Thi ki B dC d Thi ki B dC d Thinking Beyond Codes: Thinking Beyond Codes:

Seismic Designs for Seismic Designs for

ContinuedFunctionality ContinuedFunctionality Continued Functionality Continued Functionality
Victor Zayas
Stanley Low
A M kh Anoop Mokha
Earthquake Protection Systems, q y ,
California, U.S.A.
S i i C d S Li S i i C d S Li Seismic Codes Save Lives Seismic Codes Save Lives
Chile and New Zealand have the most Chile and New Zealand have the most
d d i i d i th ld d d i i d i th ld advanced seismic codes in the world. advanced seismic codes in the world.
The magnitude 8.8 Chile earthquake The magnitude 8.8 Chile earthquake
was equivalent to 5600 Christchurch was equivalent to 5600 Christchurch
magnitude63earthquakes magnitude63earthquakes magnitude 6.3 earthquakes. magnitude 6.3 earthquakes.
Millionsof structureswereseverely Millionsof structureswereseverely Millions of structures were severely Millions of structures were severely
damaged. damaged.
Some structures collapsed and Some structures collapsed and
killed 525 people. killed 525 people. ed5 5peope. ed5 5peope.
Chile 2010
The Christchurch earthquake resulted in: The Christchurch earthquake resulted in:
$40 Billion in Economic Loss $40 Billion in Economic Loss
2 building collapses 2 building collapses g p g p
185 people killed 185 people killed p p p p
SeismicDesignOptions SeismicDesignOptions Seismic Design Options Seismic Design Options
1) 1) Importance Level Importance Level 1 1 Buildings, Buildings, R = R = 1.1 1.1 )) pp g , g ,
Code Code design, design, traditional traditional ductile ductile frames frames
22) I t t ) I t t L l 4B ildi L l 4B ildi R 18 R 18 22) Important ) Important Level 4 Buildings Level 4 Buildings, R = 1.8 , R = 1.8
Code design, Code design, stronger stronger ductile ductile structures structures
33) Base Isolation for Code Compliance ) Base Isolation for Code Compliance
Minimumcost tocomplywithcurrent code. Minimumcost tocomplywithcurrent code. Minimum cost to comply with current code. Minimum cost to comply with current code.
4) Seismic Isolation for Continued Functionality 4) Seismic Isolation for Continued Functionality
Mi i i i i i i d Mi i i i i i i d Minimum cost to minimize seismic damage. Minimum cost to minimize seismic damage.
Importance Level 4 Structures Importance Level 4 Structures
are are stronger than ordinary stronger than ordinary buildings buildings
IL 4, R = 1.8 IL 4, R = 1.8
Will these stronger structures Will these stronger structures gg
be able to function after an earthquake? be able to function after an earthquake?
Olive View Hospital After San Fernando Earthquake
OliveViewHospital wasevacuatedand Olive View Hospital was evacuated and
closed for 3 Months after the Northridge Earthquake.
Central Railway Control Building
was closed after the Chile Earthquake
8 out of 10 Hospitals in Conception Chile
severely damaged and unable to function
Court, Closed After Chile Earthquake
C t H d t Cl d ft Chil th k Corporate Headquarters Closed after Chile earthquake
Corporate Headquarters, Chile 2010
Corporate Headquarters, Chile 2010
Corporate Headquarters, Chile 2010
S ti I t ti l Ai t Santiago International Airport
Closed after 2010 Chile Earthquake
Seattle Airport Control Tower, Closed after Magnitude 6.8 Earthquake
Buildingsdesignedaccordingto Buildingsdesignedaccordingto Buildings designed according to Buildings designed according to
current code as essential facilities, current code as essential facilities, ,,
often can not function after an often can not function after an
th k th k earthquake. earthquake.
Continued functionality requires Continued functionality requires
l i l i t t l ti l t t l ti l low in low in--structure accelerations, low structure accelerations, low
story drifts, and elastic structures. story drifts, and elastic structures. y , y ,
The solution: The solution:
SeismicResilient SeismicResilient Seismic Resilient Seismic Resilient
Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering
Federal Emergency Federal Emergency g y g y
Management Agency Management Agency
FEMA 58 FEMA 58
Anengineering Anengineering An engineering An engineering
methodology and methodology and
software software program program p g p g
that calculates expected that calculates expected
earthquake damage for earthquake damage for
buildings. buildings.
