Introduction to Light

*Electromagnetic Waves
- Produced by the oscillation of a _______ particle.
- Particles radiate coupled ________ and _________ felds that
oscillate perpendicular to each other.
- Two __________ transverse
waves.
- No medium required.
- Speed of electromagnetic waves !"# in a vacuum c#
c $ __________________
- %elocity $ ________________ & _______________
- Dual nature of light:
'. _______ _________
(. Photon $ particle li)e bundles of __________
*Electromagnetic Spectrum
- *lassifcation of the !" waves according to their ________ +
________.
- ______ wavelength !" waves have low frequencies.
- ______ wavelength !" waves have high frequencies.
- ,igh frequency !" waves have higher energy.

Visible Spectrum -..nm / 0..nm#
- Spectrum / band of _________ produced when light is bro)en
into its constituent wavelengths
- Prism produces spectrum by ___________.
- 1ed refracts least because it has __________
wavelength.
*Source of Light
- 2ight is emitted by _________ that fall from higher to ________
energy state and give o3 !" waves. 4hen this emitted !"
wave is
visible we
see light.
- The di3erent orbits in an atom are li)e steps. 4hen an
______ is raised to a higher orbit5 the atom is 6__________7 and
becomes unstable. 4hen the electron falls to its original step
more _______#5 it releases energy in the form of light
__________#.
- The energy of the emitted photon is equal to the di3erence
in the ( energy levels5 obeying ! $ hf where h is Plancks
constant _________________#
*Spectroscopy
- Bright line Spectrum (Emissions Spectrum)
- !ach element has its own characteristic ________
levels5 thus transition of electrons between these levels result
in each element emitting its own characteristic ____________
of light.
- 8as atoms emit _______ by applying a high voltage across a
low pressure in a tube5 electrons pass through the gas and
collide with gas atoms transferring energy to them. !lectrons
from the gas _____ move from ground to an e&cited state and
then _____ energy as light as they return to a lower energy
state.
- Absorption spectrum
- 9 cool gas that does not emit light will _________ light
at characteristic wavelengths same wavelengths that it
would emit if it was giving o3 light#
- Continuous spectrum
- 4hite ____________________ light forms continuous
bands of color red-violet#
- 9pplications
- determine composition of stars.
- used in ________________ to determine composition of
samples.
- __________ _________ to determine the movement of
stars and gala&ies red shift / blue shift#
*Types of Light
'. ncan!escent light / a flament is heated to white hot. The
hot flament emits __________ and _________ but mostly heat.
- !&amples: 2ight bulbs in lamps;heat lamps
- 8ive o3 soft _________ glow
(. "luorescent light / high voltage ___________ energi<es
atoms in a gas with a di3use spar) li)e lightning#
- produces higher frequency light than ___________
- not much energy lost as heat therefore more e=cient
>. #eon light / electricity passes through a tube containing a
gas. The color depends on the _______ in the tube.
-. Black light / ?% light is ____________. @t is absorbed and re-
emitted as visible light.
- Aocument inspector
- Borensic scientist
- ,air line crac)s in air craft
- Bind scorpions
C. $aser light / light amplifcation by _____________ emission
of radiation
- "onochromatic $ _____ wavelength
- *ollimated $ ________ not spread out
- *oherent $ remain ____ __________
*Brightness(Intensity)
- Aecreased by the _________ of the distance from the source
/ @nverse Square 2aw.
- 2ess light falls on each unit square as the distance of the
source increases.
- Aetermines __________ and __________ seasons.
*Wave Nature of Light
- Thomas DoungEs !&periment / Aouble slit di3raction
- Ai3raction of light through ( slits which produced an
___________ pattern.
- Proved wave nature of light and determined the
wavelengths of visible light.
* olari!ation / the process of transforming un-
polari<ed to polari<ed light
- ?n-polari<ed light / vibrates in several ________.
- ____________ light vibrates in only one plane.
F - "ethods of Polari<ation
'. %ransmission through a flter which ________ only
light in ' plane to pass. __________ flters bloc) out
G of the total light.
(. &e'ection / non metallic surfaces polari<e light
parallel to their surfaces i.e. la)e5 asphalt5 snow#
>. &efraction / un-polari<ed light may separate into
____ components vertical and __________#
-. Scattering / light ____________and remitted by
atoms5 then stri)e other atoms with the same
natural frequency. Scatters and partially polari<es
light.
- *ontributes to the __________ of the s)y and
glares in the s)y.
*Light and "atter
- $uminous bo!( / emit light wavessun5 light bulb#
- lluminate! bo!( - _________ light waves moon#
- %ransparent / transmits light readily air5 glass#
- %ranslucent / transmits light with
__________frosted glass#
- )pa*ue / does not ________ light absorbed or
reHected / door#
*#olor of Light
- !ye / three color sensitive neurons called cones
- 1ed cones: ____________________
- Ilue cones: ____________________
- 8reen cones: __________________
- 4e distinguish colors by the ratio of cones being
stimulated.
- *olor of opaque __________ is due to which colors are
reHected from the obJect.
- _______ obJects absorb all colors.
- _______ obJects reHect all colors.
- Primar( $ight Colors - _________5 ______5 and _______.
*ombine to form white light
- Secon!ar( $ight Colors - __________5 _______5 and ___________.
Produced by combining ( primary colors
- Complimentar( colors / ( colors that add to produce
_________ light. i.e. yellow which is made up of the ( primary
colors _____ and green K ______#
- 1ed and *yan ______ + ______# $ white
- 8reen and "agenta ______+ ______# $ white
- Ilue and Dellow ______ + ______# $ white
- Color A!!ition / mi&ing of colors of light _____5 _________5
_____#
- ?ses / T% screens5 computer monitors5 stage lighting
rimary #olors
of Light
#olor
$ddition
Secondary #olors of
Light
1ed "agenta
Ilue Dellow
8reen *yan
- D(e / molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of light
and transmit or reHect others dye in _______ reHect red5 but
absorb blue and green light#
- Pigment / li)e dye but larger than a _______may be seen
with microscope#. 9bsorbs certain colors while ___________
others. Lften fnely ground inorganic compounds i.e.
titanium @%# o&ide / white5 chromium @@@# o&ide - green5
carbon / blac)#
- "ilters / material which allows only certain colors of light to
pass through. i.e. ___________ _____________5 sunglasses
*#olor %ormation &y Su&traction / pigments5 flters5 and
dyes absorb certain colors from white light.
rimary
igments
$&sor&s 'e(ects ) * colors
Dellow blue
*yan red
"agenta green
Secondary
igments
$&sor&s 'e(ects ) +
color
1ed green and blue
Ilue red and green
8reen red and blue
Note: primary pigments $ ____________ ______ _________5 and
secondary pigments $ ____________ _________ __________