home. All
three types of house foundations can be combined and used in one
house.
A basement
A crawl space
Full Basement Foundation: Has either poured concrete walls or
block and mortar walls and a poured concrete slab floor. The load
bearing walls of the house are supported by both the foundations
perimeter walls.
Crawl Space Foundation: Utilizes either pier construction with
brick or block veneer curtain walls or solid poured concrete walls
for supporting the perimeter walls of the house with either piers
or beams for supporting the houses interior load bearing walls.
Concrete Slab: As the name implies, the foundation consists of
slab of concrete poured directly on grade (on the ground) that is
thicker around the perimeter and under the interior walls of the
house to carry the structural load.
Jammu And Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Uttrakhand
Arravali Ranges North-Eastern Ranges
In any area with
heavy snowfall and
a cold climate the
footings for the
home must be
dropped below the
frost line.
Image showing foundation in snowy area
Different areas
have their own
codes for what is
acceptable for the
footings for the
foundation
to be laid properly
so they are
protected from
the weather.
Frost protected shallow foundation
Jammu And Kashmir
Himachal Pradesh
Uttrakhand
Elevating the house or
building on stilts is an
excellent alternative
for marshy areas
where the water table
is high.
Rajasthan
Gujarat Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
There is too much working against the soil to enable it to be a
good support for the foundation. An ideal soil for a foundation to
build on will be something sturdy that will resist shifting and will
not be subject to effects from compacting and expanding. Sandy
soil simply fails in all these areas.
The sandy soil will shift and move as gravity pulls it.
It will either slip from underneath the foundation or it will build up
against the foundation walls and put excessive pressure on them.
Sandy soils will soak up water like a sponge, but when it dries out
the soil will shrink. This constant expansion and contraction takes a
toll on the foundation. It moves the foundation and it shifts it.
1. The best way to construct foundation is to provide some type
of stability to the soil through using other soil
2. Perimeter 'grade beams' and similar intergrally poured 'beams'
should be used under all load bearing walls.
3. Sandy soils have bearing capacity and compressibility
characteristics similar
to gravels, requiring correspondingly low bearing pressures in
order to avoid excessive settlement of foundations.
Dense sands have a high resistance to the driving of
piles and steel piles are required if deep penetrations are
necessary.
Gujarat
Rajasthan
The following should be followed:
1. For a wall 30 to 40 cm of thickness the foundation
should usually be 20 cm wider and 40 cm or more
high, depending on the rigidity of
the soil.
2. The joints between foundation and plinth as well as
between plinth and wall have to have a good bond in
order to be able to transfer
shear forces. The easiest solution is to integrate a
vertical wooden rod
For stilts pre-cast RCC portions shall be used instead of
timber posts. The joists shall also be of RCC either in-situ or
pre cast
The foundation in flood affected area should be on RCC
columns, footings
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Nagaland
Tripura
Arunachal Pradesh
Sikkim
Mizoram
Plain area foundation depends on type of soil. They
are as follows:
1. Black Cotton Soil
2. Alluvial Soil
3. Laterite Soil
Laterite Soil:
It is characteristically reddish-brown or yellow in colour. It exists
in the form of
a stiff hard crust having a high bearing capacity and low
compressibility. This soil does no present any difficulty in
foundation engineering
Black Cotton Soil:
It is generally found in poorly- drained topography. Black clays are
very troublesome in foundation engineering.
They show marked volume changes with changes in moisture
content. The soil movements brought about by alternate wetting
and drying are severe and extend to considerable depths.
It is found that under-reamed piles provide an ideal solution to
foundation in black cotton soil or other similar types of expansive
soils
Alluvial soil:
Moderately high bearing pressures, can be adopted for
narrow foundations. In the case of wide or deep
foundations it is necessary to adopt a special type
known as the buoyancy
raft, or to support the structure on piles driven through
the soft and firm
alluvial clays.