20years 20yearsof of USFederal USFederal 20 years 20 years of of US Federal US Federal
Funding. Funding.
$18 000 000
$20,000,000
$14,000,000
$16,000,000
$18,000,000
s
t

Replacement cost
$8,000,000
$10,000,000
$12,000,000
R
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$2 000 000
$4,000,000
$6,000,000
R
$0
$2,000,000
VDMF
BRBF
SCBF
BIOCBF
SMRF
BIIMRF
CalculationsofRepairCostsbyUCBerkeleyProfessorsTerzic,Mahin,Comerio
forViscousDampedMomentFrames,BucklingRestraintBracedFrames,
DuctileConcentricBracedFrames,BaseIsolatedOrdinaryConcentricBraced
Frame,SpecialDuctileMomentResistingFrame,
BaseIsolatedMomentResistingFrame.
Base isolation, viscous dampers, and Base isolation, viscous dampers, and pp
buckling restraint braces can substantially buckling restraint braces can substantially
reducebuildingdamage, reducebuildingdamage, reduce building damage, reduce building damage,
but only when engineered to do so. but only when engineered to do so.
Building codes need to change to protect Building codes need to change to protect
i t t d d i t i t t d d i t against property damage and society against property damage and society
disruption. disruption.
Until codes do change, seismic resilient Until codes do change, seismic resilient g , g ,
engineers are providing the solutions. engineers are providing the solutions.
C ti d C ti dF ti lit F ti lit Continued Continued Functionality Functionality
Design Method Design Method
1) Absorbseismicdisplacementsinbearings 1) Absorbseismicdisplacementsinbearings
gg
1) Absorb seismic displacements in bearings 1) Absorb seismic displacements in bearings
2) Designstructureselastically 2) Designstructureselastically 2) Design structures elastically 2) Design structures elastically
3) Limit structuredrifts 3) Limit structuredrifts 3) Limit structure drifts 3) Limit structure drifts
4) Reducein 4) Reducein structure structureaccelerations accelerations 4) Reduce in 4) Reduce in--structure structure accelerations accelerations
Minimum Standards for Minimum Standards for
C i dF i li C i dF i li Continued Functionality Continued Functionality
90% reliability of seismic damage 90% reliability of seismic damage
lessthan2%of thereplacement cost lessthan2%of thereplacement cost less than 2% of the replacement cost. less than 2% of the replacement cost.
L h % i k f ll f L h % i k f ll f Less than % risk of collapse of Less than % risk of collapse of
isolation bearings or structure. isolation bearings or structure.
Triple Pendulum Shake Table Tests
E-Defense NEES TIPS
Triple Pendulum Shake Table Tests
E-Defense NEES TIPS
ContinuedFunctionality ContinuedFunctionality Continued Functionality Continued Functionality
Design Design gg
is a proven engineered is a proven engineered
l i i i d l i i i d solution to seismic damage. solution to seismic damage.
