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University of Sulaymaniyah
College of engineering
Architecture department
2012 - 2013



Garden city movement
And
neighbourhood unit



Prepared by: checked by:

Ismail omer Shazad Jamal

2012-2013
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What is garden city ?
The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was
initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom.
Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained
communities surrounded by "greenbelts" (parks), containing
proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward, Howard published
his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (which
was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow). His idealised
garden city would house
32,000 people on a site of
6,000 acres (2,400 ha),
planned on
a concentric pattern with
open spaces, public parks
and six radial boulevards,
120 ft (37 m) wide,
extending from the centre.
The garden city would be
self-sufficient and when it
reached full population,
Ebenezer Howard's 3 magnets diagram which addressed the question
'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country
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'another garden city would be developed nearby. Howard envisaged
a cluster of several garden cities as satellites of a central city of
50,000 people, linked by road and rail.


Ebenezer Howard d ' metho
in 1899. Two garden Garden City Association Howard organised the
Letchworth Garden cities were built using Howard's ideas:
. England , Hertfordshire , both in Welwyn Garden City and City
Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association
, who extended the movement to regional rederic Osborn Sir F was
planning
morrow: a peaceful - To Howards
sold enough path to real reform
copies to result in a second
- Garden Cities of To edition,
morrow. This success provided
him the support necessary to
chance to bring his pursue the
vision into reality. Howard believed
that all people agreed the
overcrowding and deterioration of
cities was one of the troubling
issues of their time. He quotes a
number of respected thinkers and
their disdain of cities. Howards
n city concept combined the garde
town and country in order to
an working class provide the
. alternative to working on farms or crowded, unhealthy cities
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The concept of garden cities
The concept of garden cities is to produce relatively economically
independent cities with short commute times and the preservation
of the countryside. Garden suburbs arguably do the opposite.
Garden suburbs are built on the outskirts of large cities with no
sections of industry. They are therefore dependent on reliable
transport allowing workers to commute into the city.
Garden suburbs were not part of Howard's plan and were actually a
hindrance to garden city planningthey were in fact almost the
antithesis of Howard's plan, what he tried to prevent.
Smaller developments were also inspired by the garden city
philosophy and were modified to allow for residential "garden
suburbs" without the commercial and industrial components of the
garden city. They were built on the outskirts of cities, in rural
settings






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American architect Walter Burley Griffin was a proponent of the
movement and after arrival in Australia to design the national capital
Canberra, produced a number of Garden Suburb estates, most
notably at Eaglemont with the Glenard and Mount Eagle Estates and
the Ranelagh and Milleara Estates in Victoria. One unique example
of a garden suburb is the Humberstone Garden Suburb in the United
Kingdom by the Humberstone Anchor Tenants' Association
in Leicestershire and it is the only garden suburb ever to be built by
the members of a workers' co-operative; it remains intact to the
present


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neighbourhood unit

neighbourhood unit, crystallised from the The concept of the
prevailing social and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s
planning model for , is an early diagrammatic Clarence Perry by
residential development in metropolitan areas
It was designed by Perry to act as a framework for urban planners
contained and desirable - attempting to design functional, self
It cities. neighbourhoods in the early 20th century in industrialising
continues to be utilised (albeit in progressive and adapted ways,
), as a means of ordering and organising new New Urbanism see
isfies contemporary residential communities in a way which sat
"social, administrative and service requirements for satisfactory
urban existence
Principles
The neighbourhood unit was
conceived of as a
comprehensive physical
planning tool, to be utilised for
contained - designing self
neighbourhoods residential
which promoted a community
centric lifestyle, away from the
"noise of the trains, and out of
sight of the smoke and ugliness
of industrial plants" emblematic
of an industrialising New York
City in the early 1900s
s neighbourhood unit A diagram of Clarence Perry'
, illustrating the spatiality of the core principles of the concept
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The core principles of Perry's Neighbourhood Unit were
organised around several physical design ideals :
"Centre the school in the neighbourhood so that a child's walk to
school was only about one-quarter of a mile and no more than one
half mile and could be achieved without crossing a major arterial
street. Size the neighbourhood to sufficiently support a school,
between 5,000 to 9,000 residents, approximately 160 acres at a
density of ten units per acre. Implement a wider use of the school
facilities for neighbourhood meetings and activities, constructing a
large play area around the building for use by the entire community.
Place arterial streets along the perimeter so that they define
and distinguish the "place" of the neighborhood and by design
eliminate unwanted through-traffic from the neighborhood. In this
way, major arterials define the neighborhood, rather than divide it
through its heart.
Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes
local streets from arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for
both safety and aesthetic purposes. Streets, by design, would
discourage unwanted through traffic and enhance the safety of
pedestrians.
Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to
the main entrance of the neighborhood, thus excluding nonlocal
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traffic destined for these commercial uses that might intrude on the
neighborhood.
Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighborhood land area to
parks and open space, creating places for play and community
interaction"
The neighbourhood unit was embraced for its community idealism,
and many of the public sectors in those countries which were
exposed to the theorem have since adopted its purpose; of
protecting and promoting the public health and of considering the
safety and welfare of citizens . Furthermore, private developers and
investors continue to construct and fund planned communities
based upon many of the concepts tenets, due to consumer demand
for the idealistic community intimacy associated with living
with heteronormative homo reciprocans of similar socioeconomic
status.
[4]
These attractive qualities of the concept of the
neighbourhood unit are referred to by Allaire, "as reflecting a
nostalgia for rural living"





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References

en.wikipedia.org
www.library.cornell.edu
www.ideals.illinois.edu