California Corporate Headquarters, 400,000 Square Meters,
98%Reliabilit of SeismicDamageLessThan2% 98% Reliability of Seismic Damage Less Than 2%
Less than 0.2% risk of collapse
3
3.5
ProbabilityofEQ
BeingExceeded
Spectral
Accelerationat
1secPeriod
Spectral
Accelerationat
4secPeriod
2.5
s
(
g
)
93%/50yr,SDS 1 1
10%/50yr,DBE 7.8 12.5
2%/50yr,MCE 15.3 28.9
0.2%/50yr,1/500 29.5 61.6
1
2
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1.5
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98%R li bilit
99.8% Reliability of
Collapse Prevention
0.5
Structure Design
Strength (SDS)
Code DBE
98% Reliability
Continued Functionality
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
0
Period(s)
UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey, g y,
USGSUniformHazardResponseSpectra
CaliforniaCorporateHeadquarters
90%
100%

C
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60%
70%
80%
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40%
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60%
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10%
20%
30%
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0%
10%
1/10 1/50 1/100 1/200 1/500
I l t d T i l P d l S l ti
F
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5
8
Code DBE Code MCE
Isolated TriplePendulumSolution
Isolated CodeCompliantShearWallBuilding,CodeCompliantBearing
Isolated CodeCompliantMomentFrameBuilding,CodeCompliantBearing
NonIsolated CodeCompliantMomentFrameBuilding,NoBearing
SeismicRepair CostforTriplePendulumBearingsComparedto
CodeCompliantStructures
200
TriplePendulum
CodeCompliant
Shear Wall with
CodeCompliant
Moment Frame
CodeCompliant
Moment Frame PROBABILTY OF EQ
100
ResilientSolution
ShearWallwith
Bearings
MomentFrame
withBearings
MomentFrame,
NoBearings
PROBABILTYOFEQ
BEINGEXCEEDED
100
0
93%IN50YRS
10%IN 50 YRS
-200
-100
10%IN50YRS
2%IN50YRS
-300
0.2%IN50YRS
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-400
Bearingdisplacementcollapse limit exceeded Structuredriftcollapselimitexceeded
Deflected Structure Shape Scale: 0.9 in the plot is equal to 50 displacement in the structure
DeflectedShapesComparisonswithCodeCompliantStructures
Triple Pendulum Isolators plus Pre-Cast Concrete Shear Walls,
Achie eslo er initial constr ctioncost faster constr ction and Achieves lower initial construction cost, faster construction, and
higher construction quality control.
Over the past 30 years Over the past 30 years
two million square meters of two million square meters of
important buildings important buildings
have been designed for have been designed for
Continued Functionality Continued Functionality
S bih G k Ai 200000S k SabihaGokcenAirport, 200,000 Square Meters, Turkey
90% reliability of damage less than 2%,
Lowest construction cost.
San Francisco General Hospital p
98% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Stanford University Hospital
98% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage,
Lowest construction cost.
Mills Peninsula Hospital, California p ,
98% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Okmeydani Hospital, Turkey
90% reliability of damage less than 2%
Lowest construction cost.
Kartal Lutfi Kirdar Hospital, Turkey
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
GoztepeHospital Campus, Turkey
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
L t t ti t Lowest construction cost.
Kocaeli University Hospital, Turkey y p , y
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Taipei PerformingArts, Taiwan Taipei Performing Arts, Taiwan
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
29,7
A G d C d i i T i Agora Garden Condominiums, Taiwan
98% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
SanFranciscoAirport International Terminal San Francisco Airport International Terminal
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Hayward City Hall, California
200 yards from major fault
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Acapulco City Hall, Mexico
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Pasadena City Hall, Pasadena, California
90%reliabilityof lessthan2%seismicdamage 90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage,
Lowest cost seismic retrofit.

US Federal Court, San Francisco

90%reliabilityof lessthan2%seismicdamage 90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage,
Lowest cost seismic retrofit.
State Court House, San BernadinoCalifornia
View from southwest
,
near 2 major faults
90% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage,
Lowest construction cost.
151 Cambridge, Christchurch New Zealand
CatholicChurch California Catholic Church, California
98% reliability of less than 2% seismic damage
Lowest construction cost.
Cathedral of Christ the Light, Oakland, California
Fixed Isolated
FrictionPendulumIsolatorsplusWoodTrussStructure Friction Pendulum Isolators plus Wood Truss Structure
achieves 30% lower construction cost.
American River Bridge, Folsom, California, 1997
90% reliability of damage less than 2%
Lowest construction cost.
Dumbarton Bridge, California
99%reliabilityof damagelessthan2% 99% reliability of damage less than 2%
Lowest cost seismic retrofit.
Benicia-Martinez Bridge g
99% reliability of damage less than 2%,
lowest cost seismic retrofit.
I-40Mississippi River Bridge I 40 Mississippi River Bridge
99% reliability of damage less than 2%
lowest cost seismic retrofit.
TappenZeeBridge TappenZee Bridge
98% reliability of damage less than 2%, y g ,
Isolators plus pre-fabricated steel structure
achieves lowest initial construction cost.
Chile LNG Tank After Magnitude 8.8 Earthquake, 2010 g q ,
99% reliability of damage less than 2%.
Lowest construction cost.
LNG Tank Construction, Chile 2008
Shell Offshore Platform
99% reliability of damage less than 2%,
Lowest construction cost.
SAKHALIN II FRICTION PENDULUM, SLIDER AND CONCAVE
Fonterra Dairy Plant, New Zealand
Triple Pendulum bearings protect milk process equipment
B I l i i d Base Isolation is dangerous
whendesignedfor minimum when designed for minimum
construction cost under current
minimum codes.
Trans-European Motorway, Bolu Turkey
New Code Compliant Seismically Isolated Highway
Nearly Collapsed during the 1999 Turkey Earthquake
BrokenEnergyDissipationUnits GirdersSlidOff Bearings Broken Energy Dissipation Units Girders Slid Off Bearings
All Energy Dissipation Units Broken
Trans-European Motorway, Lateral Shift Damage, 1999 Turkey
Trans-European Motorway, Turkey 1999 Earthquake
Bridge Girders Are Not Supported On The Piers
Engineered Solution by EPS
Friction Pendulum Bearings with 3 times the displacement capacity
of the original minimum code isolation bearings.
Thestructural engineer isprofessionallyresponsibleto The structural engineer is professionally responsible to
specify adequate standards for all structural components.
There are no industry standards for isolation bearing
materials, manufacture, or testing methods.
US codes require approval of the manufacturer based on
pre-qualificationtestingfor reliabilityandlongevity pre-qualification testing for reliability and longevity.
The manufacturer and pre-approved bearing models are p pp g
specified on the construction plans. The manufacturers
standards become the specified standards for the isolation
bearings.
Bearingsare BearingsareD mb D mb Bearings are Bearings are Dumb. Dumb.
C d i i l l i C d i i l l i Codes are minimum legal requirements. Codes are minimum legal requirements.
Engineersprovide Engineersprovideresilient solutions resilient solutions Engineers provide Engineers provide resilient solutions resilient solutions. .
EPS seismic resiliency experts design the isolation EPS seismic resiliency experts design the isolation
systems for continued functionality, perform FEMA systems for continued functionality, perform FEMA
58 damage calculations, and guide the structural 58 damage calculations, and guide the structural
engineers to implement cost effective structures and engineers to implement cost effective structures and
bearing installations bearing installations..
EPS Manufacturing Facility, California USA
Certified ISO 9001Quality Control System
for Friction Pendulum Bearing Design, g g
Manufacture, and Testing
100%BearingManufactureandTestingat One 100% Bearing Manufacture and Testing at One
Facility
EPS has implemented Continued Functionality EPS has implemented Continued Functionality p y p y
solutions for US $100 Billion in constructed solutions for US $100 Billion in constructed
value of buildings, bridges, and value of buildings, bridges, andindustrial industrial g g g g
facilities. facilities.
$50 Billion had lower initial construction cost as $50 Billion had lower initial construction cost as
compared to equivalent traditional compared to equivalent traditional p q p q
generic structures . generic structures .
$90 Billion have lower total lifecycle $90 Billion have lower total lifecycle
ownership cost when expected seismic damage ownership cost when expected seismic damage
costs are included. costs are included.
FRICTION PENDULUM CONCEPT
Triple Pendulum and Single Pendulum Sliding Mechanisms
Friction Pendulum Installation at Top of Column
Building moves over adjacent space. No added isolator story.
No moat space required.
Seismic isolators installed on tops
f l ith t t ll of columns without moat walls
must be stronger that the structures. g
B i h k h h Bearings that are weaker than the
structureriskbearingcollapse structure risk bearing collapse
causing complete structure collapse.
Triple Pendulum Bearing
V
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Stage4
Stage 5
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Stage 3
Stage 4
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Stage 1
D
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Horizontal Displacement
Triple Pendulum
Bearing Center
Position
Inner Pendulum
Sliding Stage 1
Lower Pendulum
Sliding Stage 2
Upper Pendulum
Sliding Stage 3
Triple Pendulum Force Displacement Loop
Additional Collapse Hazards p
For Isolated Structures
1) Bearings displace laterally beyond their
stabilitylimit. stability limit.
2) Vertical earthquake motions combined with
lateral overturning moments exceed the
bearing safe vertical load capacity.
3) Structures impact moat walls collapsing the
story directly above the isolators.
100%
C
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t
70%
80%
90%
100%
R
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p
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C
40%
50%
60%
70%
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R
20%
30%
40%
8

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0%
10%
10%/50yrCodeDBE 2%/50yrCodeMCE 1%/50yr1/100 0.5%/50yr1/200
F
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5
8
TriplePendulumSeismicResilentSolution
IsolatedCodeCompliantShearWallBuilding,CodeCompliantBearings
NonIsolatedCodeCompliantShearWallBuilding,NoBearing
NonIsolatedCodeCompliantMomentFrameBuilding,NoBearing
TriplePendulumSolutionComparedtoTurkishCodeCompliantStructures
Earthquakes stronger than code MCE occur q g
several times a year. The 2011
Christchurchearthquakewasstronger than Christchurch earthquake was stronger than
the code MCE.
Installing rubber base isolators on tops of
columns without moat walls is dangerous.
These base isolated structures are now
beingconstructedinChristchurch. being constructed in Christchurch.
Minimum Standards for Minimum Standards for
S i i I l i D i S i i I l i D i Seismic Isolation Design Seismic Isolation Design
90% reliability of seismic damage 90% reliability of seismic damage
lessthan2%of thereplacement cost lessthan2%of thereplacement cost less than 2% of the replacement cost. less than 2% of the replacement cost.
L h % i k f ll f L h % i k f ll f Less than % risk of collapse of Less than % risk of collapse of
isolation bearings or structure. isolation bearings or structure.
100% Quality Control Testing, At Full Scale
EPS Real Time Quality Control Test, Triple Pendulum Bearing
Seismic isolation should only used to Seismic isolation should only used to
achieveaspecifieddamagelimit achieveaspecifieddamagelimit achieve a specified damage limit, achieve a specified damage limit,
not for minimum code compliance. not for minimum code compliance.
Structural engineersneedtoqualify Structural engineersneedtoqualify Structural engineers need to qualify Structural engineers need to qualify
manufacturers, and list pre manufacturers, and list pre- -approved approved
b i d l d f t b i d l d f t bearing models and manufacturers on bearing models and manufacturers on
construction plans. construction plans.
Cost Effective Continued Functionality y
Concentric steel braced frames or concrete shear
walls, on seismic isolators, provide economic
continued functionality solutions.
Prefabricated concentric steel braces, or pre Prefabricated concentric steel braces, or pre- -cast cast
t h ll ff th f t t dl t t t h ll ff th f t t dl t t concrete shear walls, offer the fastest and lowest cost concrete shear walls, offer the fastest and lowest cost
construction. construction.
Locating isolators at the tops of columns eliminates Locating isolators at the tops of columns eliminates
addingastructural floor andcaneliminateor reduce addingastructural floor andcaneliminateor reduce adding a structural floor and can eliminate or reduce adding a structural floor and can eliminate or reduce
moats. moats.
Building Codes Need To Change Building Codes Need To Change u d gCodesNeed oC a ge u d gCodesNeed oC a ge
Current building codes use ductility design methods Current building codes use ductility design methods
d l d40 D tilit d i ll d l d40 D tilit d i ll developed 40 years ago. Ductility design allows developed 40 years ago. Ductility design allows
substantial damage in order to save in construction costs. substantial damage in order to save in construction costs.
Building codes for seismic isolation, viscous dampers, and Building codes for seismic isolation, viscous dampers, and
buckling restraint braces have been implemented to buckling restraint braces have been implemented to
ll f d ll f d prevent collapse, not protect from property damage. prevent collapse, not protect from property damage.
Essential facilities should satisfy the Essential facilities should satisfy the REDi REDi Platinum rating Platinum rating yy gg
criteria. Ordinary buildings should satisfy the criteria. Ordinary buildings should satisfy the REDi REDi
Bronze rating criteria. These seismic resiliency criteria Bronze rating criteria. These seismic resiliency criteria
will reduce property damage and save lives. will reduce property damage and save lives.
ThankYou ThankYou Thank You Thank You
Structural Engineers Structural Engineers gg
for helpingtoachievearesilient for helpingtoachievearesilient for helping to achieve a resilient for helping to achieve a resilient
and sustainable society and sustainable society. .